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E-grāmata: Optical Wireless Communications: An Emerging Technology

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This book focuses on optical wireless communications (OWC), an emerging technology with huge potential for the provision of pervasive and reliable next-generation communications networks. It shows how the development of novel and efficient wireless technologies can contribute to a range of transmission links essential for the heterogeneous networks of the future to support various communications services and traffic patterns with ever-increasing demands for higher data-transfer rates.The book starts with a chapter reviewing the OWC field, which explains different sub-technologies (visible-light, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) communications) and introduces the spectrum of application areas (indoor, vehicular, terrestrial, underwater, intersatellite, deep space, etc.). This provides readers with the necessary background information to understand the specialist material in the main body of the book, which is in four parts.The first of these deals with propagation modelling a

nd channel characterization of OWC channels at different spectral bands and with different applications. The second starts by providing a unified information-theoretic treatment of OWC and then discusses advanced physical-layer methodologies (including, but not limited to: advanced coding, modulation diversity, cooperation and multi-carrier techniques) and the ultimate limitations imposed by practical constraints. On top of the physical layer come the upper-layer protocols and cross-layer designs that are the subject of the third part of the book. The last part of the book features a chapter-by-chapter assessment of selected OWC applications.Optical Wireless Communications is a valuable reference guide for academic researchers and practitioners concerned with the future development of the world"s communication networks. It succinctly but comprehensively presents the latest advances in the field.

Part I: Outlook.- An Overview of Optical Wireless Communications.- Part II: Channel Modelling and Characterization.- Optical Propagation in Unguided Media.- Meteorological Effects on Free-Space Optical Links.- Experimental Validation of FSO Channel Models.- Channel Modeling for Satellite-to-Ground Links.- Visible-Light Channel Modeling and Characterization.- Ultraviolet Scattering Communication Channels.- Part III: Physical Layer Design Issues.- Information Theoretical Characterization of FSO Links.- Diversity Techniques for Mitigating Channel Effects in FSO Links.- MIMO Optical Wireless Communication Systems.- Cooperative Free-Space Optical Networks.- Cooperative Visible-Light Communications.- OFDM-Based Visible-Light Communications.- Frequency Domain Equalization for VLC.- Coherent FSO Communications.- Part IV: Upper Layer Domains.- Multiple Access in Visible-Light Communication Networks.- Link Layer Protocols for Short-Range IR Communications.- Scheduling Protocols in FSO Netwo

rks.- FSO Network Design for Resilient Cellular Backhauling.- Part V: Implementation Aspects and Emerging Applications.- Overview of OWC Testbeds and an Open-Source FSO Link Design VLC-Based Indoor Localization.- Vehicular Visible-Light Communications.- Camera Communications.- Optical Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications.- Ultraviolet Communications for Sensor Networks.- Free-space Quantum Key Distribution.
1 An Overview of Optical Wireless Communications
1(24)
Z. Ghassemlooy
M. Uysal
M.A. Khalighi
V. Ribeiro
F. Moll
S. Zvanovec
A. Belmonte
1.1 Introduction
2(3)
1.2 Historical Overview and Current Status
5(2)
1.3 Existing and Envisioned Application Areas
7(12)
1.3.1 Ultra Short Range owe Applications
9(1)
1.3.2 Short Range owe Applications
10(2)
1.3.3 Medium Range OWC Applications
12(2)
1.3.4 Long Range OWC Applications
14(3)
1.3.5 Ultra Long Range OWC Applications
17(2)
1.4 Conclusions
19(6)
References
19(6)
2 Optical Propagation in Unguided Media
25(22)
Yahya Kemal Baykal
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Degrading Effects of Turbulence
26(1)
2.3 Power Spectra of Turbulence in Free Space Optics (FSO), Slant Satellite and Underwater Links
27(2)
2.4 Rytov Method
29(3)
2.5 Extended Huygens--Fresnel Principle
32(1)
2.6 Average Received Intensity
33(1)
2.7 Intensity and Power Scintillation Index
33(3)
2.8 Bit Error Rate
36(1)
2.9 Beam Effects in Turbulent Medium
37(4)
2.10 Mitigation Methods to Reduce Turbulence Effects
41(1)
2.11 Sample Results
42(1)
2.12 Conclusions and Future Directions
43(4)
References
43(4)
3 Effects of Adverse Weather on Free Space Optics
47(22)
Roberto Nebuloni
Carlo Capsoni
3.1 Introduction
47(2)
3.2 Gas Absorption
49(1)
3.3 Propagation Through Atmospheric Particulates
49(4)
3.3.1 Refractive Index of Water
51(1)
3.3.2 Electromagnetic Computation: Mie Theory
51(1)
3.3.3 Asymptotic Theories
52(1)
3.4 Multiple Scattering Effects
53(2)
3.5 Fog and Clouds
55(7)
3.5.1 Fog Types
55(1)
3.5.2 Cloud Types
56(1)
3.5.3 Microphysical Characterization
57(1)
3.5.4 Specific Attenuation
57(5)
3.6 Rain
62(2)
3.6.1 Microphysical Characterization
62(1)
3.6.2 Specific Attenuation
63(1)
3.7 Snow
64(2)
3.7.1 Microphysical Characterization
64(1)
3.7.2 Specific Attenuation
65(1)
3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
66(3)
References
66(3)
4 Experimental Validation of FSO Channel Models
69(18)
Ondrej Fiser
Vladimir Brazda
4.1 Introduction
69(3)
4.2 Total Attenuation
72(1)
4.3 Measurement of Fog Attenuation
73(3)
4.4 Modeling of DSD in Fog and Clouds
76(4)
4.4.1 Experimental Data
77(2)
4.4.2 Analysis of LWC and PSA
79(1)
4.5 Rain Attenuation
80(2)
4.6 Impact of Atmospheric Turbulences
82(1)
4.7 Conclusion
83(4)
References
84(3)
5 Channel Characterization and Modeling for LEO-Ground Links
87(20)
Florian Moll
5.1 Introduction
87(3)
5.2 Atmospheric Turbulence
90(6)
5.2.1 Scintillation
91(3)
5.2.2 Fading Statistics
94(2)
5.3 Measurements
96(4)
5.3.1 KIODO Campaign
96(1)
5.3.2 Instrument
97(2)
5.3.3 Results
99(1)
5.4 Modeling Approach of Power Scintillation
100(3)
5.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
103(4)
References
103(4)
6 Channel Modeling for Visible Light Communications
107(16)
Farshad Miramirkhani
Murat Uysal
Erdal Panayirci
6.1 Introduction
107(2)
6.2 Channel Modeling Approach
109(2)
6.3 CIR for an Empty Room
111(5)
6.4 Effect of Surface Materials, Objects, and Transmitter/Receiver Specifications on CIR
116(5)
6.5 Conclusion
121(2)
References
121(2)
7 Diffraction Effects and Optical Beam Shaping FSO Terminals
123(22)
Juraj Poliak
Peter Barcik
Otakar Wilfert
7.1 Introduction
124(1)
7.2 Wave Effects in OWC
124(1)
7.3 Modeling of Diffraction Effects in Terrestrial FSO Links
125(4)
7.4 Simulation, Assessment, and Discussion
129(2)
7.5 Geometrical and Pointing Loss
131(2)
7.6 Optical Beam Shaping
133(1)
7.7 FG Beams and Transformation Techniques
134(1)
7.8 FG Beam Propagation, Scintillation and Averaging Effect
135(6)
7.9 Conclusions and Future Directions
141(4)
References
141(4)
8 Ultraviolet Scattering Communication Channels
145(26)
Saverio Mori
Frank S. Marzano
8.1 Introduction
146(1)
8.2 Historical and Technological Perspectives
147(1)
8.3 Ultraviolet Channel Propagation Effects
148(6)
8.3.1 Non-Line-of-Sight Channel Geometry
148(1)
8.3.2 Tropospheric Ultraviolet Absorption and Scattering
149(5)
8.3.3 Tropospheric Turbulence and Ultraviolet Scintillation
154(1)
8.4 Ultraviolet Scattering Channel Models
154(10)
8.4.1 Radiative Transfer in Turbid Media
156(1)
8.4.2 Single-Scattering Impulse Response and Path Loss Models
157(3)
8.4.3 Multiple Scattering Numerical and Approximate Models
160(3)
8.4.4 Turbulence Effects on Ultraviolet Propagation
163(1)
8.5 Ultraviolet Experimental Results and System Analysis
164(3)
8.5.1 NLOS-UV Measurements and Model Inter- comparisons
164(1)
8.5.2 NLOS-UV System Performance Analysis
165(2)
8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
167(4)
References
167(4)
9 Information Theoretical Limits of Free-Space Optical Links
171(38)
Imran Shafique Ansari
Hessa AlQuwaiee
Emna Zedini
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
9.1 Introduction
173(4)
9.1.1 General Background
173(2)
9.1.2 Motivation
175(1)
9.1.3 Objectives and Contributions
176(1)
9.1.4 Structure
177(1)
9.2 System and Channel Models
177(15)
9.2.1 Atmospheric Turbulences
177(5)
9.2.2 Pointing Errors
182(6)
9.2.3 Closed-Form Statistical Probability Density Functions (PDF)
188(3)
9.2.4 Important Outcomes and Further Motivations
191(1)
9.3 Exact Analysis
192(3)
9.3.1 Gamma (G) Atmospheric Turbulence
192(1)
9.3.2 Malaga (M) and Gamma--Gamma (ΓΓ) Atmospheric Turbulences
192(1)
9.3.3 Double Generalized Gamma (DGG) Atmospheric Turbulence
193(1)
9.3.4 Results and Discussion
194(1)
9.4 Asymptotic Analysis
195(9)
9.4.1 Rician--Lognormal (RLN) Atmospheric Turbulence with Boresight Pointing Errors
197(4)
9.4.2 Gamma--Gamma (ΓΓ) Atmospheric Turbulence with Beckmann Pointing Errors
201(3)
9.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
204(5)
References
204(5)
10 Performance Analysis of FSO Communications Under Correlated Fading Conditions
209(22)
Guowei Yang
Mohammad-Ali Khalighi
Zabih Ghassemlooy
Salah Bourennane
10.1 Introduction
210(1)
10.2 Channel Modeling for FSO Communications
210(1)
10.2.1 Turbulence Modeling for a SISO FSO System
210(1)
10.2.2 Channel Modeling for Space-Diversity FSO Systems
211(1)
10.3 Evaluating Fading Correlation in Space-Diversity FSO Channels
211(8)
10.3.1 Study of Fading Correlation for SIMO Case
212(6)
10.3.2 Fading Correlation in MISO and MIMO Cases
218(1)
10.4 Performance Evaluation Over Correlated ΓΓ Channels via Monte-Carlo Simulations
219(4)
10.4.1 Generation of Correlated ΓΓ RVs
220(1)
10.4.2 Study of BER Performance by Monte-Carlo Simulations
221(2)
10.5 Analytical Performance Evaluation of FSO Over Correlated Channels
223(4)
10.5.1 α--μ Approximation to the Sum of Multiple ΓΓ RVs
224(1)
10.5.2 BER Analysis Based on α--μ Approximation
225(1)
10.5.3 Numerical Results
225(2)
10.6 Conclusions
227(4)
References
227(4)
11 MIMO Free-Space Optical Communication
231(24)
Majid Safari
11.1 Introduction
231(2)
11.2 Channel Modelling
233(5)
11.2.1 Turbulence Statistics
236(1)
11.2.2 FSO Links with Misalignment
237(1)
11.3 MIMO FSO Diversity Techniques
238(3)
11.3.1 Receive Diversity
238(1)
11.3.2 Transmit Diversity
239(2)
11.4 Performance of MIMO FSO Systems
241(7)
11.4.1 Average Error Rate
242(1)
11.4.2 Outage Probability
243(2)
11.4.3 Diversity Gain
245(2)
11.4.4 Aperture Averaging, Correlation, and Near-Field Effects
247(1)
11.5 Distributed MIMO FSO
248(2)
11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
250(5)
References
251(4)
12 OFDM-Based Visible Light Communications
255(44)
Dobroslav Tsonev
Mohamed Sufyan Islim
Harald Haas
12.1 Introduction
256(2)
12.2 Unipolar OFDM (U-OFDM)
258(15)
12.2.1 Concept
258(5)
12.2.2 Theoretical Bit Error Rate Analysis
263(7)
12.2.3 Results and Discussion
270(3)
12.3 Enhanced Unipolar Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (U-OFDM)
273(11)
12.3.1 Concept
273(2)
12.3.2 Spectral Efficiency
275(1)
12.3.3 Theoretical Bit Error Rate Analysis
276(5)
12.3.4 Results and Discussion
281(3)
12.4 Superposition Modulation for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
284(12)
12.4.1 Generalised Enhanced Unipolar Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (U-OFDM)
285(3)
12.4.2 Enhanced Asymmetrically-Clipped Optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM)
288(1)
12.4.3 Enhanced Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated Discrete Multitone Modulation (PAM-DMT)
289(5)
12.4.4 Results and Discussion
294(2)
12.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
296(3)
References
297(2)
13 Block Transmission with Frequency Domain Equalization for VLC
299(26)
Mike Wolf
Sher Ali Cheema
Martin Haardt
13.1 Introduction
299(2)
13.2 Basic Modeling Aspects
301(5)
13.2.1 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection
301(1)
13.2.2 NRZ-OOK Reference and Optical Power Penalty
302(1)
13.2.3 Power Penalty of PAM in a Flat AWGN Channel
303(2)
13.2.4 Discrete Time PAM Transmission Model
305(1)
13.3 PAM Block Transmission with Cyclic Prefix
306(6)
13.3.1 An Example Illustrating the Cyclic Convolution
306(1)
13.3.2 A High Level Channel Model in Matrix-Vector Notation
307(1)
13.3.3 Equalizer Coefficients
308(3)
13.3.4 Impact of a Fixed Timing Error
311(1)
13.4 How to Obtain DC-Balance
312(4)
13.4.1 Line Coding
312(1)
13.4.2 DC-Biased SSC-QAM and Similar Schemes
313(2)
13.4.3 DC-Biased DMT
315(1)
13.5 VLC Channel
316(3)
13.6 Results
319(3)
13.6.1 Performance in Gaussian Lowpass Channels
319(1)
13.6.2 Performance in Multipath Channels
320(2)
13.7 Conclusions
322(3)
References
322(3)
14 Satellite Downlink Coherent Laser Communications
325(20)
Aniceto Belmonte
Joseph M. Kahn
14.1 Introduction
325(2)
14.2 Adaptive Coherent Receivers
327(5)
14.3 Performance of Coherent Laser Downlinks
332(5)
14.4 Outage Capacity of Laser Downlinks
337(3)
14.5 Conclusions
340(5)
References
341(4)
15 Cooperative Visible Light Communications
345(18)
Omer Narmanlioglu
Refik Caglar Kizilirmak
Farshad Miramirkhani
Murat Uysal
15.1 Introduction
345(2)
15.2 Indoor Environment with Illumination Constraints
347(2)
15.3 VLC Indoor Channel Model
349(2)
15.4 System Model
351(6)
15.4.1 Non-cooperative (Direct) Transmission
351(1)
15.4.2 AF Cooperative Transmission
352(2)
15.4.3 DF Cooperative Transmission
354(2)
15.4.4 Cooperative Transmission with Imperfect CSI
356(1)
15.5 Numerical Results
357(4)
15.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
361(2)
References
361(2)
16 Coded Orbital Angular Momentum Modulation and Multiplexing Enabling Ultra-High-Speed Free-Space Optical Transmission
363(24)
Ivan B. Djordjevic
Zhen Qu
16.1 Introduction
364(1)
16.2 OAM Modulation and Multiplexing Principles
365(3)
16.3 Signal Constellation Design for OAM Modulation and Multidimensional Signaling Based on OAM
368(4)
16.4 Experimental Study of Coded OAM in the Presence of Atmospheric Turbulence
372(6)
16.5 Adaptive Coding for FSO Communications and Corresponding FPGA Implementation
378(4)
16.6 Conclusion and Future Work
382(5)
References
382(5)
17 Mixed RF/FSO Relaying Systems
387(22)
Milica I. Petkovic
Aleksandra M. Cvetkovic
Goran T. Djordjevic
17.1 Introduction
387(3)
17.2 System and Channel Model
390(5)
17.2.1 RF Channel Model
392(2)
17.2.2 FSO Channel Model
394(1)
17.3 Outage Probability Analysis
395(4)
17.3.1 Negligible Pointing Errors
398(1)
17.3.2 System with a Single Relay
398(1)
17.4 Numerical Results
399(4)
17.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
403(6)
References
404(5)
18 Dimming and Modulation for VLC-Enabled Lighting
409(22)
Ali Mirvakili
Hany Elgala
Thomas D.C. Little
Valencia J. Koomson
18.1 Introduction
410(1)
18.2 Digital Modulation with Dimming Concepts
411(1)
18.3 Digital Techniques
412(3)
18.3.1 Data/Dimming Control Modulator
414(1)
18.4 Circuit Architecture
415(9)
18.4.1 Buck Converter Design
416(3)
18.4.2 Data-Dimming Multiplication Method
419(1)
18.4.3 Measurement Results of Digital Modulation with Dimming
420(4)
18.5 Analog Techniques
424(5)
18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
429(2)
References
429(2)
19 Diversity for Mitigating Channel Effects
431(20)
Zabih Ghassemlooy
Wasiu Popoola
Stanislav Zvanovec
19.1 Introduction
432(1)
19.2 Receiver Diversity in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels
432(7)
19.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
434(2)
19.2.2 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
436(2)
19.2.3 Selection Combining (SelC)
438(1)
19.3 Transmitter Diversity in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels
439(1)
19.4 Transmitter-Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
440(1)
19.5 Results and Discussions of SIM-FSO with Spatial Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel
441(3)
19.6 Experimental Set-up
444(3)
19.7 Outdoor Measurements of Diversity Links
447(3)
19.8 Conclusions
450(1)
References
450(1)
20 Multiple Access in Visible Light Communication Networks
451(12)
Melike Erol-Kantarci
Murat Uysal
20.1 Introduction
452(1)
20.2 Overview of PHY and MAC Layer Design for VLC
453(2)
20.3 IEEE 802.15.7 Channel Access Mechanisms
455(1)
20.4 Markov-Based Random Access Models for 802.15.7
456(2)
20.5 Performance Evaluation for 802.15.7 MAC
458(2)
20.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
460(3)
References
460(3)
21 Link Layer Protocols for Short-Range IR Communications
463(22)
A.C. Boucouvalas
K.P. Peppas
21.1 Introduction
463(2)
21.2 Irda Protocol Stack
465(7)
21.2.1 Physical Layer (PHY)
465(3)
21.2.2 Link Access Protocol (IrLAP)
468(3)
21.2.3 Link Management Protocol (IrLMP)
471(1)
21.2.4 Tiny Transport Protocol (TTP)
471(1)
21.2.5 Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX)
472(1)
21.3 IrLAP Functional Model Description
472(3)
21.4 IrLAP MATHEMATICAL MODEL
475(4)
21.5 h-LAP THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS
479(3)
21.6 Conclusions
482(3)
References
482(3)
22 On the Resilient Network Design of Free-Space Optical Wireless Network for Cellular Backhauling
485(26)
Yuan Li
Nikolaos Pappas
Vangelis Angelakis
Michal Pioro
Di Yuan
22.1 Introduction
486(2)
22.2 A Review of Related Works
488(1)
22.3 Notations and Problem Definitions
489(2)
22.4 Problem Formulation: A Two-Layer Model
491(5)
22.5 A Path Generation-Based Heuristic Method
496(6)
22.5.1 A New Formulation Based on Paths
496(1)
22.5.2 Path Generation
497(3)
22.5.3 Framework of the Solution Approach
500(2)
22.6 Experimental Results
502(6)
22.6.1 Channel Model
502(1)
22.6.2 The Study of a Deployment Scenario
503(2)
22.6.3 Algorithm Comparisons
505(3)
22.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
508(3)
References
508(3)
23 FSO for High Capacity Optical Metro and Access Networks
511(16)
Antonio Teixeira
Ali Shahpari
Vitor Ribeiro
Ricardo Ferreira
Artur Sousa
Somayeh Ziaie
Jacklyn Reis
Giorgia Parca
Silvia Dibartolo
Vincenzo Attanasio
Stefano Penna
Giorgio Maria Tosi Beleffi
23.1 Introduction
511(1)
23.2 Terabit/s OWC for Next Generation Convergent Urban Infrastructures
512(5)
23.3 Advanced Modulation Formats and Pulse Shaping
517(2)
23.4 High Data Rate Links with FSO
519(2)
23.5 Multi System Next Generation and Fully Bidirectional Optical Wireless Access
521(2)
23.6 Concluding Remarks
523(4)
References
523(4)
24 Multiuser Diversity Scheduling: A New Perspective on the Future Development of FSO Communications
527(20)
Jamshid Abouei
Seyyed Saleh Hosseini
Konstantinos N. Plataniotis
24.1 Introduction
527(2)
24.2 System Model and Assumptions
529(3)
24.3 Multiuser Diversity in FSO Systems
532(9)
24.3.1 Selective Multiuser Diversity Scheduling
534(4)
24.3.2 Proportional Fair Scheduling
538(1)
24.3.3 Proportional Fair Scheduling with Exponendal Rule
539(1)
24.3.4 SMDS/ER Policy
540(1)
24.3.5 SMDS with Earlier Delay First Policy
541(1)
24.4 Numerical Results
541(2)
24.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
543(4)
References
543(4)
25 Optical Camera Communications
547(22)
Zabih Ghassemlooy
Pengfei Luo
Stanislav Zvanovec
25.1 Introduction
547(2)
25.2 OCC Concept
549(5)
25.2.1 Transmitters
550(2)
25.2.2 Receivers
552(2)
25.3 Imaging MIMO
554(2)
25.4 Modulation Schemes
556(6)
25.4.1 OOK
556(1)
25.4.2 Undersampled-Based Modulation
557(3)
25.4.3 Rolling Shutter Effect-Based Modulation
560(1)
25.4.4 LCD-Based Modulation
561(1)
25.5 Application of OCC
562(3)
25.5.1 Indoor Positioning
562(2)
25.5.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication
564(1)
25.5.3 Other Applications
565(1)
25.6 Conclusions
565(4)
References
565(4)
26 Optical Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications
569(20)
Anne Julien-Vergonjanne
Stephanie Sahuguede
Ludovic Chevalier
26.1 Introduction
569(3)
26.2 Optical On-Body Channel Modeling
572(4)
26.2.1 System Description
573(1)
26.2.2 Channel Gain Distribution
574(2)
26.3 Optical WBAN Performance
576(5)
26.3.1 Optical CDMA-WBAN Error Probability
577(3)
26.3.2 Validation
580(1)
26.4 Typical Optical CDMA-WBAN Scenario Analysis
581(4)
26.4.1 Optical WBAN Configuration
581(2)
26.4.2 Channel and Performance Analysis
583(2)
26.5 Conclusions
585(4)
References
586(3)
27 Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution
589(20)
Alberto Carrasco-Casado
Veronica Fernandez
Natalia Denisenko
27.1 Introduction
589(1)
27.2 Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
590(3)
27.2.1 BB84 Protocol
590(2)
27.2.2 B92 Protocol
592(1)
27.3 Free-Space as the `Quantum' Channel
593(5)
27.3.1 Transmission Through the Atmosphere
593(1)
27.3.2 Scattering, Absorption, and Weather Dependence
594(3)
27.3.3 Atmospheric Turbulence
597(1)
27.4 Design of the Transmitter: Alice
598(4)
27.4.1 Choice of Wavelength and Source for the Transmitter
599(1)
27.4.2 Optical Configuration of the Transmitter
599(3)
27.4.3 Temporal Synchronization
602(1)
27.5 Design of the Receiver: Bob
602(3)
27.5.1 Optical Setup of the Receiver
602(2)
27.5.2 Single-Photon Detection
604(1)
27.6 Results of the QKD System
605(4)
27.6.1 300-m Link Experiment
605(1)
References
606(3)
28 VLC-Based Indoor Localization
609(14)
Gabor Feher
Eszter Udvary
28.1 Introduction
609(1)
28.2 Location Determining Methods
610(4)
28.2.1 Proximity Detection
610(1)
28.2.2 Triangulation
611(1)
28.2.3 Trilateration
612(1)
28.2.4 Location Patterning/Pattern Recognition
613(1)
28.3 Accessing the Shared VLC Channel
614(2)
28.3.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
614(1)
28.3.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
614(1)
28.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
615(1)
28.4 Experimental VLC Localization Systems
616(4)
28.4.1 First VLC Positioning Systems Based on CoO Method
617(1)
28.4.2 CoO Method Extended with RSSI Measurements
618(1)
28.4.3 Radiation Model of the LED Light Source
618(1)
28.4.4 VLC Positioning Based on Landmarks
619(1)
28.4.5 VLC Positioning Systems with Advanced Transmitters and Receivers
620(1)
28.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
620(3)
28.5.1 Recent Research on VLC Localization Systems
620(1)
28.5.2 Commercialization of VLC Localization Systems
621(1)
References
621(2)
Index 623
Murat Uysal received the B.Sc. and the M.Sc. degree in electronics and communication engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1995 and 1998, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, in 2001. Dr. Uysal is currently a Full Professor and Chair of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey. Prior to joining Ozyegin University, he was a tenured Associate Professor at the University of Waterloo (Canada) where he still holds an adjunct faculty position. Prof. Uysals research interests are in the broad areas of communication theory and signal processing with a particular emphasis on the physical layer aspects of wireless communication systems in radio and optical frequency bands. He has authored more than 220 journal and conference papers on these topics and received more than 3800 citations. Prof. Uysal currently serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Wiley Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (WCMC) Journal, and Wiley Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (ETT). In the past, he served as an Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications (2003-2011), IEEE Communications Letters (2004-2012), Guest Co-Editor for WCMC Special Issue on MIMO Communications (October 2004) and IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Special Issues on Optical Wireless Communications (December 2009 and June 2015). Prof. Uysal is the Chair of the EU COST Action OPTICWISE which is a high-profile consolidated European scientific network for interdisciplinary research activities in the area of optical wireless communications.









Carlo Capsoni graduated in Electronic Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, in 1970 and in the same year joined the Centro di Studi per le Telecomunicazioni Spaziali (CSTS), research centre of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy. In this position, he was in charge of the installation of the meteorological radar of the CNR sited at Spino dAdda, Italy, and since then, he has been the scientific responsible for radar activity. In 1979, he was actively involved in the satellite Sirio SHF propagation experiment (1118 GHz) and later in the Olympus (12, 20, and 30 GHz) and Italsat (20, 40, and 50 GHz) satellite experiments. His scientific activity mainly focuses on theoretical and experimental aspects of electromagnetic-wave propagation at centimetre and millimetre wavelengths in the presence of atmospheric precipitation with a particular emphasis on attenuation, wave depolarization, incoherent radiation, interference due to hydrometeor scatter, precipitation-fade countermeasures, modelling of the radio channel, and the design of advanced satellite-communication systems. He is also active infree-space optics theoretical and experimental activities. Since 1975, he has been teaching a course on aviation electronics at the Politecnico di Milano, where he became Full

Professor of Electromagnetics in 1986. Prof. Capsoni was a member of the ITU national group and was the Italian delegate in COST projects of the European Economic Community related to propagation aspects of telecommunications (COST 205, 210).He is a member of the Italian Society of Electromagnetics (SIEm) and editor of the SIEm Magazine. He is also a member of the Coritel governing body. Prof. Capsoni currently serves as the Chair of OPTICWISE Working Group on Propagation Modelling and Channel Characterization.

Zabih Ghassemlooy received his BSc (Hons) from the Manchester Metropolitan University in 1981, and MSc and PhD from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), in 1984 and 1987, respectively. During 1986-87, he worked in UMIST and from 1987 to 1988 he was a Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the City University, London. In 1988, he joined Sheffield Hallam University as a Lecturer, becoming a Professor in Optical Communications in 1997. During 2004-2012, he was an Associate Dean for Research in the School of Computing, Engineering and from 2012-2014 Associate Dean for Research and Innovation in the Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University at Newcastle, UK. He currently heads the Northumbria Communications Research Laboratories within the Faculty. He has been a visiting professor at a number of institutions and currently is at University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Optics and Applications, and British Journal of Applied Science Technology. His researches interests are on optical wireless communications, visible light communications and radio over fibre/free-space optics. He has over 48 PhD students and published over 550 papers (195 in journals + 4 books) and presented over 65 keynote and invited talks. He is a co-author of a CRC book on Optical Wireless Communications Systems and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®(2012); a co-editor of an IET book on Analogue Optical Fibre Communications. From 2004-06 he was the IEEE UK/IR Communications Chapter Secretary, the Vice-Chairman (2004-2008), the Chairman (2008-2011), and Chairman of the IET Northumbria Network (Oct 2011-..) Prof. Ghassemlooy is the Vice Chair of the EU COST Action OPTICWISE and also serves as the Chair of OPTICWISE Working Group on Physical Layer Algorithm Design and Verification.









Anthony C. Boucouvalas is a Professor in Communications Networks and Applications at the University of Peloponnese in Tripoli, Greece. Prof. Boucouvalas has been actively involved with research in various aspects of fibre optic communications, wireless communications and multimedia and has an accumulated 35 years experience in well known academic and industrialresearch centres. He graduated with a B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Newcastle upon Tyne University in 1978. He received his MSc and D.I.C. degrees in Communications Engineering, in 1979, from Imperial College, where he also received his PhD degree in Fibre Optics in 1982. Subsequently he joined GEC Hirst

Research Centre, and became Group Leader and Divisional Chief Scientist working on fibre optic components, measurements and sensors, until 1987, when he joined Hewlett Packard Laboratories as Project Manager. At HP he worked in the areas of optical communication systems, optical networks, and instrumentation, until 1994, when he joined Bournemouth University. In 1996, he became a Professor in Multimedia Communications and in 1999 the Director of the Microelectronics and Multimedia research Centre at Bournemouth University. In 2007, he joined the Department of Telecommunication Science at the University of Peloponnese where he served for 6 years as Head of Department. His current research interests lie in optical wireless communications, fibre optic communications, inverse fibre optic problems, network protocols, and human-computer interfaces and Internet Applications. He has published over 300 scientific papers. He is a Fellow of IET, a Fellow of IEEE, (FIEEE), and a Fellow of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce. Prof. Boucouvalas currently serves as the Chair of OPTICWISE Working Group on Networking Protocols.

Eszter Udvary

Received Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Budapest, Hungary, in 2009. She is currently an associate professor at BME, Department of Broadband Infocommunications and Electromagnetic Theory, where she leads the Optical and Microwave Telecommunication Lab. She currently teaches courses on optical communication devices and networks. Dr. Udvarys research interests are in the broad areas of optical communications, include optical and microwave communication systems, radio over fibre systems, optical and microwave interactions and applications of special electro-optical devices. Her special research focuses on multifunctional semiconductor optical amplifier application techniques. She is deeply involved in visible light communication, indoor optical wireless communication and microwave photonics techniques. Dr. Udvary has authored more than 80 journal and conference papers, and one book chapter. She currently serves as the Chair of OPTICWISE Working Group on Advanced Photonic Components.