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Orbitofrontal Cortex [Hardback]

4.33/5 (6 ratings by Goodreads)
(Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 318 pages, height x width x depth: 245x175x20 mm, weight: 738 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Jun-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198845995
  • ISBN-13: 9780198845997
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Orbitofrontal CortexPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 318 pages, height x width x depth: 245x175x20 mm, weight: 738 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Jun-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198845995
  • ISBN-13: 9780198845997
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198845997.html
Keywords:
'The Orbitofrontal Cortex' explores a part of the brain that is important in human emotion, pleasure, decision-making, valuation, and personality. In ten chapters the book describes:

DT The OFC's connections;
DT Its neuron level neurophysiology which is essential for understanding what information is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex;
DT Functional neuroimaging of the orbitofrontal cortex;
DT How it relates to the previous and succeeding areas in brain processing;
DT The effects of damage to the orbitofrontal cortex which provides important evidence about its functions;
DT How the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in psychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, and autism;
DT How and what the orbitofrontal cortex computes;
DT Future directions in understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in health and disease.

The book is unique in providing a coherent multidisciplinary approach to understanding the functions of one of the most interesting regions of the human brain, in both health and in disease, including depression

The Orbitofrontal Cortex will be valuable for those in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, psychology, psychiatry, biology, animal behaviour, economics, and philosophy, from the undergraduate level upwards.
1 Introduction to the orbitofrontal cortex
1(9)
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.1.1 Historical background
1(1)
1.1.2 Topology
2(2)
1.2 The importance of understanding the primate, including human, brain
4(3)
1.3 Functional neuroimaging in humans, neuronal encoding, and brain computation
7(1)
1.4 The orbitofrontal cortex: the plan of the book
8(2)
2 Orbitofrontal cortex: anatomy and connections
10(7)
2.1 Connections
10(4)
2.2 Output pathways from the orbitofrontal cortex to the dopamine and serotonin brainstem systems
14(3)
3 Orbitofrontal cortex processing: neurophysiology and neuroimaging
17(113)
3.1 An overall framework for the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of reward in the brain
17(3)
3.2 Taste and oral texture: outcome value
20(16)
3.2.1 Taste pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex
20(1)
3.2.2 Taste representations in the orbitofrontal cortex
20(4)
3.2.3 Taste value is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex
24(3)
3.2.4 Oral texture in the orbitofrontal cortex
27(5)
3.2.5 Taste and oral texture in the insular primary taste cortex
32(2)
3.2.6 Taste in an output region of the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex
34(2)
3.3 An olfactory representation in the orbitofrontal cortex of expected value
36(7)
3.3.1 Olfactory pathways to and responses in the primate orbitofrontal cortex
36(1)
3.3.2 Learning and reversal of olfactory-taste associations in the orbitofrontal cortex
37(2)
3.3.3 Olfactory reward value and pleasantness are represented in the orbitofrontal cortex
39(3)
3.3.4 Encoding of olfactory information in the orbitofrontal cortex
42(1)
3.4 Convergence of taste and olfactory inputs in the orbitofrontal cortex: the representation of flavour
43(1)
3.5 Somatosensory and temperature inputs to the orbitofrontal cortex, and affective value
44(1)
3.6 Expected value of visual stimuli
45(28)
3.6.1 The representation of the expected value of visual stimuli
45(2)
3.6.2 Visual reversal to compute expected value can be rapid and rule-based in primates including humans
47(1)
3.6.3 Visual stimulus-selective expected value neurons
48(2)
3.6.4 Devaluation shows that orbitofrontal cortex visual neurons represent expected value
50(2)
3.6.5 A representation of faces and social stimuli in the orbitofrontal cortex
52(4)
3.6.6 Visual inputs to the orbitofrontal cortex from the temporal lobe visual cortical areas
56(17)
3.7 Monetary reward value, and many other types of reward, are represented in the orbitofrontal cortex
73(2)
3.8 Negative reward prediction error neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex
75(5)
3.9 Cognitive influences on the orbitofrontal cortex
80(3)
3.10 Attentional modulation of affective vs sensory processing
83(4)
3.11 The topology of the functional neuroimaging activations in the orbitofrontal cortex
87(5)
3.12 Value representations in the orbitofrontal cortex and neuroeconomic decision-making
92(16)
3.12.1 Choosing between rewards with different value
92(6)
3.12.2 A common scale of value for different goods in the orbitofrontal cortex, but no conversion to a common currency
98(3)
3.12.3 Absolute value and relative value are both represented in the orbitofrontal cortex
101(4)
3.12.4 The representation of expected reward value, uncertainty, and risk
105(1)
3.12.5 Delay of reward, emotional choice, and rational choice
106(2)
3.13 Decision-making mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex and else-where in the brain
108(15)
3.13.1 Introduction
108(1)
3.13.2 Decision-making in an attractor network
109(4)
3.13.3 Analyses of reward-related decision-making mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
113(5)
3.13.4 Neuroimaging investigations of decision-making in the orbito-frontal cortex
118(5)
3.14 A representation of novel visual stimuli, and memory-related effects, in the orbitofrontal cortex
123(2)
3.15 Deep brain stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex
125(3)
3.16 The orbitofrontal cortex and addiction
128(2)
4 Orbitofrontal cortex damage effects in humans and other primates
130(15)
4.1 Non-human primates
130(4)
4.1.1 Emotion and reward-related learning impairments
130(1)
4.1.2 Impairment of reward value as altered by selective satiation, reward size, and delay of reward
131(1)
4.1.3 Credit assignment vs the comparison of choices
131(1)
4.1.4 Rapid reversal learning
132(2)
4.2 Humans
134(11)
4.2.1 Introduction
134(1)
4.2.2 Reward valuation, and reversal learning
135(4)
4.2.3 Social behaviour, subjective emotional change, and personality
139(2)
4.2.4 Face and voice expression identification
141(2)
4.2.5 Orbitofrontal cortex lesions and impulsiveness: some similarities with Borderline Personality Disorder
143(1)
4.2.6 Frontotemporal dementia
144(1)
5 Orbitofrontal cortex output pathways: cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and dopamine
145(20)
5.1 The cingulate cortex
145(10)
5.1.1 Introduction to and overview of the cingulate cortex
145(1)
5.1.2 Anterior cingulate cortex anatomy and connections
146(2)
5.1.3 Anterior cingulate cortex functional neuroimaging and neuronal activity
148(1)
5.1.4 A framework
148(2)
5.1.5 Pregenual representations of reward value, and supracallosal representations of punishers and non-reward
150(1)
5.1.6 Anterior cingulate cortex and action-outcome representations
151(1)
5.1.7 Anterior cingulate cortex lesion effects
152(1)
5.1.8 Subgenual cingulate cortex
152(1)
5.1.9 Mid-cingulate cortex, the cingulate motor area, and action--outcome learning
153(1)
5.1.10 The posterior cingulate cortex
154(1)
5.1.11 The cingulate cortex: synthesis
155(1)
5.2 Dopamine systems in the brain and reward prediction errors
155(5)
5.2.1 Dopamine pathways
156(1)
5.2.2 Self-administration of dopaminergic substances, and addiction
157(1)
5.2.3 Behaviours associated with the release of dopamine
158(1)
5.2.4 Dopamine neurons and reward prediction error
159(1)
5.3 The basal ganglia
160(5)
5.3.1 Overview of the basal ganglia
160(1)
5.3.2 Systems-level architecture of the basal ganglia
160(2)
5.3.3 Neuronal activity in the striatum
162(2)
5.3.4 How do the basal ganglia perform their computations?
164(1)
6 The orbitofrontal cortex and emotion
165(26)
6.1 An introduction to emotion
165(4)
6.2 Rewards and punishers
169(3)
6.3 Individual differences in emotion, personality, and the orbitofrontal cortex
172(1)
6.4 Emotional orbitofrontal vs rational routes to action
173(6)
6.4.1 Some of the different routes to action produced by emotion-related stimuli
173(1)
6.4.2 Examples of some complex behaviours that may be performed implicitly
174(1)
6.4.3 A reasoning, rational, route to action
175(1)
6.4.4 The Selfish Gene vs The Selfish Phenotype
176(2)
6.4.5 Decision-making between the implicit and explicit systems
178(1)
6.5 Comparison between the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala in emotion
179(12)
6.5.1 Overview of the functions of the amygdala in emotion
180(1)
6.5.2 The amygdala and the associative processes involved in emotion-related learning
181(1)
6.5.3 Connections of the amygdala
181(1)
6.5.4 Effects of amygdala lesions
182(2)
6.5.5 Neuronal activity in the primate amygdala to reinforcing stimuli
184(3)
6.5.6 Responses of primate amygdala neurons to novel stimuli that are reinforcing
187(1)
6.5.7 Neuronal responses in the amygdala to faces
187(2)
6.5.8 Evidence from humans
189(2)
7 The orbitofrontal cortex, depression, and other mental disorders
191(37)
7.1 Depression
191(4)
7.1.1 The economic and social cost of depression
191(1)
7.1.2 The triggers and causes of depression: non-reward systems
191(3)
7.1.3 Brain systems that underlie depression
194(1)
7.2 A non-reward attractor theory of depression
195(2)
7.3 Evidence consistent with the non-reward attractor theory of depression
197(2)
7.4 Advances in understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in depression
199(17)
7.4.1 Overview
199(4)
7.4.2 Orbitofrontal cortex
203(3)
7.4.3 Anterior cingulate cortex
206(1)
7.4.4 Posterior cingulate cortex
207(2)
7.4.5 Amygdala
209(2)
7.4.6 Precuneus
211(2)
7.4.7 Effective connectivity in depression
213(2)
7.4.8 Depression and poor sleep quality
215(1)
7.5 Possible subtypes of depression
216(1)
7.6 Implications for treatments for depression
217(3)
7.6.1 Brain-based treatments
217(1)
7.6.2 Behavioural treatments and cognitive therapy
218(2)
7.7 Pharmacological treatments for depression
220(2)
7.7.1 Serotonin (5HT)
220(1)
7.7.2 Ketamine
221(1)
7.8 Mania and bipolar disorder
222(3)
7.8.1 Mania, increased responsiveness to reward, and decreased responsiveness to non-reward
223(1)
7.8.2 Attractor networks, mania, increased responsiveness to reward, and decreased responsiveness to non-reward
224(1)
7.8.3 Other aspects of bipolar disorder
224(1)
7.9 Autism
225(1)
7.10 Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder
226(1)
7.11 Compulsivity
226(2)
8 The rodent orbitofrontal cortex
228(9)
8.1 Evolutionary trends
228(3)
8.1.1 Evolution of the taste and flavour system
228(3)
8.1.2 Evolution of the temporal lobe cortex
231(1)
8.2 Divisions and functions of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex
231(2)
8.3 Neuronal activity in the rodent orbitofrontal cortex
233(1)
8.4 A state space representation in the rodent orbitofrontal cortex?
234(1)
8.5 Synthesis
235(2)
9 Orbitofrontal cortex computations in a systems-level perspective
237(20)
9.1 Pattern association memory
237(3)
9.1.1 Architecture and operation
237(3)
9.1.2 Properties
240(1)
9.2 Autoassociation or attractor memory
240(8)
9.2.1 Architecture and operation
241(1)
9.2.2 Introduction to the analysis of the operation of autoassociation networks
242(2)
9.2.3 Properties
244(4)
9.2.4 Use of autoassociation networks in the brain
248(1)
9.3 An integrate-and-fire implementation of an attractor network for decision-making
248(3)
9.4 A model for reversal learning in the orbitofrontal cortex
251(4)
9.5 A theory and model of non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
255(2)
10 Synthesis: the Roles of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
257(8)
10.1 Synthesis
257(5)
10.1.1 The orbitofrontal cortex is the first stage of processing to represent reward value
257(1)
10.1.2 The orbitofrontal cortex represents the reward value of particular stimuli with different neuronal populations
257(1)
10.1.3 The orbitofrontal cortex represents expected value, outcome value, and negative reward prediction error
257(1)
10.1.4 The orbitofrontal cortex represents neuroeconomic value
258(1)
10.1.5 Activations in the orbitofrontal cortex are often linearly related to the conscious subjective pleasantness (or unpleasantness) of stimuli
258(1)
10.1.6 Face expression and face identity are both represented in the orbitofrontal cortex, and both are important for social interactions
258(1)
10.1.7 The orbitofrontal cortex implements one-trial rule-based reward reversal
258(1)
10.1.8 A common scale of reward value, but not a common currency
258(1)
10.1.9 Relative and absolute value may both be represented in the orbitofrontal cortex
259(1)
10.1.10 Top-down cognition and attention, even from the level of lanquaqe, exert effects on the orbitofrontal cortex, and bias it
259(1)
10.1.11 Decision-making in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, VMPFC
259(1)
10.1.12 Decision confidence is represented in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, VMPFC
259(1)
10.1.13 Decision-making in the orbitofrontal cortex reflects noise introduced by the Poisson nature of neuronal firing
259(1)
10.1.14 Net value needs to be provided as the input to an attractor decision-making network
259(1)
10.1.15 The orbitofrontal cortex is a key brain area in emotion
259(1)
10.1.16 The orbitofrontal cortex does not represent actions or behavioural responses
260(1)
10.1.17 The orbitofrontal cortex projects value information to several brain systems
260(1)
10.1.18 The orbitofrontal cortex develops greatly during evolution in primates and humans, and appears to overshadow the amygdala in emotion in primates including humans
261(1)
10.1.19 The rodent orbitofrontal cortex is much less developed than the primate including human orbitofrontal cortex
261(1)
10.1.20 In addition to the orbitofrontal cortex reward value-based system for taking decisions, there is also a rational, reasoning route
261(1)
10.1.21 The orbitofrontal cortex is a key brain area in depression
261(1)
10.1.22 The orbitofrontal cortex and addiction
261(1)
10.2 The orbitofrontal cortex: future directions
262(3)
A Glossary
265(4)
A.1 General
265(1)
A.2 Learning theory terms
266(3)
References 269(33)
Index 302
Professor Edmund T. Rolls performs full-time research at the Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, and at the University of Warwick, and has performed research and teaching for many years as Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, and as Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. His research links neurophysiological and computational neuroscience approaches to human functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in order to provide a fundamental basis for understanding human brain function and its disorders.