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E-grāmata: Optimum Cooling of Data Centers: Application of Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781461456025
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Optimum Cooling of Data Centers: Application of Risk Assessment and Mitigation TechniquesPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781461456025
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This book describes the use of free air cooling to improve the efficiency of, and cooling of, equipment for use in telecom infrastructures. Discussed at length is the cooling of communication installation rooms such as data centers or base stations, and this is intended as a valuable tool for the people designing and manufacturing key parts of communication networks. This book provides an introduction to current cooling methods used for energy reduction, and also compares present cooling methods in use in the field. The qualification methods and standard reliability assessments are reviewed, and their inability to assess the risks of free air cooling is discussed. The method of identifying the risks associated with free air cooling on equipment performance and reliability is introduced. A novel method of assessment for free air cooling is also proposed that utilizes prognostics and health management (PHM).

This book also:

Describes how the implementation of free air cooling can save energy for cooling within the telecommunications infrastructure.

Analyzes the potential risks and failures of mechanisms possible in the implementation of free air cooling, which benefits manufacturers and equipment designers.

Presents prognostics-based assessments to identify and mitigate the risks of telecommunications equipment under free air cooling conditions, which can provide the early warning of equipment failures at operation stage without disturbing the data centers' service.

Optimum Cooling for Data Centers is an ideal book for researchers and engineers interested in designing and manufacturing equipment for use in telecom infrastructures.



This book describes the use of free air cooling to improve efficiency and cooling of equipment used in telecom infrastructures such as data centers or base stations. Proposes a new free air cooling method that uses prognostics and health management (PHM).
1 The Telecom Industry and Data Centers 1(8)
1.1 An Overview of the Telecom Industry Market
1(2)
1.1.1 The Global Telecom Market
1(1)
1.1.2 The United States Telecom Market
2(1)
1.2 Energy Consumption
3(5)
1.2.1 The Cost of Energy
4(1)
1.2.2 Environmental Issues
4(2)
1.2.3 Government Regulations
6(2)
1.3 Summary
8(1)
References
8(1)
2 Data Center Energy Flow and Efficiency 9(22)
2.1 Data Centers
9(4)
2.1.1 Power Equipment
11(1)
2.1.2 Cooling Equipment
11(1)
2.1.3 IT Equipment
12(1)
2.2 Energy Efficiency Metrics
13(2)
2.3 Methods to Improve Energy Efficiency
15(2)
2.3.1 Efficient Electronics
15(1)
2.3.2 Efficient Software Applications
16(1)
2.3.3 Efficient Power Supply and Distributions
16(1)
2.3.4 Efficient Cooling Systems
17(1)
2.4 Case Study Example on Data Center Energy Saving Opportunities
17(12)
2.4.1 Analysis of Energy Consumption
17(5)
2.4.2 Energy Consumption Simulations
22(4)
2.4.3 Energy„ Conservation Findings
26(3)
2.5 Summary
29(1)
References
29(2)
3 Standards Relating to Data Center 31(16)
3.1 ASHRAE Thermal Guidelines
31(3)
3.2 TIA-942 Data Center Standard
34(2)
3.3 Environmental Qualification Standards
36(5)
3.3.1 Telcordia GR-63-CORE
36(2)
3.3.2 ETSI 300 019
38(3)
3.3.3 Use for Data Center Cooling Methods
41(1)
3.4 Quality Management Standard: TL 9000
41(4)
3.4.1 Metrics in TL 9000
42(2)
3.4.2 Use for Data Centers
44(1)
3.5 Summary
45(1)
References
45(2)
4 Principal Cooling Methods 47(24)
4.1 Principal Cooling Methods
47(8)
4.1.1 Air Cooling
47(2)
4.1.2 Liquid Cooling
49(1)
4.1.3 Liquid Immersion Cooling
50(3)
4.1.4 Tower Free Cooling
53(1)
4.1.5 Enhanced Cooling Utilizing Power Management Technologies
53(1)
4.1.6 Comparison of Principal Cooling Methods
54(1)
4.2 Free Air Cooling
55(12)
4.2.1 Operation of Airside Economizer
56(1)
4.2.2 Operating Environment Setting
57(2)
4.2.3 Energy Savings from Free Air Cooling
59(5)
4.2.4 Hidden Costs of Free Air Cooling
64(1)
4.2.5 Examples of Free Air Cooling
65(2)
4.3 Summary
67(1)
References
68(3)
5 Reliability Risks Under Free Air Cooling 71(24)
5.1 Failure Causes Under Free Air Cooling
71(5)
5.1.1 Increased Temperature and Temperature Variation
71(2)
5.1.2 Uncontrolled Humidity
73(1)
5.1.3 Contamination
74(2)
5.2 Failure Mechanisms Under Free Air Cooling
76(7)
5.2.1 Electrostatic Discharge
76(1)
5.2.2 Conductive Anodic Filament Formation
76(2)
5.2.3 Electrochemical Migration
78(1)
5.2.4 Corrosion
79(4)
5.3 Testing for Free Air Cooling
83(7)
5.3.1 Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) Test
83(2)
5.3.2 Dust Exposure Tests
85(1)
5.3.3 Clay Test
86(2)
5.3.4 Temperature/Humidity/Bias (THB) Testing
88(1)
5.3.5 Salt Spray Testing
88(1)
5.3.6 Cyclic Temperature/Humidity Testing
89(1)
5.3.7 Water Spray Testing
90(1)
5.4 Summary
90(1)
References
91(4)
6 Part Risk Assessment and Mitigation 95(20)
6.1 Part Datasheet
95(7)
6.1.1 Datasheet Contents
95(1)
6.1.2 Understanding the Part Number
96(1)
6.1.3 Ratings of an Electronic Part
97(2)
6.1.4 Thermal Characteristics
99(2)
6.1.5 Electrical Specifications
101(1)
6.2 Part Uprating
102(11)
6.2.1 Steps of Part Uprating
102(2)
6.2.2 Parameter Conformance
104(3)
6.2.3 Parameter Re-characterization
107(4)
6.2.4 Stress Balancing
111(1)
6.2.5 Continuing Steps After Uprating
112(1)
6.3 Summary
113(1)
References
113(2)
7 Part Reliability Assessment in Data Centers 115(26)
7.1 Part Capability
115(2)
7.2 Example Handbook-Based Reliability Prediction Methods
117(4)
7.2.1 Mil-hdbk-217
117(1)
7.2.2 Telcordia SR-332
118(1)
7.2.3 How the Handbook Calculations Work
118(1)
7.2.4 How the Operating Environments are Handled
119(1)
7.2.5 Insufficiency of the Handbook Methods
119(2)
7.3 Prognostics and Health Management Approaches
121(13)
7.3.1 Monitoring Techniques for PHM
122(1)
7.3.2 Physics-of-Failure Approach
122(6)
7.3.3 Data-Driven Approach
128(4)
7.3.4 Fusion Approach
132(2)
7.3.5 Use for the Efficient Cooling Methods
134(1)
7.4 Other Approaches
134(2)
7.5 Summary
136(1)
References
137(4)
8 Life Cycle Risk Mitigations 141(18)
8.1 Risk Assessment Based on Product Life Cycle Stage
141(1)
8.2 Risk Assessment at the Design Stage
142(4)
8.2.1 Initial Design
143(1)
8.2.2 Part Selection
143(1)
8.2.3 Virtual Qualification
144(1)
8.2.4 Simulation and Final Design
145(1)
8.3 Risk Assessment at the Test Stage
146(2)
8.3.1 Standards-Based Assessment
146(1)
8.3.2 Uprating Assessment
147(1)
8.4 Risk Assessment at the Operation Stage
148(1)
8.5 A Case Study of Network Equipment
149(7)
8.5.1 Estimation of Operating Conditions
150(1)
8.5.2 FMMEA and Identification of Weak Subsystems
151(1)
8.5.3 System and Weak Subsystem Monitoring
151(1)
8.5.4 Anomaly Detection
152(3)
8.5.5 Prognostics
155(1)
8.6 Summary
156(1)
References
156(3)
9 Emerging Trends 159(16)
9.1 Increased Use of Software Tools for Optimum and Reliable Operation
159(1)
9.2 Trends in Development of Energy Efficient Electronics
160(2)
9.3 Embedded (Near Source) Cooling
162(7)
9.3.1 Enhanced Air Cooling
163(1)
9.3.2 CRAC Fan Speed Control
164(1)
9.3.3 Direct Liquid Cooling
164(1)
9.3.4 Direct Phase-Change Cooling
165(1)
9.3.5 Comparison Between Embedded Air, Liquid, and Two-Phase Flow Cooling
166(3)
9.4 Net-Zero Emission Data Centers
169(1)
9.5 Mission Critical Data Centers
170(1)
9.6 Waste Heat Recovery/Chiller-less Cooling
171(1)
9.7 Summary
172(1)
References
172(3)
Glossary 175
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