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E-grāmata: Orthographic Systems in Thirteen Editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes (1506-1656)

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This corpus-based study examines the orthographic systems in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes (15061656), a comprehensive compendium of prose and verse texts of different length and on a variety of subjects, for example, astronomy, agriculture, medicine, and religion. It focuses on the variation and consistency levels in the early-modern printers spelling practice, and evaluates the potential importance of extra-linguistic motivation for the identified regularising changes from the language authorities of the time, including lexicographers, spelling reformers, orthoepists, grammarians, and schoolmasters. Additionally, the book provides the reader with a brief overview of the printers punctuation, capitalisation, and word-division conventions, as well as with selected bibliographical and textual information concerning the publication history of the Kalender of Shepherdes.
Acknowledgements 9(8)
List of Tables
11(6)
List of Figures
13(4)
List of abbreviations and symbols
15(2)
Introduction 17(8)
0.1 Aim and scope
17(1)
0.2 Corpora
18(4)
0.3 Research methods and the presentation of Findings
0.4 Organisation of the study
22(3)
Chapter One Theoretical preliminaries: Orthography corpus linguistics
25(18)
1.0 Introduction
25(1)
1.1 Approaches to language, speech and writing
25(3)
1.2 Definition of orthography and related terms
28(2)
1.3 Units of a writing system
30(2)
1.4 Orthographic Principles in the English writing system
32(3)
1.5 Variability and the Orthographic norm in Present-Day English
35(1)
1.6 Orthographic variation as the source of evidence for histrocal linguists
36(1)
1.6 1 Orthographic reflecting pronunciation
36(3)
1.6.2 Evidence reflecting Characteristics of the writing systems
37(2)
1.7 Corpus linguistics, corpus typology, and the corpus under investigation
39(3)
1.8 Summary and conclusions
42(1)
Chapter Two Early Modern English and standardisation of orthography: A socio-historical perspective
43(20)
2.0 Introduction
43(1)
2.1 Early Modem English as a stage in the history of the English language
43(2)
2.2 Standard and standardisation
45(4)
2.3 The role of prescription in the process of standardisation
49(12)
2.3.1 Spelling reformers, orthoepists, grammarians, and schoolmasters
50(2)
2.3.2 Dictionaries and word lists
52(3)
2.3.3 Early printers
55(6)
2.4 Summary and conclusions
61(2)
Chapter Three The historical and textual background, and the publication history of the Kalender editions
63(16)
3.0 Introduction
63(1)
3.1 Almanacs in England
63(1)
3.2 Publication history of the Kalender of Shepherdes
64(1)
3.3 The printers of the analysed editions
65(4)
3.4 The contents of the KS: similarities and differences among editions
69(2)
3.5 Sources of texts in the Kalender
71(1)
3.6 Woodcuts
72(2)
3.7 Previous studies
74(3)
3.8 Summary and conclusions
77(2)
Chapter Four Transition between manuscript and print Bibliographical and typographical features of the Kalender editions
79(20)
4.0 Introduction
79(1)
4.1 Cross-over influences between manuscript and print
80(1)
4.2 Format and typefaces
81(3)
4.3 Title pages, colophons and tables of contents
84(1)
4.4 Foliation formulae
85(1)
4.5 Signatures, running heads and catchwords
86(2)
4.6 Punctuation and word division
88(7)
4.7 Capitalisation
95(2)
4.8 Summary and conclusions
97(2)
Chapter five Abbreviations of an interface between typography and orthography
99(18)
5.0 Introduction
99(1)
5.1 Classification of abbreviations
100(1)
5.2 Abbreviations of function words
100(5)
5.3 The tilde and remaining abbreviations
105(3)
5.4 Abbreviations as a typographical tool of printers for line justification
108(6)
5.5 Abbreviations in normative writings
114(1)
5.6 Summary and conclusions
115(2)
Chapter Six Changes affecting the distribution of selected graphemes and clusters of graphemes
117(24)
6.0 Introduction
117(1)
6.1 The distribution of <u> and <v>
117(4)
6.2 The distribution of <i>, <y>, and <j>
121(9)
6.3 The variation between <d> and <th>
130(5)
6.4 The replacement of <ssh> with <sh>
135(3)
6.5 The expansion of the digraph <dg>
138(2)
6.6 Summary and conclusions
140(1)
Chapter Seven Vowel length indication
141(28)
7.0 Introduction
141(1)
7.1 Early Modern English /a:/ and æ:/ reflecting Middle English/a:/
142(1)
7.2 Early Modem English /epsilon;i/ and /u/ reflecting Middle English /i/and/u/
142(1)
7.3 Early Modern English /i:/ reflecting Middle English/e:/
143(4)
7.4 Early Modem English /ε/ and /e:/ reflecting Middle English/epsilon;/
147(3)
7.5 Early Modem English /u:/, /υ/, and /Λ reflecting Middle English /o:/
150(8)
7.6 Early Modern English and reflecting Middle English
158(2)
7.7 Summary of changes in the representation of long vowels in the Kalender editions
160(1)
7.8 Prescriptive influences on the printer' spelling pratices with regard to vowel length indication
161(5)
7.9 Conclusions
166(3)
Chapter Eight The reduction of homography
169(22)
8.0 Introduction
169(1)
8.1 THAN and THEN
170(3)
8.2 SON, SUN and SOON
173(4)
8.3 SEE and SEE
177(2)
8.4 HAIR, HERE, and HERE
179(5)
8.5 HEAD and HEED
184(2)
8.6 SWEAT and SWEET
186(2)
8.7 Other instances of homography
188(1)
8.8 Summary and conclusions
189(2)
Chapter Nine Morphological spelling
191(26)
9.0 Introduction
191(1)
9.1 Native derivational suffixes
192(7)
9.1.1 The nominal suffix {-NESS}
192(1)
9.1.2 The nominal suffix {-SHIP}
193(1)
9.1.3 The nominal suffix {-DOM}
194(1)
9.1.4 The nominal suffixes {-HOOD} and {-HEAD}
195(3)
9.1.5 The adjectival suffix {-FUL}
198(1)
9.1.6 The adjectival suffix {-LY}1 and the adverbial suffix {-LY}2
198(1)
9.2 Borrowed derivational suffixes
199(11)
9.2.1 The nominal suffix {-ANCE}
199(2)
9.2.2 The nominal suffix {-ITY}
201(1)
9.2.3 The nominal suffix {-TION}
202(4)
9.2.4 The nominal suffix {-OR}
206(3)
9.2.5 The adjectival suffix {-AL}
209(1)
9.3 Dialectal spellings
210(4)
9.4 Summary and conclusions
214(3)
Chapter Ten Etymological spelling
217(32)
10.0 Introduction
217(1)
10.1 Epenthetic <d>
218(5)
10.2 Epenthetic <l>
223(4)
10.3 Epenthetic
227(6)
10.4 Epenthetic <b>
233(1)
10.5 Epenthetic <c>
233(7)
10.6 Replacement of <f> with <ph>
240(4)
10.7 Pseudoetymological spellings and fossilised reverse spellings
244(3)
10.8 Summary and conclusion
247(2)
Conclusions
249(6)
Bibliography
255(1)
Primary sources
255(1)
The Kalender of Shepherdes editions (in chronological order)
255(1)
Early modern dictionaries
255(1)
Early modern grammars, handbooks, and treatises
256(3)
Secondary sources
259(18)
Index of names
277(6)
Index of terms
283(4)
Appendices
287(1)
Appendix 1 All known English editions of The Kalender of Shepherdes
287(1)
Appendix 2 The foliation formulae of the analysed KS editions, and the libraries holding the copies
288(1)
Appendix 3 The format, number of pages, and word count of the analysed KS editions
289(1)
Appendix 4 The contents of the analysed editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes
290(7)
Appendix 5 Sample passages from several editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes
297
Hanna Rutkowska is lecturer in the Faculty of English at Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna (Poland). Her main research interests include the history of English, Late Middle English and Early Modern English graphemics and morphosyntax, corpus linguistics, and historical sociolinguistics.