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E-grāmata: Osteoarchaeology: A Guide to the Macroscopic Study of Human Skeletal Remains

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(Associate Professor, Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128040973
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Osteoarchaeology: A Guide to the Macroscopic Study of Human Skeletal RemainsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128040973
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The study of human skeletal remains is an integral part of archaeological research and provides insights to past demography, mobility, health and disease, activity patterns, and other aspects of life. Osteoarchaeology: A Guide to the Macroscopic Study of Human Skeletal Remains covers the identification of bones and teeth, taphonomy, sex and ancestry assessment, age estimation, the analysis of biodistances, growth patterns and activity markers, as well as palaeopathology. The aim of this text is to familiarize the reader with the main applications of osteoarchaeology and provide the necessary knowledge required for the implementation of a broad range of osteological methods.

Osteoarchaeology: A Guide to the Macroscopic Study of Human Skeletal Remains is also suitable for Bioarchaeologists, osteoarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Pedagogical features include ample illustrations, case study material, revision exercises, and a glossary. Additional features comprise macros that facilitate data processing and analysis, as well as an extensive chapter on applied statistics.

  • Includes coverage of nearly every aspect of human osteological macroscopic analysis
  • Detailed descriptions of the application of different methods used
  • Online resources include: Macros designed by the author for a) the calculation of the number of individuals in commingled assemblages, b) processing cranial landmarks and nonmetric traits, c) the calculation of biodistances and their statistical significance, d) the estimation of stature and body mass, e) the creation of artificial datasets for further practice or research, and f) statistical analysis
  • Detailed manual for the online macros
  • Glossary
  • Sample data
  • Review exercises

Papildus informācija

A comprehensive text for osteoarchaeologists and bioarchaeologists comprising methods on the study of human skeletal remains
Preface ix
1 The Human Skeleton
1(76)
1.1 Bone Function
2(1)
1.2 Bone Classification
2(1)
1.3 Bone Structure
3(1)
1.3.1 Gross Anatomy
3(1)
1.3.2 Microscopic Anatomy
4(1)
1.4 Bone Composition and Cells
4(1)
1.5 Bone Growth and Development
5(1)
1.6 Planes of Reference and Directional Terms
5(1)
1.7 Bone Identification
6(48)
1.7.1 Axial Skeleton
6(21)
1.7.2 Appendicular Skeleton
27(27)
1.8 Teeth
54(23)
1.8.1 Tooth Types and Dental Numbering Systems
54(2)
1.8.2 Dental Directional Terms
56(1)
1.8.3 Tooth Anatomy and Composition
56(1)
1.8.4 Tooth Formation and Development
57(1)
1.8.5 Tooth Identification
58(6)
References
64(1)
Suggested Readings
64(2)
Appendices
66(1)
Appendix 1.I Bone Inventory
66(3)
Appendix 1.II Tooth Inventory
69(1)
Appendix 1.III Bone and Tooth Inventory Using Osteoware
69(8)
2 Taphonomy
77(28)
2.1 Taphonomy in Archaeological and Forensic Contexts
77(2)
2.2 Decomposition Process
79(1)
2.3 Scavengers
80(3)
2.3.1 Insects
80(1)
2.3.2 Carnivores
81(1)
2.3.3 Rodents
82(1)
2.3.4 Pigs
83(1)
2.3.5 Marine Predators
83(1)
2.3.6 Avian Predators
83(1)
2.4 Human Agents
83(6)
2.4.1 Tool Marks
84(1)
2.4.2 Fire
85(4)
2.4.3 Mortuary Practices
89(1)
2.5 Natural Environment
89(1)
2.5.1 Plant Activity
89(1)
2.5.2 Soil
89(1)
2.5.3 Aquatic Environments
90(1)
2.6 Intrinsic Preservation Factors
90(1)
2.7 Commingling
91(14)
References
96(4)
Appendices
100(1)
Appendix 2.I Assessment of the Degree of Preservation of the Skeleton
100(2)
Appendix 2.II Recording Taphonomic Alterations
102(2)
Appendix 2.III Recording Taphonomic Alterations Using Osteoware
104(1)
3 Sex and Ancestry Assessment
105(30)
3.1 Sex Assessment
105(14)
3.1.1 Morphological Methods
106(10)
3.1.2 Metric Methods
116(1)
3.1.3 Sex Assessment in Juveniles
117(2)
3.2 Ancestry
119(16)
3.2.1 Morphological Methods
119(3)
3.2.2 Metric Methods
122(2)
3.2.3 Ancestry Assessment in Juveniles
124(1)
References
124(4)
Appendices
128(1)
Appendix 3.I Sex Assessment Recording Protocol
128(2)
Appendix 3.II Case Study for Sex Assessment
130(2)
Appendix 3.III Ancestry Assessment Recording Protocol
132(1)
Appendix 3.IV Recording Sex and Ancestry Markers in Osteoware
133(2)
4 Age Estimation
135(40)
4.1 Age Estimation
135(1)
4.2 Juveniles
136(13)
4.2.1 Appearance and Union of Ossification Centers
136(4)
4.2.2 Long-Bone Length
140(1)
4.2.3 Other Bone Dimensions
141(1)
4.2.4 Dentition
142(7)
4.3 Adults
149(26)
4.3.1 Fusion of Primary and Secondary Ossification Centers
149(1)
4.3.2 Morphology of the Pubic Symphysis
149(1)
4.3.3 Morphology of the Auricular Surface
150(3)
4.3.4 Suture Closure
153(3)
4.3.5 Morphology of the Sternal Rib End
156(2)
4.3.6 Dentition
158(2)
4.3.7 Other Age Markers
160(1)
4.3.8 Multifactorial Age Estimation: Transition Analysis
160(2)
References
162(3)
Appendices
165(1)
Appendix 4.I Age Estimation Recording Protocol: Juveniles
165(2)
Appendix 4.II Age Estimation Recording Protocol: Adults
167(2)
Appendix 4.III Recording Age Markers in Osteoware
169(1)
Appendix 4.IV Case Study for Age Estimation
170(5)
5 Biological Distance
175(68)
5.1 Metric Methods
176(6)
5.1.1 Cranial Shape and Size as a Proxy for Genotypic Variation
176(1)
5.1.2 Cranial Digitization
177(1)
5.1.3 Cranial Linear Measurements
178(1)
5.1.4 Dental Measurements
178(1)
5.1.5 Euclidean and Mahalanobis Distances
178(3)
5.1.6 Statistical Analysis
181(1)
5.2 Nonmetric Traits
182(6)
5.2.1 Genetic Information and Confounding Factors
182(1)
5.2.2 Recording Cranial Nonmetric Traits
182(1)
5.2.3 Recording Dental Nonmetric Traits
183(1)
5.2.4 The Mean Measure of Divergence
183(3)
5.2.5 Nonmetric Mahalanobis Distances
186(2)
5.2.6 Data Analysis
188(1)
5.3 R-Matrix Analysis
188(55)
5.3.1 Continuous Data
189(1)
5.3.2 Binary Data
190(1)
References
190(4)
Appendices
194(1)
Appendix 5.I Definitions of Cranial Landmarks
194(2)
Appendix 5.II Definitions of Cranial Linear Measurements
196(3)
Appendix 5.III Recording Protocol for Cranial Landmarks
199(1)
Appendix 5.IV Combining the Two Digitized Halves of a Cranium Into One Single Configuration Using Morpheus et al.
200(4)
Appendix 5.V Computing the Coordinates of Missing Landmarks Using Mirror-Imaging
204(1)
Appendix 5.VI Performing Generalized Procrustes Analysis in PAST
205(3)
Appendix 5.VII Calculating the Centroid Size
208(1)
Appendix 5.VIII A Case Study on Calculating Mahalanobis Distances Using Continuous Data
209(5)
Appendix 5.IX Definitions of Cranial Nonmetric Traits
214(8)
Appendix 5.X Definitions of Dental Nonmetric Traits
222(10)
Appendix 5.XI A Case Study of the Treatment of Nonmetric Traits
232(8)
Appendix 5.XII Recording Nonmetric Traits and Craniometries in Osteoware
240(3)
6 Growth Patterns
243(26)
6.1 Growth in Human Populations
244(1)
6.2 Growth Patterns as a Stress Marker
244(1)
6.3 Catch-Up and Catch-Down Growth
245(1)
6.4 Osteoarchaeological Applications
245(1)
6.5 Methodological Approaches
246(1)
6.5.1 Skeletal Expressions of Stress With Regard to Growth Patterns
246(1)
6.5.2 Practical Considerations
246(1)
6.5.3 Comparative Material
247(1)
6.6 Limitations of Growth Pattern Studies
247(1)
6.7 Stature Estimation
248(5)
6.7.1 Anatomical Methods
248(1)
6.7.2 Mathematical Methods
248(3)
6.7.3 Special Considerations in Stature Estimation
251(2)
6.8 Body Mass Estimation
253(16)
References
254(4)
Appendices
258(1)
Appendix 6.I Postcranial Measurements
258(8)
Appendix 6.II Recording Postcranial Metrics in Osteoware
266(3)
7 Activity Patterns
269(32)
7.1 Entheseal Changes
269(7)
7.1.1 Anatomical Information
269(5)
7.1.2 Factors Affecting Entheseal Change Expression
274(1)
7.1.3 Recording Schemes and Statistical Analysis
275(1)
7.2 Long-Bone Cross-Sectional Geometric Properties
276(6)
7.2.1 Impact of Mechanical Loading on Long-Bone Cross-Sectional Geometric Properties
276(5)
7.2.2 Data Collection
281(1)
7.2.3 Standardization
282(1)
7.2.4 Statistical Analysis
282(1)
7.3 Dental Wear
282(19)
7.3.1 Mechanisms That Underline Dental Wear
282(3)
7.3.2 Recording Schemes and Statistical Analysis
285(1)
References
285(4)
Appendices
289(1)
Appendix 7.I Recording Schemes for Entheseal Changes
289(2)
Appendix 7.II Estimating Cross-Sectional Geometric Properties From Periosteal Molds
291(5)
Appendix 7.III Ordinal Recording Schemes for Dental Wear
296(2)
Appendix 7.IV Calculating the Area of Exposed Dentine as a Ratio to the Occlusal Surface Area
298(2)
Appendix 7.V Dental Wear Recording in Osteoware
300(1)
8 Pathological Conditions
301(54)
8.1 The Osteological Paradox
302(1)
8.2 Macroscopic Paleopathological Examination
303(1)
8.3 Developmental Anomalies
304(1)
8.3.1 Cranium
304(1)
8.3.2 Spine and Thorax
304(1)
8.3.3 Conditions Affecting Multiple Anatomical Regions
305(1)
8.4 Metabolic Diseases
305(3)
8.4.1 Scurvy
305(1)
8.4.2 Rickets and Osteomalacia
305(1)
8.4.3 Osteoporosis
306(1)
8.4.4 Paget's Disease of Bone
307(1)
8.5 Hematopoietic Diseases
308(2)
8.5.1 General Skeletal Manifestations: Cribra Orbitalia and Porotic Hyperostosis
308(1)
8.5.2 Thalassemia
309(1)
8.5.3 Sickle-Cell Anemia
309(1)
8.5.4 Iron-Deficiency Anemia
310(1)
8.6 Endocrine Disorders
310(1)
8.6.1 Pituitary Disturbances
310(1)
8.6.2 Thyroid Disturbances
311(1)
8.7 Infectious Diseases
311(5)
8.7.1 Osteomyelitis
311(1)
8.7.2 Tuberculosis
312(2)
8.7.3 Leprosy
314(1)
8.7.4 Treponemal Diseases
315(1)
8.7.5 Nonspecific Infections
315(1)
8.8 Tumors
316(2)
8.8.1 Benign Tumors of Bone
316(1)
8.8.2 Primary Malignant Neoplasms
317(1)
8.9 Trauma
318(7)
8.9.1 Fractures
318(3)
8.9.2 Dislocations
321(1)
8.9.3 Surgical Procedures and Mutilation
321(1)
8.9.4 Forensic Distinction of Trauma
322(2)
8.9.5 Identifying Perimortem Trauma
324(1)
8.10 Joint Disease
325(3)
8.10.1 Proliferative Arthropathies
325(2)
8.10.2 Erosive Arthropathies
327(1)
8.11 Dental Diseases
328(5)
8.11.1 Periodontal Disease
328(1)
8.11.2 Caries
329(2)
8.11.3 Dental Calculus
331(1)
8.11.4 Periapical Cavities
331(1)
8.11.5 Antemortem Tooth Loss
332(1)
8.11.6 Enamel Hypoplasia
333(1)
8.12 Calculation of Disease Prevalence and Statistical Analysis
333(22)
References
334(8)
Appendices
342(1)
Appendix 8.I Recording Schemes for Common Pathological Conditions
342(10)
Appendix 8.II Recording Pathological Conditions in Osteoware
352(3)
9 Statistical Methods in Human Osteology
355(88)
9.1 Basic Statistical Concepts
356(1)
9.2 Descriptive Statistics
357(7)
9.2.1 Summary Statistics
357(1)
9.2.2 Boxplots and Histograms
358(2)
9.2.3 Contingency Tables
360(1)
9.2.4 Case Studies on the Calculation of Summary Statistics
360(4)
9.3 Inferential Statistics: Statistical Hypothesis Testing
364(5)
9.3.1 Introductory Concepts
364(1)
9.3.2 One- and Two-Tailed Tests
365(1)
9.3.3 The Concept of Distribution
365(2)
9.3.4 Testing the Null Hypothesis: The p-value
367(1)
9.3.5 Parametric and Nonparametric Tests
368(1)
9.3.6 Test of Normality
368(1)
9.3.7 Point and Interval Estimation
369(1)
9.4 Tests of Significance Between Two Samples
369(5)
9.4.1 Independent Samples Tests
369(1)
9.4.2 Paired Samples Tests
370(1)
9.4.3 Case Studies on Statistical Tests Between Two Samples
370(4)
9.5 Statistical Tests Among Many Samples
374(12)
9.5.1 The Multiple Comparisons Problem
374(1)
9.5.2 Independent Samples: One-Way Analysis of Variance
374(1)
9.5.3 Independent Samples: Kruskal---Wallis Test
375(1)
9.5.4 Dependent Samples: Repeated-Measures ANOVA
375(1)
9.5.5 Dependent Samples: Friedman Test
375(1)
9.5.6 Case Studies on the Comparison of Many Samples
375(11)
9.6 Tests for Categorical Data
386(3)
9.6.1 Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Tests
386(1)
9.6.2 Correspondence Analysis
386(1)
9.6.3 Case Studies on Categorical Data Analysis
387(2)
9.7 Data Modeling
389(24)
9.7.1 Models Adopted in the Feast-Squares Method
390(1)
9.7.2 Number of Adjustable Parameters
390(1)
9.7.3 General Linear Models (Analysis of Covariance)
391(1)
9.7.4 Generalized Linear Models (GEM) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)
391(1)
9.7.5 Logistic Regression
392(1)
9.7.6 Reduced Major Axis Regression
392(1)
9.7.7 Case Studies on Data Modeling and Applications
392(21)
9.8 Correlation
413(5)
9.8.1 Bivariate Correlation
413(1)
9.8.2 Partial Correlation
414(1)
9.8.3 Correlation of Symmetrical Matrices
414(1)
9.8.4 Case Studies on Correlations
414(4)
9.9 Multivariate Analysis
418(25)
9.9.1 Multivariate Normality Test and Outliers
418(1)
9.9.2 Principal Component Analysis
418(3)
9.9.3 Multiple Correspondence Analysis
421(1)
9.9.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis
421(1)
9.9.5 Multivariate Analysis of Variance
421(1)
9.9.6 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
422(1)
9.9.7 Metric and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling
423(1)
9.9.8 Case Studies on Multivariate Analyses
423(13)
References
436(1)
Suggested Readings
436(1)
Appendices
436(1)
Appendix 9.I IBM SPSS Interface
436(5)
Appendix 9.II Excel 2010---2016 Configuration for Data Analysis and Macros
441(2)
Index 443
Dr Efthymia Nikita is an Assistant Professor at the Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, in Nicosia. She is a bioarchaeologist with an undergraduate degree in Archaeology (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) and a PhD in Biological Anthropology (University of Cambridge). Her research aligns with biocultural approaches and seeks to provide insights into the activity, mobility, demography, health, and diet of past populations using macroscopic and microanalytical methods. Geographically, her projects span North Africa, Greece, and the United Kingdom, while, temporally, they cover prehistoric to medieval times. In addition, she is engaged in refining the available osteoarchaeological methodology by evaluating current methods and suggesting new approaches in the study of commingled remains, biodistances, and activity markers. Her research has received funding from European and American foundations and has resulted in more than 40 articles and book chapters.
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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97801280409732e.html
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