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Orthogonal Polarization in Lasers: Physical Phenomena and Engineering Applications [Hardback]

(Tsinghua University, P.R. China), (Tsinghua University, P.R. China)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 400 pages, height x width x depth: 254x178x25 mm, weight: 1361 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Oct-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118346491
  • ISBN-13: 9781118346495
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Orthogonal Polarization in Lasers: Physical Phenomena and Engineering ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 400 pages, height x width x depth: 254x178x25 mm, weight: 1361 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Oct-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118346491
  • ISBN-13: 9781118346495
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781118346495.html
Keywords:
Lasers generally emit radiation, which is either simply linearly polarized or unpolarized and stochastically polarized. Contrary to these common lasers, all orthogonally polarized lasers simultaneously emit radiation in two linear polarization states, both exactly orthogonally oriented to each other. Due to this orthogonality, both polarized components in the beam are independent of each other to a high degree and the studies presented in this book make clear that this feature can give a strong advantage in certain laser applications, for instance in high-precision measurements.

Orthogonal Polarization in Lasers: Physical Phenomena and Engineering Applications summarizes the basics and advanced research results of orthogonally polarized lasers, birefringence laser cavities, and their applications. The authors include a number of figures, experimental designs, and measurement curves to enable the reader to not only learn the basic principles and technologies but also to understand many applications in modern engineering and to start their own R&D projects.

The book covers polarization effects, which are of fundamental importance across various disciplines of science and technology.





Includes a number of figures, experimental designs, and measurement curves to help readers learn the basic principles and start their own R&D projects. Discusses many types of relevant lasers (helium/neon lasers, ND:YAG lasers, semiconductor lasers, laser diodes). Written by multiply-published authors in the subject area. Contains material useful for metrology applications.

This book is intended for use by researchers, postgraduates, and engineers working in laser science, optics, and measurement and testing, while senior undergraduate students working in optical and laser science can use the book for advanced understanding in their field.
Foreword xvii
Zhou Bingkun
Foreword xix
Konrad Herrmann
Preface xxi
Introduction xxv
Part One Fundamentals Of Lasers And Beam Polarizations
1 Rigorous Introduction to Lasers and Beam Polarizations
3(22)
1.1 The Basic Amplifier/Cavity Configuration
3(1)
1.2 Optical Waves of a Laser
4(4)
1.3 Cavity Closed-Loop and Laser Threshold
8(8)
1.3.1 The System Acts as a Closed-Loop Amplifier
11(2)
1.3.2 The Closed-Loop System Acts as a Steady State Oscillator
13(3)
1.4 Survey of Techniques for Generating and Converting Laser Polarization States
16(8)
1.4.1 Survey of Light Polarization States
17(1)
1.4.2 Polarization Conversion by Anisotropic Components
18(2)
1.4.3 Laser Polarization States at a Glance
20(3)
1.4.4 Anisotropic Elements Modulated by Electric/Magnetic Fields or Tactile Forces
23(1)
1.4.5 Outlook
24(1)
References
24(1)
2 Basic Physical Effects Inside Lasers
25(36)
2.1 Interaction between Light and Particles
25(5)
2.1.1 Spontaneous Emission
26(1)
2.1.2 Stimulated Transitions
27(1)
2.1.3 Relationships among Einstein Coefficients
28(1)
2.1.4 Intensities by Spontaneous Emission and Induced Emission
28(1)
2.1.5 Boltzmann Distribution Law
29(1)
2.1.6 Population Inversion and Light Amplification
29(1)
2.2 Line Shape Function and the Line Broadening Mechanism
30(8)
2.2.1 Line Form Function and Luminescence Line Bandwidth
31(1)
2.2.2 Probability of Spontaneous and Induced Transitions
31(1)
2.2.3 Mechanisms of Line Broadening
32(6)
2.3 Gain Coefficient of Light in an Active Medium
38(2)
2.3.1 Amplification Factor, Gain, and Gain Coefficient
38(2)
2.3.2 Some Remarks on the Gain Coefficient
40(1)
2.4 Saturation of Gain in the Laser Active Medium
40(4)
2.4.1 Saturation in a Homogeneously Broadened Medium
41(2)
2.4.2 Saturation in an Inhomogeneously Broadened Medium
43(1)
2.4.3 Saturation in an Integrative Broadened Medium
43(1)
2.5 Threshold Condition, Gain for Stationary Operation, and Lasing Bandwidth
44(2)
2.5.1 Losses of a Laser and the Threshold Condition
44(2)
2.5.2 Stationary Gain of a Laser in Continuous Operation
46(1)
2.6 Optical Cavities and Laser Modes
46(4)
2.6.1 Optical Cavity and Its Stability Condition
46(1)
2.6.2 Longitudinal Modes of a Laser
47(1)
2.6.3 Laser Frequency Shift
48(1)
2.6.4 Laser Transverse Modes
49(1)
2.6.5 Self-Consistent Condition of Laser Oscillation
50(1)
2.7 Laser Mode Competition
50(4)
2.7.1 Mode Competition in a Laser with a Homogeneously Broadened Medium
51(1)
2.7.2 Mode Competition in an Integratively Broadened Medium
52(2)
2.8 Mode Push/Pull and Locking Effects
54(1)
2.8.1 Frequency Pulling and Pushing Effects
54(1)
2.8.2 Mode Locking
55(1)
2.9 Power Tuning Properties of Lasers
55(4)
2.9.1 Experimental Study of the Power Tuning Properties in Single-Mode Lasers
55(2)
2.9.2 Power Tuning Curve of a Laser with a Homogeneously Broadened Medium
57(1)
2.9.3 Tuning Properties of a Laser with an Integratively Broadened Medium
57(2)
References
59(2)
3 Specific Laser Technologies Applicable for Orthogonally Polarized Beam Generation
61(22)
3.1 Background
61(1)
3.2 He-Ne lasers
62(6)
3.2.1 He-Ne Laser Configurations
62(2)
3.2.2 Gas Discharge Excitation Mechanism (0.6328 µm)
64(2)
3.2.3 Light Generation Process
66(1)
3.2.4 Factors Influencing Output Power of Laser Radiation
66(1)
3.2.5 Polarization and Radiation Properties of He-Ne Lasers
67(1)
3.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser and Its Polarization State
68(1)
3.4 Optically Pumped Nd:YAG Lasers (1.06 µm)
69(3)
3.4.1 Optical Properties of Nd: YAG Crystals and Excitation Mechanism for Laser Radiation
69(2)
3.4.2 Pumping of the Nd:YAG Laser by a Laser Diode
71(1)
3.4.3 Polarization and Features of Diode Pumped Nd: YAG Lasers
72(1)
3.5 Semiconductor Lasers
72(4)
3.5.1 Structures of Semiconductor Lasers
73(1)
3.5.2 Polarization States of Semiconductor Lasers
74(1)
3.5.3 Features of Semiconductor Lasers
75(1)
3.6 Fiber Lasers
76(2)
3.6.1 Basic Structure and Typical Laser Parameters
76(1)
3.6.2 Fiber Polarizations States
76(1)
3.6.3 Advantages and Applications of Fiber Lasers
77(1)
3.7 Conclusions on Relevant Orthogonally Polarized Laser Technologies
78(2)
References
80(3)
Part Two Generation Of Orthogonal Laser Polarizations
4 Zeeman Dual-Frequency Lasers and Multifrequency Ring Lasers-Orthogonally Polarized Lasers in Tradition
83(16)
4.1 Introduction
83(1)
4.2 Zeeman Dual-Frequency Lasers
84(4)
4.2.1 Zeeman Effect
84(1)
4.2.2 Longitudinal and Transversal Zeeman Dual-Frequency Lasers
85(3)
4.3 Multifrequency Ring Laser
88(8)
4.3.1 Two-Frequency Ring Lasers
88(3)
4.3.2 Four-Frequency Ring Lasers
91(5)
4.3.3 Further Ring Laser Designs
96(1)
References
96(3)
5 Matrix Theory of Anisotropic Laser Cavities - A Further Approach to Orthogonally Polarized Dual-Frequency Lasers
99(14)
5.1 Background
99(1)
5.2 Polarization-Dependent Properties of Optical Materials
100(1)
5.3 Introduction to the Jones Formalism
101(1)
5.4 Mathematical Description of Polarized Light by the Jones Vectors
102(1)
5.5 Transfer Matrixes of Retarders, Rotators, and Polarizers
103(2)
5.6 Serial Connections of Anisotropic Elements and the Jones Theorem
105(2)
5.7 Connection of Different Retardations within the Same Anisotropic Element
107(1)
5.8 Calculation of Eigenpolarizations and Eigenfrequencies of Passive Anisotropic Cavities
107(4)
5.9 Conclusions
111(1)
References
111(2)
6 Orthogonal Polarization and Frequency Splitting in Birefringent Laser Cavities
113(32)
6.1 Laser Frequency Splitting Due to Intracavity Birefringence
113(4)
6.2 Laser Frequency Splitting Caused by Intracavity Quartz Crystals
117(8)
6.2.1 Optical Activity and Birefringence of Quartz Crystals
118(2)
6.2.2 Laser Frequency Splitting Due to the Quartz Crystal in the Resonator
120(5)
6.3 Laser Frequency Splitting Caused by Intracavity Electro-optic Crystals
125(4)
6.3.1 Electro-optic Effect of Crystals and Induced Birefringence
125(2)
6.3.2 Laser Frequency Split Caused by Internal Electro-optic Crystals
127(2)
6.4 Induced Stress Birefringence and Laser Frequency Splitting
129(4)
6.4.1 Induced Stress Birefringence in Photoelastic Materials
129(2)
6.4.2 Laser Frequency Splitting Caused by Intracavity Stress Elements
131(2)
6.5 Frequency Splitting in Semiconductor Lasers
133(3)
6.5.1 Frequency Splitting in a Semiconductor Laser Caused by a Two-Branched Half-External Cavity Structure
133(1)
6.5.2 Frequency Splitting in a Semiconductor Laser by a Wave Plate in a Single-Cavity Structure
134(2)
6.5.3 Some Conclusions
136(1)
6.6 Frequency Splitting in Fiber Lasers
136(1)
6.7 Observation and Readout of Frequency Splitting
137(6)
6.7.1 Observation of Laser Frequency Splitting by Scanning Interferometers
138(3)
6.7.2 Observation and Measurements of Laser Frequency Splitting by Spectrum Analyzers
141(1)
6.7.3 Observing the Beat Signal in the Time Range by Oscilloscopes
142(1)
6.7.4 Measurement of Beat Frequency by a Digital Frequency Meter
142(1)
6.8 Final Remark on Methods Used to Obtain Small and Also Larger Frequency Differences
143(1)
References
143(2)
7 Design of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
145(30)
7.1 Background
145(2)
7.2 Quartz Birefringence He-Ne Laser
147(3)
7.3 Stress-Induced Birefringence He-Ne Laser
150(3)
7.4 Equidistant Frequency Split Ultrashort He-Ne Laser
153(1)
7.5 Zeeman Birefringence Dual-Frequency He-Ne Laser
154(4)
7.6 He-Ne Laser with Two Intracavity Birefringence Elements
158(3)
7.7 Orthogonally Polarized Lasers with a Superposition Layer Birefringence Film
161(2)
7.8 Laser Diode Pumped Birefringent Nd:YAG Laser with Tunable Frequency Difference
163(6)
7.8.1 Background
163(1)
7.8.2 Modular and Monolithic Nd:YAG Lasers
164(5)
7.9 Orthogonally Polarized Lasers with Electrically Controllable Frequency Differences
169(1)
References
170(5)
Part Three Nonlinear Behavior Of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
8 Competition and Flipping Phenomena in Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
175(36)
8.1 Intensity Tuning, Mode Competition, and Frequency Difference Tuning in Dual-Frequency Lasers
176(8)
8.1.1 Mode Competition and Intensity Tuning Properties of Birefringent Lasers
176(7)
8.1.2 Frequency Difference Tuning in a Birefringent Dual-Frequency Laser
183(1)
8.2 Properties of Intensity Tuning and Frequency Difference Tuning in Birefringent Zeeman Lasers
184(7)
8.2.1 Experimental Arrangement
185(1)
8.2.2 Basic Shapes of the Tuning Curves of the Intensity and Frequency Difference
186(1)
8.2.3 Influence of Magnetic Field Magnitude on the Intensity Tuning Curve
187(3)
8.2.4 Influence of the Frequency Difference on the Properties of Intensity Tuning Curves
190(1)
8.2.5 Effect of the Angle between the Directions of the Magnetic Field and the External Force
191(1)
8.3 Polarization Properties Caused by Optical Activity of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal
191(7)
8.3.1 Extracavity Measurement of Optical Activity of Quartz Crystals
191(1)
8.3.2 Polarization Rotation of a Laser Beam Due to Optical Activity of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal
192(2)
8.3.3 Self-Consistent Theory of Polarization Rotation Due to Optical Activity
194(4)
8.4 Effect of Optical Activity in the Frequency Difference
198(3)
8.5 Polarization Flipping and Optical Hysteresis in Birefringent Lasers
201(8)
8.5.1 Rotation Mechanism
203(3)
8.5.2 Inhibition Mechanism
206(2)
8.5.3 Hybrid Hysteresis Loop
208(1)
References
209(2)
9 Optical Feedback Effects in Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
211(62)
9.1 General Concept of Laser Feedback
212(4)
9.1.1 Basic Experimental Arrangement
212(2)
9.1.2 Past/Actual Studies of Optical Feedback Effects
214(1)
9.1.3 Optical Feedback Modeling of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
215(1)
9.2 Optical Feedback for Birefringent He-Ne Lasers
216(19)
9.2.1 Experimental System
217(2)
9.2.2 Feedback Fringes at Different Feedback Levels of a Birefringent He-Ne Laser
219(6)
9.2.3 Phase Difference of the o-Beam and the e-Beam in Weak Optical Feedback for Birefringent He-Ne Lasers
225(5)
9.2.4 Optical Feedback for Lasers with Two Longitudinal Modes
230(5)
9.3 Optical Feedback of Birefringence Zeeman Lasers
235(6)
9.3.1 Generic Cosine Feedback Fringes in Birefringence Zeeman Lasers
235(3)
9.3.2 Competitive Feedback Fringes in Birefringence Zeeman Lasers
238(3)
9.4 Optical Feedback with an Orthogonally Polarized External Cavity
241(7)
9.4.1 Experimental Configuration
242(1)
9.4.2 Optical Feedback with an Orthogonally Polarized External Cavity
242(6)
9.5 Narrow Feedback Fringes of Birefringent Dual-Frequency Lasers
248(8)
9.5.1 General about the Round-Trip Selection External Cavity
248(2)
9.5.2 Optical Feedback of a Two-Folded External Cavity
250(3)
9.5.3 Nanometer Fringes and Polarization Flipping
253(3)
9.6 Optical Feedback of a Microchip Nd:YAG Laser with Birefringence
256(10)
9.6.1 Optical Feedback of an Orthogonal Polarized Microchip Nd: YAG Laser
256(7)
9.6.2 Optical Feedback of the Microchip Nd: YAG Laser with a Birefringent External Cavity
263(3)
9.7 Conclusions on the Feedback in Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
266(3)
References
269(4)
10 Semi-classical Theory of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
273(38)
10.1 Modeling of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
273(15)
10.1.1 Selection of the Theoretical Model
273(2)
10.1.2 The Self-Consistency Equation
275(2)
10.1.3 Medium Polarization Coefficients of Lasers
277(6)
10.1.4 Modification of Medium Polarization Coefficients
283(1)
10.1.5 Steady State Solution of Self-Consistency Equations
284(1)
10.1.6 Analysis of Birefringent Zeeman Lasers
285(3)
10.2 Theoretical Analysis of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
288(11)
10.2.1 Cavity Tuning Analysis of He-Ne Lasers Containing Single/Dual Ne Isotopes
288(5)
10.2.2 Analysis of Mode Locking and Mode Suppression
293(2)
10.2.3 Analysis of Zeeman Birefringence Lasers
295(2)
10.2.4 Applicability Discussion of the Vectorial Extension Model of Lamb's Semi-classical Theory
297(1)
10.2.5 Conclusions
298(1)
10.3 Analysis of Optical Feedback Phenomena in Birefringent Lasers
299(8)
10.3.1 Feedback Fringes in Moderate Optical Feedback
299(4)
10.3.2 Theory Model for Different Feedback Levels in Birefringent Lasers
303(2)
10.3.3 Conclusion and Discussion
305(2)
References
307(4)
Part Four Applications Of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
11 Introduction and Background of Applications
311(6)
11.1 Survey of the Application Potential
311(2)
11.2 What Is the Particularity of OPDF Laser Measurements?
313(2)
References
315(2)
12 Measurements of Optical Anisotropies by Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
317(28)
12.1 Phase Retardation Measurement of Wave Plates by Laser Frequency Splitting
318(15)
12.1.1 Background
318(3)
12.1.2 Measuring Phase Retardations by Frequency Split Lasers
321(4)
12.1.3 Especial Issue in the Measurement of Phase Retardation of HWP and FWP
325(2)
12.1.4 Systematic Issues of Measuring Arbitrary Phase Retardation
327(5)
12.1.5 Setup and Performance of the Instrumentation System
332(1)
12.1.6 Conclusions
333(1)
12.2 Phase Retardation Measurements of Optical Components Based on Laser Feedback and Polarization Flipping
333(7)
12.2.1 Background
333(1)
12.2.2 Principle of Measuring Phase Retardation Based on Polarization Flipping by Optical Feedback
334(3)
12.2.3 Main Measurement Techniques for Phase Retardation
337(1)
12.2.4 Performance and Error Analysis
338(1)
12.2.5 Conclusions
339(1)
12.3 Intracavity Transmission Ellipsometry for Optically Anisotropic Components
340(3)
12.3.1 Basic Configuration and Procedure
340(2)
12.3.2 Measuring Performance of Intracavity Transmission Ellipsometry and Comments
342(1)
References
343(2)
13 Displacement Measurement by Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
345(40)
13.1 Background and Basic Considerations
345(2)
13.2 Zeeman OPDF Laser Interferometer
347(3)
13.3 Displacement Measurement Based on Cavity Tuning of Orthogonal Polarized Lasers - OPMC Displacement Transducers
350(14)
13.3.1 Principle of OPMC Displacement Transducers
351(4)
13.3.2 OPMC Transducer with Converse Mirrors
355(4)
13.3.3 Half-Wavelength Subdivision Technology
359(1)
13.3.4 Performance of the OPMC Displacement Transducer
360(2)
13.3.5 Discussion and Conclusion
362(2)
13.4 Displacement Measurement Based on Feedback of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
364(5)
13.4.1 Background
364(1)
13.4.2 Measuring Principle for a Moderate Feedback B-Laser
365(2)
13.4.3 Experimental System and Performance
367(1)
13.4.4 Discussion and Conclusion
368(1)
13.5 Displacement Measurement Based on Feedback of the BZ-Laser
369(4)
13.5.1 Configuration of Displacement Measurement of the Feedback BZ-Laser
370(1)
13.5.2 Measurement Principle Based on the Feedback BZ-laser
370(2)
13.5.3 Performance of Displacement Measurement
372(1)
13.5.4 Conclusion
372(1)
13.6 Displacement Measurement Based on Orthogonal Polarized Feedback of Nd:YAG Lasers
373(3)
13.6.1 Configuration for Displacement Measurement
373(1)
13.6.2 Principle of Displacement Measurement
374(1)
13.6.3 Performance of Displacement Measurement
375(1)
13.6.4 Conclusion
375(1)
13.7 Microchip Nd:YAG Laser Interferometers with Quasi-Common-Path Feedback
376(6)
13.7.1 Background
376(1)
13.7.2 Configuration of a Quasi-Common-Path Nd:YAG LFI
377(3)
13.7.3 Performance of Quasi-Common-Path Feedback of the Nd: YAG Laser
380(1)
13.7.4 Discussion and Conclusion
381(1)
References
382(3)
14 Force and Pressure Measurement by Means of Photoelastic Nd:YAG Lasers
385(22)
14.1 Principle and Experimental Setup of Force and Pressure Measurement
386(6)
14.1.1 Force to Optical Frequency Conversion
387(2)
14.1.2 Electronic Signal Processing
389(2)
14.1.3 Dynamic Frequency Response of the Laser Transducer
391(1)
14.2 Force Measurement: Experimental Results
392(6)
14.3 Pressure Measurement: Experimental Results
398(2)
14.3.1 Laser Microchip Pressure Transducer
398(1)
14.3.2 Fully Optical Pressure Measurement
399(1)
14.4 Advanced Studies in Force to Frequency Conversion
400(3)
14.4.1 Force Vector Measurement Capability of OPDF Lasers
400(2)
14.4.2 Optimized Design Geometry of Transducer Crystals
402(1)
14.5 Prospects of Laser-Based Force Measurements
403(1)
References
404(3)
15 Measurements via Translation/Rotation of Intracavity Quartz Crystals
407(8)
15.1 Displacement Measurement by Means of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal Wedge
407(2)
15.2 Measurement of Earth's Gravity by Means of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal Wedge
409(1)
15.3 Vibration Measurement by Means of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal Wedge
410(2)
15.4 Measuring Rotation Angles by Means of an Intracavity Quartz Crystal Plate
412(2)
References
414(1)
16 Combined Magnetometer/Rate Gyro Transducers by Four-Frequency Ring Lasers
415(6)
16.1 Principle of the Frequency Splitting Ring Laser Weak Magnetic Field Transducer
415(3)
16.2 Experimental Arrangement
418(1)
16.3 Experimental Results and Discussions
419(1)
16.4 Conclusions
420(1)
References
420(1)
17 Further Applications of Orthogonally Polarized Lasers
421(4)
17.1 Tunable Signal Generation
421(1)
17.1.1 Tunable Optical Master Oscillators
421(1)
17.1.2 Frequency Doubled Lasers
421(1)
17.1.3 Electronic Signal Sources
422(1)
17.2 Polarized Lasers in Material Processing
422(1)
References
423(2)
18 Conclusions of Part Four
425(4)
18.1 Phase Retardation Measurement Applications
425(1)
18.2 Displacement Sensing Applications
426(1)
18.3 Force, Pressure, and Acceleration Measurement Applications
426(3)
Index 429
Shulian Zhang, Tsinghua University, P.R. China.

Wolfgang Holzapfel, Tsinghua University, P.R. China.