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E-grāmata: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres: Implications for Habitability

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : SpringerBriefs in Astronomy
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Sep-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642320873
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : SpringerBriefs in Astronomy
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Sep-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642320873
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Based on the author’s own work and results obtained by international teams he coordinated, this SpringerBrief offers a concise discussion of the origin and early evolution of atmospheres of terrestrial planets during the active phase of their host stars, as well as of the environmental conditions which are necessary in order for planets like the Earth to obtain N_2-rich atmospheres. Possible thermal and non-thermal atmospheric escape processes are discussed in a comparative way between the planets in the Solar System and exoplanets. Lastly, a hypothesis for how to test and study the discussed atmosphere evolution theories using future UV transit observations of terrestrial exoplanets within the orbits of dwarf stars is presented.
1 Protoatmospheres
1(14)
1.1 Nebula-Based H/He-Rich Gas Envelopes
1(4)
1.2 Catastrophically Outgassed Steam Atmospheres
5(5)
1.3 Degassed Secondary Atmospheres from Subsequent Tectonic Activity
10(5)
References
12(3)
2 Evolution of the Solar/Stellar Radiation and Plasma Environment
15(10)
2.1 Solar/Stellar-Atmospheric Temperature Relations
15(3)
2.2 Radiation Environment of the Young Sun/Stars
18(3)
2.3 Evolution of the Solar/Stellar Wind with Time
21(4)
References
22(3)
3 Escape of Planetary Atmospheres
25(50)
3.1 Atmospheric Escape Processes and their Role in Atmosphere Evolution
25(19)
3.1.1 Jeans Escape
28(2)
3.1.2 Hydrodynamic Atmospheric Expansion and Blow-Off
30(2)
3.1.3 Ion Pick Up
32(2)
3.1.4 Plasma Instabilities and Ionospheric Clouds
34(2)
3.1.5 Momentum Transfer, Cool Ion Outflow, and Polar Wind
36(2)
3.1.6 Photochemical Escape and Formation of Suprathermal Atom Coronae
38(3)
3.1.7 Atmospheric Sputtering
41(1)
3.1.8 Evolutionary Relevance and Efficiency of Atmospheric Escape Processes
42(2)
3.2 EUV-Powered Escape of Hydrogen-Rich Protoatmospheres
44(7)
3.2.1 The H2 Breakdown Region
44(2)
3.2.2 Escape of H-Rich Gas Envelopes
46(5)
3.3 Atmosphere Evolution of Venus, Earth, and Mars
51(11)
3.3.1 Escape of Early Steam Atmospheres
51(4)
3.3.2 Atmospheric Escape from Venus and Mars During Modern Solar Activity
55(5)
3.3.3 Ion Escape from the Earth's Magnetospheric Environment
60(2)
3.4 Stability Problems of Nitrogen-Rich Atmospheres
62(1)
3.5 Implications for the Search of "Earth-Analogue" Exoplanets
63(12)
References
67(8)
4 Observational Tests of Atmosphere Evolution Hypotheses
75(14)
4.1 The Role of Energetic Neutral Atoms
75(3)
4.2 UV-Transit Observations and Modeling as a Remote Sensing Tool for Analyzing Stellar-Exoplanet Interaction Processes
78(3)
4.3 Observations of Hydrogen Clouds and Extended Upper Atmospheres Around Terrestrial Exoplanets
81(8)
References
85(4)
5 Conclusion
89(4)
Literature 93(2)
Index 95
Helmut Lammer is an internationally recognised specialist in planetary atmosphere formation and planetary habitability.