| Preface |
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vii | |
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1 | (76) |
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1 | (1) |
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Fermat's Principle and the Law of Refraction |
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2 | (5) |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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Convex Spherical Surfaces |
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9 | (10) |
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Image Formation and Conjugate Points |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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Object and Image Distance, Object and Image Focus, Real and Virtual Objects, and Singularities |
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11 | (4) |
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Real Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification |
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15 | (2) |
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Virtual Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification |
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17 | (2) |
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Concave Spherical Surfaces |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (12) |
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23 | (1) |
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Object Focus and Image Focus |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Positive Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images |
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25 | (5) |
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Negative Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images |
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30 | (3) |
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Thin Lens and Two Different Media on the Outside |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (13) |
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36 | (1) |
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Magnifier and Object Positions |
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37 | (5) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (4) |
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Matrix Formulation for Thick Lenses |
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48 | (18) |
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Refraction and Translation Matrices |
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48 | (3) |
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Two Spherical Surfaces at Distance d and Prinicipal Planes |
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51 | (8) |
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59 | (7) |
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Plane and Spherical Mirrors |
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66 | (6) |
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Plane Mirrors and Virtual Images |
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66 | (1) |
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Spherical Mirrors and Mirror Equation |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Graphical Method and Graphs of xi Depending on xo |
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69 | (3) |
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Matrices for a Reflecting Cavity and the Eigenvalue Problem |
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72 | (5) |
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77 | (50) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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Superposition of Harmonic Waves |
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80 | (7) |
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Superposition of Two Waves Depending on Space and Time Coordinates |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Two-Beam Wavefront Dividing Interferometry |
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87 | (7) |
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Model Description for Wavefront Division |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (6) |
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Two-Beam Amplitude Dividing Interferometry |
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94 | (14) |
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Model Description for Amplitude Division |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (6) |
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Michelson Interferometer and Heidinger and Fizeau Fringes |
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101 | (7) |
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Multiple Beam Interferometry |
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108 | (15) |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (3) |
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Fabry--Perot Spectrometer and Resolution |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (4) |
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Random Arrangement of Source Points |
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123 | (4) |
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127 | (56) |
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127 | (2) |
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Kirchhoff--Fresnel Integral |
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129 | (5) |
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129 | (2) |
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On Axis Observation for the Circular Opening |
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131 | (2) |
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On Axis Observation for Circular Stop |
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133 | (1) |
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Fresnel Diffraction, Far Field Approximation, and Fraunhofer Observation |
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134 | (3) |
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Small Angle Approximation in Cartesian Coordinates |
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135 | (1) |
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Fresnel, Far Field, and Fraunhofer Diffraction |
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136 | (1) |
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Far Field and Fraunhofer Diffraction |
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137 | (27) |
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138 | (4) |
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Diffraction on a Slit and Fourier Transformation |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (10) |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (3) |
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Apertures in Random Arrangement |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (13) |
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Coordinates for Diffraction on a Slit and Fresnels Integrals |
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170 | (1) |
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Fresnel Diffraction on a Slit |
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171 | (2) |
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Fresnel Diffraction on an Edge |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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Babinet's Principle and Cornu's Spiral |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (20) |
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183 | (15) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (3) |
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Michelson Stellar Interferometer |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (5) |
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Wavetrains and Quasimonochromatic Light |
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198 | (1) |
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Superposition of Wavetrains |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Fourier Tranform Spectometer and Blackbody Radiation |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (42) |
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203 | (1) |
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Harmonic Plane Waves and the Superposition Principle |
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204 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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The Superposition Principle |
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206 | (1) |
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Differentiation Operation |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Differentiation ``Space'' |
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206 | (1) |
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Poynting Vector in Vacuum |
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207 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Waves in an Isotropic Nonconducting Medium |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (19) |
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Electrical Field Vectors in the Plane of Incidence (Parallel Case) |
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209 | (3) |
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Electrical Field Vector Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence (Perpendicular Case) |
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212 | (1) |
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Fresnel's Formulas Depending on the Angle of Incidence |
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213 | (1) |
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Light Incident on a Denser Medium, n1 < n2, and the Brewster Angle |
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214 | (3) |
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Light Incident on a Less Dense Medium, n1 > n2, Brewster and Critical Angle |
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217 | (3) |
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Reflected and Transmitted Intensities |
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220 | (6) |
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Total Reflection and Evanescent Wave |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (17) |
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228 | (1) |
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Ordinary and Extraordinary Indices of Refraction |
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229 | (1) |
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Phase Difference Between Waves Moving in the Direction of or Perpendicular to the Optical Axis |
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230 | (1) |
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Half-Wave Plate, Phase Shift of π |
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231 | (2) |
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Quarter Wave Plate, Phase Shift π/2 |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (2) |
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Wave Equation Obtained from Maxwell's Equation |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Rotation of the Coordinate System as a Principal Axis Transformation and Equivalence to the Solution of the Eigenvalue Problem |
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241 | (1) |
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Phase Difference Between Internally Reflected Components |
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242 | (1) |
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Jones Vectors and Jones Matrices |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Maxwell II. Modes and Mode Propagation |
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245 | (24) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (7) |
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Two Interfaces at Distance d |
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249 | (2) |
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Plate of Thickness d = (&lamda;/2n2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Plate of Thickness d and Index n2 |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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Multiple Layer Filters with Alternating High and Low Refractive Index |
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254 | (1) |
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Guided Waves by Total Internal Reflection Through a Planar Waveguide |
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255 | (7) |
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255 | (2) |
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Restrictive Conditions for Mode Propagation |
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257 | (1) |
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Phase Condition for Mode Formation |
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258 | (1) |
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(TE) Modes or s-Polarization |
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258 | (3) |
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(TM) Modes or p-Polarization |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (7) |
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Modes in a Dielectric Waveguide |
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262 | (4) |
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Boundary Value Method Applied to TE Modes of Plane Plate Waveguide |
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266 | (3) |
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Blackbody Radiation, Atomic Emission, and Lasers |
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269 | (40) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (7) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Files of Planck's, Stefan--Boltzmann's, and Wien's Laws. Radiance, Area, and Solid Angle |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (4) |
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277 | (1) |
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Bohr's Model and the One Electron Atom |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (6) |
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281 | (1) |
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Classical Model, Lorentzian Line Shape, and Homogeneous Broadening |
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282 | (3) |
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Natural Emission Line Width, Quantum Mechanical Model |
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285 | (1) |
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Doppler Broadening (Inhomogeneous) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (6) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Stimulated Emission, Spontaneous Emission, and the Amplification Factor |
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289 | (1) |
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The Fabry--Perot Cavity, Losses, and Threshold Condition |
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290 | (2) |
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Simplified Example of a Three-Level Laser |
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292 | (1) |
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Confocal Cavity, Gaussian Beam, and Modes |
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293 | (16) |
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Paraxial Wave Equation and Beam Parameters |
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293 | (2) |
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Fundamental Mode in Confocal Cavity |
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295 | (3) |
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Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Number |
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298 | (1) |
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Higher Modes in the Confocal Cavity |
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299 | (10) |
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309 | (22) |
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309 | (1) |
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Optical Constants of Dielectrics |
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310 | (4) |
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The Wave Equation, Electrical Polarizability, and Refractive Index |
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310 | (1) |
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Oscillator Model and the Wave Equation |
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311 | (3) |
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Determination of Optical Constants |
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314 | (6) |
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Fresnel's Formulas and Reflection Coefficients |
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314 | (1) |
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Ratios of the Amplitude Reflection Coefficients |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (2) |
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Optical Constants of Metals |
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320 | (11) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (2) |
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Reflectance at Normal Incidence and Reflection Coefficients with Absorption |
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327 | (1) |
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Elliptically Polarized Light |
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328 | (1) |
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Analytical Expressions and Approximations for the Detemination of n and K |
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329 | (2) |
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Fourier Transformation and FT-Spectroscopy |
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331 | (36) |
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331 | (13) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Examples of Fourier Transformations Using Analytical Functions |
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332 | (1) |
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Numerical Fourier Transformation |
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333 | (9) |
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Fourier Transformation of a Product of Two Functions and the Convolution Integral |
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342 | (2) |
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Fourier Transform Spectroscopy |
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344 | (23) |
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Interferogram and Fourier Transformation. Superposition of Cosine Waves |
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344 | (1) |
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Michelson Interferometer and Interferograms |
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345 | (2) |
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The Fourier Transform Integral |
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347 | (1) |
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Discrete Length and Frequency Coordinates |
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348 | (3) |
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Folding of the Fourier Transform Spectrum |
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351 | (4) |
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High Resolution Spectroscopy |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (4) |
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Asymmetric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy |
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362 | (5) |
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Imaging Using Wave Theory |
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367 | (38) |
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367 | (1) |
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Spatial Waves and Blackening Curves, Spatial Frequencies, and Fourier Transformation |
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368 | (6) |
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Object, Image, and the Two Fourier Transformations |
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374 | (4) |
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Waves from Object and Aperture Plane and Lens |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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The Pair of Fourier Transformations |
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377 | (1) |
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Image Formation Using Incoherent Light |
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378 | (12) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Impulse Response and the Intensity Pattern |
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379 | (1) |
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Examples of Convolution with Spread Function |
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380 | (4) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (3) |
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Image Formation with Coherent Light |
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390 | (5) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (10) |
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395 | (1) |
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Recording of the Interferogram |
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395 | (1) |
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Recovery of Image with Same Plane Wave Used for Recording |
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396 | (1) |
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Recovery Using a Different Plane Wave |
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397 | (1) |
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Production of Real and Virtual Image Under an Angle |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
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405 | (20) |
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405 | (1) |
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Spherical Aberration of a Single Refracting Surface |
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405 | (3) |
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Longitudinal and Lateral Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens |
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408 | (3) |
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The π-σ Equation and Spherical Aberration |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (3) |
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Astigmatism of a Single Spherical Surface |
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417 | (1) |
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Astigmatism of a Thin Lens |
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418 | (2) |
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Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet |
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420 | (2) |
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Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet with Separated Lenses |
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422 | (3) |
| Appendix A About Graphs and Matrices in Mathcad |
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425 | (4) |
| Appendix B Formulas |
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429 | (4) |
| References |
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433 | (2) |
| Index |
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435 | |
