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E-grāmata: Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution

4.12/5 (46 ratings by Goodreads)
(, University of Edinburgh)
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In this, the first of two ground-breaking volumes on the nature of language in the light of the way it evolved, James Hurford looks at how the world first came to have a meaning in the minds of animals and how in humans this meaning eventually came to be expressed as language. He reviews a mass of evidence to show how close some animals, especially primates and more especially apes, are to the brink of human language. Apes may not talk to us but they construct rich cognitive representations of the world around them, and here, he shows, are the evolutionary seeds of abstract thought - the means of referring to objects, the memory of events, even elements of the propositional thinking philosophers have hitherto reserved for humans. What then, he asks, is the evolutionary path between the non-speaking minds of apes and our own speaking minds? Why don't apes communicate the richness of their thoughts to each other? Why do humans alone have a unique disposition to reveal their thoughts in complex detail? Professor Hurford searches a wide range of evidence for the answers to these central questions, including degrees of trust, the role of hormones, the ability to read minds, and the willingness to cooperate.

Expressing himself congenially in consistently colloquial language the author builds up a vivid picture of how mind, language, and meaning evolved over millions of years. His book is a landmark contribution to the understanding of linguistic and thinking processes, and the fullest account yet published of the evolution of language and communication.

"A wonderful read - lucid, informative, and entertaining, while at the same time never talking down to the reader by sacrificing argumentation for the sake of 'simplicity'. Likely to be heralded as the major publication dealing with language evolution to date. Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington

Recenzijas

this is a model exercise in how substantial theorizing about language evolution can be achieved. It is entertainingly written but not oversimplistic, interdisciplinary but not at the expense of rigor; and [ Hurford] is open about the limits of his own expertise, yet never afraid to stretch them. He is to be congratulated on formulating insights that he offers with a precision that makes disagreement, hence advances, possible ... this is a delightful and thought-provoking read. [ Hurford] has set in train a rich vein of research that continues to provide an unceasing flow of insights. I warmly recommend it and very much look forward to its follow-up volume. * Ruth Kempson, Language18/04/2011 * we are fortunate when scholars like Hurford...offer us carefully constructed proposals based on years of toil... both accessible and respectful of the reader's intelligence. * N.J.Enfiled, Times Literary Supplement * very readable and satisfying book...admirably persuasive and thought provoking... * Grover Hudson, Linguistlist * Has Hurford achieved his goal of describing the evolutionary foundations of language? Yes, elegantly and in accomplished detail. * Nature * valuable * Roy Harris, Times Higher Education Supplement * A wonderful read - lucid, informative, and entertaining, while at the same time never talking down to the reader by sacrificing argumentation for the sake of "simplicity". It is likely to be heralded as the major publication dealing with language evolution to date. * Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington * Hurford's aim is nothing less than to bring language into Darwin's reach. Many attempts to press natural selection into innovative service fail through too analogical an approach failing to mesh with the realities of some other discipline. Hurford's sheer practicality and professional appreciation of modern biology have produced a work of the highest academic seriousness that would without question have delighted Darwin himself. The project can fairly be described as the abolition of the division between linguistics and biology, and has significant broad implications for philosophers and social scientists, as well as more focussed ones for biologists, linguists and anthropologists. * Alan Grafen, Professor of Theoretical Biology, University of Oxford * To explain the evolution of language, one must explain the evolution of both a system of communication and a system of thought - a way of representing and communicating about the world. In The Origins of Meaning, James Hurford does just this. Writing as a linguist, he clarifies for biologists the complexities that must be explained in an evolutionary account of language, while at the same time illuminating for his colleagues in linguistics the rich communicative and representational abilities of animals - from which we can begin to reconstruct the semantic and pragmatic origins of language. The Origins of Meaning is synthetic, provocative, and intellectually rich. * Robert Seyfarth, professor of psychology, University of Pennsylvania, and co-author of Baboon Metaphysics. * [ a] fascinating examination... * Morning Star * ...a unique, interdisciplinary story of the development of language as we know it today... Hurford is undoubtedly comfortable with his subject matter. He weaves science and theory together expertly. * Science and Spirit *

Acknowledgements vii
Preface ix
PART I MEANING BEFORE COMMUNICATION
1. Let's Agree on Terms
3
1.1. Defining semantics with evolution in mind
3
1.2. Health warning about 'concepts'
9
1.3. A scale from no-brainers to cognitive concepts
16
2. Animals Approach Human Cognition
20
2.1. Induction, generalization, and abstraction
22
2.2. Freewill, or at least some metacognition
29
2.3. Object permanence and displaced reference
36
2.4. Biological motion and animacy
41
2.5. Structured conceptual content and transitive inference
45
2.6. Semantic memory, a store of non-linguistic knowledge
49
2.7. Sensory-motor declarative-imperative co-involvement in concepts
60
3. A New Kind of Memory Evolves
65
3.1. Episodic memory in animals: knowledge of the past and future
71
3.2. Episodic memory and Kantian analytic/synthetic
83
4. Animals Form Proto-propositions
88
4.1. The magical number 4 how big is a simple thought?
90
4.2. Predicate-argument structure in animal brains
96
4.3. Local and global attention to objects and scenes
103
4.4. Animal truth, reference and sense
113
5. Towards Human Semantics
123
5.1. A parsimonious Begrjffsschrift for proto-propositions
123
5.2. Getting rid of individual constants
128
5.3. Getting rid of ordered arguments and role-markers
140
5.4. One-place predicates over scenes and objects
147
5.5. Armchair ontology of objects, events, and scenes
157
PART II COMMUNICATION: WHAT AND WHY?
6. Communication by Dyadic Acts
167
6.1. Roughly and readily defining 'communication'
167
6.2. Pragmatic origins
170
6.3. Things animals do to each other
177
6.4. Getting the right environmental conditions
185
6.5. From innate to learned
197
7. Going Triadic: Precursors of Reference
205
7.1. Early manipulation of attention
205
7.2. Indexical/deictic pointing
208
7.3. Standardized alarm and food calls
225
7.4. Beyond innate symbols and learned deixis
235
8. Why Communicate? Squaring with Evolutionary Theory
243
8.1. Bridges, bullets, monsters, and niches
244
8.2. Evolutionary theories of altruism and cooperation
252
8.3. Evolutionary theories of selfish communication
277
8.4. (Cultural) group selection
293
9. Cooperation, Fair Play, and Trust in Primates
307
9.1. Mind-reading, a prerequisite for intentional cooperation
307
9.2. Cooperation
313
9.3. Fair play
322
9.4. Trust(-worthiness), groups, faces, and a hormone
325
9.5. Wrapping up
329
10. Epilogue and Prologue
331
Bibliography 335
Index 373
James R. Hurford is Professor of General Linguistics, University of Edinburgh. He is co-editor, with Kathleen Gibson, of OUP's Studies in Language Evolution, co-founder, with Simon Kirby, of the Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit at the University of Edinburgh, and co-founder, with Chris Knight, of the EVOLANG series of international conferences on the evolution of language. His books include The Linguistic Theory of Numerals (CUP, 1975), Language and Number: The Emergence of a Cognitive System (Blackwell, 1987), and Grammar: A Student's Guide (CUP 1994).