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Osteoporosis 4th edition [Multiple-component retail product]

Edited by , Edited by (Professor of Clinical Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine; Director Emeritus, Regional Bone Center, Helen Hay), Edited by , Edited by (Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA)
  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, 2116 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 6500 g, Contains 4 hardbacks
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0124158536
  • ISBN-13: 9780124158535
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Osteoporosis 4th editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, 2116 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 6500 g, Contains 4 hardbacks
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0124158536
  • ISBN-13: 9780124158535
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780124158535.html
Now in its 4e, Osteoporosis is a classic reference on this disease, comprising a tremendous wealth of knowledge in a single source not found elsewhere. Written by renowned experts in the field, this two-volume work is a must-have for academic and medical libraries, physicians, researchers, and any company involved in osteoporosis research and development. This newest edition covers everything from basic anatomy and physiology to diagnosis, management and treatment in which direct care costs for osteoporotic fractures in the United States reach up to $18 billion each year. Worldwide, 200 million women ages 60 to 80 suffer from osteoporosis and have a lifetime risk of fracture between 30% and 40%, continuing to make osteoporosis a critical challenge in medicine.
  • Recognizes the critical importance of the Wnt signaling pathway for bone health
  • Incorporates new chapters on osteocytes, phosphatonins, mouse genetics, and CNS and bone
  • Examines essential updates on estrogen prevention and treatment and the recent results from the WHO
  • Discusses the controversial topics of screening and clinical trial design for drug registration
  • Includes essential updates on therapeutic uses of calcium, vitamin D, SERMS, bisphosphonates, and parathyroid hormone
  • Offers critical reviews of reproductive and hormonal risk factors, ethnicity, nutrition, therapeutics, management, and economics

Recenzijas

Praise for Previous Edition:"...Osteoporosis is quite comprehensive; indeed, topics that typically receive brief treatment elsewhere (osteoporosis in minority groups and in men) receive entire chapters here..." --THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Papildus informācija

This newest edition covers everything from basic anatomy and physiology to diagnosis, management and treatment.
Preface to the Fourth Edition xvii
Contributors xix
Editor's Note xxv
I Introduction
1 The Bone Organ System: Form and Function
Elise F. Morgan
George L. Barnes
Thomas A. Einhorn
Introduction
3(1)
Composition and Organization of Bone
3(6)
Cellular Components of Bone
9(3)
Bone Homeostasis
12(2)
Basic Bone Mechanics
14(4)
Summary
18(1)
References
18(3)
2 The Nature of Osteoporosis
Robert Marcus
David W. Dempster
Mary L. Bouxsein
Defining Osteoporosis
21(1)
Material and Structural Basis of Skeletal Fragility
22(5)
Summary
27(1)
References
27(4)
3 Reflections on Osteoporosis
B.E. Christopher Nordin
Introduction
31(1)
Definition
31(2)
Diagnosis
33(1)
Fragility Fractures
34(1)
Bone Density and Fracture Risk
34(2)
Pathogenesis
36(8)
Prevention
44(2)
Treatment
46(1)
Summary
46(1)
References
47(4)
4 Reflections on Development of Concepts of Intercellular Communication in Bone
T. John Martin
Introduction
51(1)
Calcium Homeostasis - Developments of the 1960s
51(1)
Discovery of Calcitonin
52(1)
Inhibition of Bone Resorption by Calcitonin
52(1)
Lessons from an Osteogenic Sarcoma
53(1)
Emergence of Bone Cell Biology
54(1)
Could Osteoblasts Regulate Osteoclasts?
54(2)
The Origin of Osteoclasts - Mid-1970s
56(1)
Osteoblast Regulation of Osteoclasts
57(1)
Control of Osteoclast Formation
57(1)
Hormone and Cytokine Control of Osteoclast Formation
58(1)
The Physiologic Signaling Mechanisms in Osteoclast Control
58(1)
Bone Remodeling
59(1)
Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption
60(1)
Coupling Factor - from Matrix or Cells?
61(1)
Communication from Osteocytes
61(1)
Is There a Single "Coupling Factor", Analogous to RANKL?
62(1)
PTHrP as a Local Control Process
62(1)
How Might PTHrP Participate?
63(1)
Summary
64(1)
Acknowledgments
64(1)
References
64(7)
5 Osteo-Odyssey: A Memoir
Paula H. Stern
Starting Out: from A to B ONE
71(1)
Being the First Postdoc in Larry's Lab
71(1)
In the Academic World: Projects and People
72(16)
The Bone World Beyond the Laboratory: ASBMR and NOF
88(1)
References
89(8)
II Cellular, Molecular, ad Developmental Biology of Bone
6 Development of the Skeleton
Sylvain Provot
Ernestina Schipani
Joy Y. Wu
Henry Kronenberg
Overview
97(1)
Patterning the Skeleton
97(9)
Endochondral Bone Formation
106(6)
Signaling Pathways that Regulate Endochondral Bone Formation
112(6)
Intramembranous Bone Formation
118(1)
References
119(8)
7 The Skeletal Stem Cell
Dongsu Park
Jonathan Hoggatt
Francesca Ferraro
David T. Scadden
Introduction
127(1)
Defining Skeletal Stem Cells
127(2)
Migration of Skeletal Stem Cells
129(3)
Kinetics of Skeletal Cell Turnover
132(3)
Potential Use of Skeletal Stem Cells as Therapy
135(1)
Interactions with the Hematopoietic System
136(4)
Summary
140(1)
References
140(9)
8 Osteoclast Biology
Timothy R. Arnett
Introduction
149(1)
Osteoclast Formation
149(5)
Osteoclast Function
154(3)
Conclusions
157(1)
Acknowledgments
157(1)
References
157(4)
9 Osteoblast Biology
Johannes P.T.M. Van Leeuwen
Bram C.J. Van Der Eerden
Jeroen Van De Peppel
Gary S. Stein
Jane B. Lian
Overview
161(1)
Phenotypic Properties of Osteogenic Lineage Cells
161(13)
Developmental Sequence of Osteoblast Phenotype
Development
174(3)
Markers of Osteoblast Maturation Stages
177(6)
Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression Regulating Skeletal Biology and Pathology
183(8)
Concluding Remarks
191(1)
Acknowledgments
191(1)
References
192(17)
10 Osteocyte Biology
Lynda F. Bonewald
Introduction
209(1)
Osteocyte Ontogeny
209(1)
Osteoid-Osteocytes
210(1)
Osteocyte Selective Genes/Proteins and Their Potential Functions
211(1)
Morphology of Osteocytes: Lacunocanalicular System and Dendrite Formation
212(2)
Osteocyte Cell Models
214(1)
Mechanisms and Response of Osteocytes to Mechanical Forces
215(3)
Osteocyte Signals for Bone Formation
218(1)
Osteocyte Signals for Bone Resorption
219(1)
Osteocyte Apoptosis and Autophagy
220(1)
Osteocyte Modification of Their Microenvironment
221(1)
Osteocyte Regulation of Phosphate Metabolism
222(1)
Role of Gap Junctions and Hemichannels in Osteocyte Communication
222(1)
Osteocytes in the Embryonic and the Adult Skeleton
223(1)
The Implications of Osteocyte Biology for Bone Disease
224(2)
Conclusions
226(1)
Acknowledgment
226(1)
References
226(9)
11 The Regulatory Role of Matrix Proteins in Mineralization of Bone
Adele L. Boskey
Pamela Gehron Robey
Introduction
235(1)
Collagenous Proteins
236(2)
Intermediate Cartilage Matrix
238(4)
Osteoadherin, Keratocan, and Lumican
242(1)
Bone-Enriched Matrix Proteins
242(1)
Alkaline Phosphatase
242(1)
Osteonectin
243(1)
RGD-Containing Glycoproteins
244(3)
Osteocalcin
247(1)
Matrix Gla Protein
248(1)
Periostin
248(1)
The Mineralization of Bone Matrix
248(3)
Acknowledgments
251(1)
References
251(8)
III Skeletal Hormones and Regulatory Factors
12 Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Robert A. Nissenson
Introduction
259(1)
Synthesis and Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone
259(2)
Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone
261(1)
Bone-Resorbing Action of Parathyroid Hormone
262(1)
Effects of PTH on Bone Formation
263(1)
Renal Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
264(1)
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein as a Mediator of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
265(1)
Physiological Roles of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
265(4)
Mechanism of Action of Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
269(2)
Acknowledgments
271(1)
References
271(12)
13 Vitamin D: Biology, Actions, and Clinical Implications
David Feldman
Aruna V. Krishnan
Srilatha Swami
Introduction
283(2)
Vitamin D: Synthesis and Metabolism
285(6)
Pathways of Activation and Inactivation of Vitamin D
291(5)
Mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D Action
296(9)
Nongenomic Actions of Vitamin D
305(1)
Genetic Disorders
305(3)
1,25(OH)2D3 Analogs
308(1)
Action of Vitamin D in Classical Target Organs to Regulate Mineral Homeostasis
309(5)
Actions of 1,25(OH)2D in Nonclassical Target Organs
314(3)
Vitamin D and Osteoporosis
317(1)
References
318(11)
14 Regulation of Bone Cell Function by Estrogens
Suzanne E. Wardell
Donald P. Mcdonnell
Erik R. Nelson
Introduction
329(1)
Estrogen Biosynthesis
329(2)
Estrogen Receptors
331(3)
Activities in Bone Attributable to Estrogen Receptor a and/or Estrogen Receptor β
334(2)
Estrogen Receptor Pharmacology
336(4)
Summary
340(1)
References
341(4)
15 Androgens and Skeletal Biology: Basic Mechanisms
Kristine M. Wiren
Introduction
345(1)
Androgens and the Role of Androgen Metabolism
345(4)
Cellular Biology of the Androgen Receptor in the Skeleton
349(4)
The Consequences of Androgen Action in Bone Cells
353(7)
The Skeletal Effects of Androgen: Animal Studies
360(3)
Animal Models of Altered Androgen Responsiveness
363(1)
The Role of Androgen Receptors Versus Aromatization of Testosterone
364(1)
Androgen Deficiency and Bone Loss: Similarities Between Animal Models and Humans at a Clinical Level
364(1)
Summary
365(1)
References
365(8)
16 Phosphatonins
Peter J. Tebben
Theresa J. Berndt
Rajiv Kumar
Introduction
373(1)
Phosphorus Homeostasis
373(3)
Phosphatonins
376(1)
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
376(7)
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4
383(1)
Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE)
384(1)
Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
384(1)
Summary
385(1)
References
386(5)
17 Skeletal Growth Factors
Ernesto Canalis
Introduction
391(1)
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
391(2)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
393(1)
Fibroblast Growth Factor
394(1)
Transforming Growth Factor Beta
395(1)
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
396(2)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor
398(2)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins
400(1)
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
401(1)
Acknowledgments
401(1)
References
401(10)
18 Wnt Signaling in Skeletal Homeostasis and Diseases
Francesca Gori
Roland Baron
Introduction
411(1)
Wnt Signaling
412(4)
Wnt Signaling in Skeletal Development, Homeostasis, and Diseases
416(4)
Wnt Signaling Interacts with Other Pathways in Bone Mass Regulation
420(1)
Wnt Signaling and Mechanical Loading
421(1)
Targeting the Wnt Pathway for Therapeutic Intervention
421(1)
Summary
422(1)
References
422(9)
IV Skeletal Structure and Biomechanics
19 The Mechanical Behavior of Bone
Lamya Karim
Amira I. Hussein
Elise F. Morgan
Mary L. Bouxsein
Introduction
431(1)
Introduction to Bone Mechanics
431(6)
Role of Bone Composition and Microstructure on Bone Mechanical Properties
437(2)
Mechanical Behavior of Whole Bone
439(4)
Age-Related Changes in Bone Mechanics that Contribute to Fracture
443(2)
Summary
445(2)
References
447(6)
20 Cellular and Molecular Mechanotransduction in Bone
Julia C. Chen
Alesha B. Castillo
Christopher R. Jacobs
Introduction
453(1)
Bone Mechanotransduction
454(1)
Forms of Mechanical Stimulation - Tissue Mechanics
455(2)
Cellular and Pericellular Mechanics
457(3)
Mechanosensing Mechanisms
460(6)
Mechanically Activated Intracellular Signaling Pathways
466(1)
Cell-cell Pathways that are Activated or Mediate Effects of Mechanical Stimuli
467(2)
Conclusion and Implications for Osteoporosis
469(1)
References
469(8)
21 Adaptation of Skeletal Structure to Mechanical Loading
Marjolein C.H. Van Der Meulen
Christopher J. Hernandez
Introduction and Background
477(4)
Diaphyseal Compact Bone
481(4)
Cancellous Bone
485(5)
Toward a More Mechanistic Understanding of Functional Adaptation in Bone
490(1)
Conclusion
491(1)
References
492(5)
22 Biomechanics of Hip and Vertebral Fractures
Dennis E. Anderson
Alexander G. Bruno
Mary L. Bouxsein
Introduction
497(1)
Biomechanics of Hip Fractures
498(6)
Biomechanics of Vertebral Fractures
504(7)
Summary and Clinical Implications
511(1)
References
511(6)
23 Prevention of Osteoporosis by Physical Signals: Defining a Potential Role for Nondrug Strategies in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Injury and Disease
Clinton T. Rubin
Stefan Judex
Yi-Xian Qin
Janet Rubin
Introduction
517(1)
Bone's Sensitivity to Mechanical Signals
518(1)
Structural Demands on the Skeleton
518(3)
Regulation of Bone Morphology by Physical Signals
521(1)
Anabolic Potential of Low-magnitude Mechanical Signals
522(5)
Regulating the Bone Cell Response to Mechanical Signals
527(2)
Translating Mechanobiology to the Clinic
529(2)
Summary
531(1)
Acknowledgments
532(1)
References
532(7)
V Epidemiology of Osteoporosis
24 Epidemiologic Methods in Studies of Osteoporosis
Kristine E. Ensrud
Brent C. Taylor
Introduction
539(1)
Descriptive and Analytic Studies
539(1)
Study Designs in Analytical Epidemiologic Studies
540(9)
Some Useful Epidemiologic Concepts
549(1)
Frequently Used Statistics
550(1)
Criteria for Deciding Whether an Association Matters
551(4)
Sample Size Considerations
555(1)
Measurement Error
555(4)
Discrepant Results Between Studies Examining Similar Research Questions
559(1)
Summary
559(1)
Acknowledgments
560(1)
References
560(3)
25 Genetic Determinants of Osteoporosis
Andre G. Uitterlinden
M. Carola Zillikens
Fernando Rivadeneira
Introduction
563(5)
Finding Risk Gene Variants for Complex Traits
568(15)
Identifying Osteoporosis Risk Gene Variants
583(12)
Applications and Prospects
595(5)
References
600(5)
26 Race, Ethnicity, and Osteoporosis
Jane A. Cauley
Dorothy A. Nelson
Introduction
605(1)
Background and Definitions
605(1)
Ethnoepidemiology of Osteoporosis
606(12)
Summary
618(1)
References
618(5)
27 Geographic Variability in Hip and Vertebral Fractures
Ghada Ballane
Jane A. Cauley
Asma Arabi
Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
Introduction
623(1)
Hip Fractures
624(14)
Vertebral Fractures
638(3)
Conclusion
641(1)
Acknowledgements
641(1)
References
641(4)
28 Nutrition and Risk for Osteoporosis
Robert P. Heaney
Introduction
645(3)
Problems in the Investigation of Nutritional Effects on Bone
648(2)
The Notion of a Nutrient Requirement
650(1)
The Natural Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D
651(2)
Calcium
653(13)
Vitamin D
666(3)
Protein
669(1)
Vitamin K
669(2)
Other Essential Nutrients
671(2)
Conclusion
673(1)
References
674(9)
29 Physical Activity and Exercise in the Maintenance of the Adult Skeleton and the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures
Dennis R. Taaffe
Robin M. Daly
Harri Suominen
Daniel A. Galvao
Kate A. Bolam
Introduction
683(1)
The Adult Skeleton and Aging
684(1)
Theoretical Basis for Physical Activity and Exercise
685(1)
Physical Activity/Exercise Modes
686(21)
Exercise and Pharmacological Agents
707(1)
Exercise and Fracture Rates
708(1)
Exercise Prescription Recommendations
709(2)
Conclusions
711(1)
References
712(9)
30 Premenopausal Reproductive and Hormonal Characteristics and the Risk for Osteoporosis
John F. Randolph Jr.
Maryfran R. Sowers
Introduction
721(1)
Pregnancy
721(3)
Age at First Pregnancy
724(1)
Parity and Nulliparity
724(1)
Lactation
725(3)
Ovarian Activity or Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Bone Mass
728(2)
Dysfunctional Ovulation
730(2)
Oral Contraceptive Use
732(1)
Progestin-Injectable Contraceptives
733(3)
Oophorectomy
736(1)
Summary and Implications
737(1)
References
737(8)
31 Clinical and Epidemiological Studies: Skeletal Changes across Menopause
Jane A. Cauley
Michelle E. Danielson
Gail A. Greendale
Introduction
745(1)
Methodological Issues in Studying Menopause
745(1)
Pathophysiology of Skeletal Changes at Menopause
746(1)
Changes in Bone Density across Menopause
747(4)
Bone Structure/Size Changes
751(1)
Bone Turnover
752(1)
Mechanisms Underlying Bone Loss at Menopause
753(1)
Fracture Risk
753(1)
Summary
754(1)
References
754(3)
32 Osteoporosis in Men: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Characterization
Eric S. Orwoll
Dirk Vanderschueren
Steven Boonen
Fractures in Men
757(1)
The Incidence of Fractures
757(4)
The Determinants of Fracture
761(3)
The Major Determinants of Skeletal Health in Men
764(1)
Age-Related Bone Loss
765(2)
Causes of Age-Related Bone Loss
767(3)
Osteoporosis
770(6)
The Evaluation of Osteoporosis in Men
776(11)
Acknowledgements
787(1)
References
787(16)
33 Falls as Risk Factors for Fracture
Sarah D. Berry
Douglas P. Kiel
Introduction
803(1)
Risk Factors for Falls
803(2)
Risk Factors for Injurious Falls
805(3)
Falls Prevention Strategies
808(2)
Methodologic Approaches to Analyzing Falls
810(1)
Summary and Implications
811(1)
References
811(6)
34 Nonskeletal Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Fractures
Jeri W. Nieves
Introduction
817(1)
Physical Characteristics
817(2)
Anthropometric Variables
819(3)
Lifestyle Factors
822(7)
References
829(12)
35 Outcomes Following Osteoporotic Fractures
Jacqueline R. Center
Introduction
841(1)
Definition
841(1)
Risk of Refracture
842(3)
Risk of Mortality
845(3)
Fracture Burden
848(1)
Conclusion
849(1)
References
850(5)
VI General Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis
36 Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis
A. Michael Parfitt
Introduction
855(1)
Skeletal Heterogeneity
856(2)
The Purposes of Bone Remodeling
858(4)
Implications for Understanding Osteoporosis
862(6)
References
868(5)
37 On the Evolution and Contemporary Roles of Bone Remodeling
Paul Kostenuik
Introduction
873(2)
The Basics of Bone Remodeling
875(1)
Skeletal Involvement in Managing Metabolic Imperatives: Roles and Consequences
876(5)
Calcium, Remodeling, and Skeletal Structure
881(3)
An Evolutionary Theory on the Origin of Continuous Bone Remodeling
884(5)
Bone Remodeling and Reproduction
889(3)
Lactational and Postmenopausal Bone Loss as Antagonistic Pleiotropies
892(2)
Bone Remodeling, Skeletal Microcracks, and Fatigue Damage
894(3)
Effects of Remodeling Inhibition on Bone Strength
897(4)
The Partnership of Bone Remodeling and Modeling
901(2)
Summary
903(1)
References
904(11)
38 Cytokines and the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
Joseph Lorenzo
Introduction
915(1)
Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-KappaB Ligand (RANKL), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-KappaB (RANK) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
915(2)
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
917(1)
Additional Colony Stimulating Factors
917(1)
Interleukin-1
918(1)
Tumor Necrosis Factor
918(1)
Additional Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Members
919(1)
Interleukin-6
920(1)
Additional Interleukin-6 Family Members
920(2)
Interleukin-8 and Other Chemokines
922(1)
Interleukin-10
923(1)
Interleukin 12
924(1)
Interleukin 15
924(1)
Interleukin 17, Interleukin 23, and Interleukin 27
924(1)
Interleukin 18
925(1)
Interferons
925(1)
Additional Cytokines
925(1)
References
926(13)
39 Animal Models for Osteoporosis
Urszula T. Iwaniec
Russell T. Turner
Introduction
939(1)
Goals of Animal Models for Osteoporosis
939(1)
Specific Animal Models
940(6)
Mouse
946(3)
Evaluation of the Osteopenic Skeleton in Animal Models
949(6)
Fracture Repair
955(1)
Summary
955(1)
References
956(7)
40 Bone and Fat
Francisco J.A. De Paula
Ingrid Dick-De-Paula
Masanobu Kawai
Clifford J. Rosen
Introduction
963(1)
Bone and Fat - Epidemiological Studies
963(1)
Physiology of Adipose Tissue and Energy Expenditure
964(1)
Adipocytic and Osteoblastic Differentiation
965(2)
Hormonal Factors that Regulate Bone and Energy Metabolism
967(3)
Drug-induced Changes in Bone and Fat
970(2)
References
972(5)
41 Bone Mineral Acquisition in Utero and During Infancy and Childhood
Linda A. Dimeglio
Mary B. Leonard
Introduction
977(1)
Quantitative Assessment of Bone Health in Infants and Children
977(5)
Bone Acquisition in Utero
982(12)
Bone Acquisition in the Preterm Infant
994(1)
Bone Acquisition in Term Infants and Children
995(11)
References
1006(11)
42 Bone Acquisition in Adolescence
Heather M. Macdonald
Christa L. Hoy
Heather A. Mckay
Introduction
1017(1)
Measuring Bone Acquisition
1017(1)
Overview of Bone Accrual During Adolescence
1018(5)
Determinants of Bone Acquisition During Adolescence
1023(7)
Summary and Future Directions
1030(1)
References
1030(7)
43 Osteoporosis in Childhood and Adolescence
Leanne Ward
M. Zulf Mughal
Laura K. Bachrach
Introduction
1037(1)
Principles of Bone Development
1038(1)
Definition and Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Children and Adolescents
1039(5)
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Specific Disorders
1044(28)
Summary and Future Directions
1072(1)
References
1072(15)
44 Osteoporosis Associated with Pregnancy
Rachel B. Wagman
Robert Marcus
Introduction
1087(1)
Calcium Homeostasis
1087(3)
Osteoporosis Associated with Pregnancy
1090(3)
Osteoporosis Associated with Heparin Therapy During Pregnancy
1093(1)
Osteoporosis Associated with Magnesium Sulfate Therapy During Pregnancy
1094(1)
Paradoxical Bone Mineralization in Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
1094(1)
Acknowledgments
1094(1)
References
1094(7)
45 Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women
Adi Cohen
Introduction
1101(1)
Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women
1101(3)
Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women
1104(2)
Treatment Considerations for Premenopausal Women with Low Trauma Fractures and/or Low BMD
1106(2)
Summary and Conclusions
1108(1)
References
1109(4)
46 Estrogen Deficiency, Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, and Age-Related Bone Loss
Sundeep Khosla
Roberto Pacifici
Introduction
1113(1)
Age- and Sex-Specific Skeletal Changes
1113(3)
Secretion and Metabolism of Sex Steroids
1116(1)
Direct Effects of Sex Steroids on Bone
1117(5)
Indirect Effects of Sex Steroids on Bone
1122(1)
Hormonal Determinants of Skeletal Growth and Maturation Hormonal
1123(1)
Determinants of Age-Related Bone Loss in Women
1123(3)
Hormonal Determinants of Age-Related Bone Loss in Men
1126(3)
The Conundrum of Trabecular Bone Loss in Hormone-Sufficient Young Adults
1129(1)
Other Factors Contributing to Osteoporosis
1130(1)
References
1130(9)
VII Spectrum Of Secondary Osteoporosis
47 Immobilization Osteoporosis
William A. Bauman
Christopher P. Cardozo
Introduction
1139(1)
Animal Studies
1140(4)
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Reduced Bone Formation after Unloading
1144(3)
Human Studies
1147(18)
References
1165(8)
48 Osteoporosis Associated with Illnesses and Medications
Elizabeth Shane
Robert Marcus
Introduction
1173(1)
Metabolic Disorders
1173(8)
Medications
1181(5)
References
1186(5)
49 Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Robert A. Adler
Robert S. Weinstein
Kenneth G. Saag
Introduction
1191(1)
Epidemiology of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
1191(5)
Prevention and Treatment
1196(1)
The Pathogenesis and Molecular Basis of Glucocorticoid Action on Bone Metabolism and Development
1197(4)
Other Musculoskeletal Effects of Glucocorticoids
1201(2)
Treatment Options and Fracture Risk Reduction
1203(10)
Management of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Children
1213(1)
References
1214(11)
50 Anticonvulsant-Related Bone Disease
Alison M. Pack
Introduction and Historical Perspective
1225(1)
Epidemiology
1226(1)
Clinical Manifestations
1227(3)
Specific Antiepileptic Drugs
1230(3)
Mechanisms of Action
1233(2)
Treatment
1235(1)
References
1235(4)
51 Thyroid Hormone and the Skeleton
Daniel Baran
Introduction
1239(1)
Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Growth and Maturation
1239(1)
Thyroid Hormone and Mineral Metabolism
1240(1)
Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Metabolism
1240(1)
Bone Mass and Fracture Risk in Thyroid Disease
1241(1)
Prevention of Thyroid Hormone-Induced Bone Loss
1242(1)
References
1243(6)
52 The Skeletal Actions of Parathyroid Hormone in Primary Hyperparathyroidism and in Osteoporosis
John P. Bilezikian
Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick
Shonni J. Silverberg
Introduction
1249(1)
Parathyroid Hormone, Primary Hyperparathyroidism, and the Skeleton
1249(7)
Parathyroid Hormone and Osteoporosis
1256(4)
Summary
1260(1)
Acknowledgment
1260(1)
References
1261(6)
53 Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Other Defects of Bone Development as Occasional Causes of Adult Osteoporosis
Jay R. Shapiro
Scope of the Problem
1267(1)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta as a Cause of Adult Osteoporosis
1267(1)
Type I Collagen and Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1268(3)
Clinical Overview of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1271(5)
Type IV Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Omim 166,220)
1276(2)
Recessive Forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1278(2)
Genotype Expression in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1280(1)
The Pathophysiology of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1281(4)
Organ Involvement in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1285(7)
Osteoporosis in the Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
1292(5)
References
1297(8)
54 HIV and Osteoporosis
Todd T. Brown
Michael T. Yin
Aging and HIV
1305(3)
Etiology of Low Bone Mineral Density in HIV
1308(5)
Other Contributing Factors
1313(2)
Vitamin D Deficiency
1315(2)
Special Populations
1317(2)
Nonskeletal Risk Factors for Fracture
1319(1)
Treatment Considerations
1319(2)
Summary
1321(1)
Reference
1321(10)
55 Obesity, Diabetes, and Fractures
Melissa Premaor
Juliet Compston
Obesity and Fractures
1331(5)
Diabetes Mellitus, Bone Mass, and Fractures
1336(7)
Conclusions
1343(1)
References
1343(6)
56 Osteoporosis in Organ Transplant Patients
Emily Stein
Elizabeth Shane
Skeletal Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs
1349(3)
Effects of Vitamin D on Immunity and Graft Rejection
1352(1)
Effect of Transplantation on Bone and Mineral Metabolism
1352(7)
Evaluation and Management of Osteoporosis in Patients Awaiting Transplantation
1359(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Transplantation Osteoporosis
1360(5)
Summary and Conclusions
1365(1)
References
1366(9)
57 Osteoporosis Associated with Rheumatologic Disorders
Steven R. Goldring
Introduction
1375(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
1375(4)
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
1379(1)
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
1380(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1381(1)
Acknowledgments
1382(1)
References
1382(5)
58 Osteoporosis Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
Susan M. Ott
Grahame Elder
Introduction
1387(1)
Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
1387(1)
Epidemiology
1388(1)
Pathophysiology
1389(7)
Skeletal Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
1396(6)
Extraskeletal Calcifications
1402(3)
Treatment
1405(6)
Hypercalciuria
1411(5)
References
1416(9)
59 Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Osteoporosis: Weighing the Risk Benefit Ratio of Treatment
Marjorie K. Jeffcoat
Introduction
1425(2)
Diagnosis
1427(2)
Risk Factors for Intraoral Bone Loss
1429(3)
Patterns of Progression of Oral Bone Loss
1432(1)
Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Osteopenia: Are They Related?
1433(2)
Treatment of Oral and Systemic Bone Loss
1435(1)
Bisphosphonates: Risk or Benefit?
1436(1)
References
1437(8)
VIII Cancer and Osteoporosis
60 Cancer Treatment-induced Bone Loss in Patients with Breast Cancer: Pathophysiology and Clinical Perspectives
Allan Lipton
Roger Dansey
Robert Coleman
Introduction
1445(1)
Identifying Fracture Risk in Women with Breast Cancer
1445(1)
Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women Receiving Cancer Treatments
1446(1)
Maintaining Bone Health in Breast Cancer Patients
1447(2)
Disease Modifying Effects of Bone Targeted Treatments
1449(3)
Safety
1452(1)
Conclusions
1452(1)
Acknowledgments
1452(1)
References
1452(3)
61 Pathophysiology---Prostate Cancer
Philip J. Saylor
Matthew R. Smith
Introduction
1455(1)
Normal Bone Physiology
1455(1)
Osteoporosis and Androgen Deprivation Therapy Among Men
1455(2)
Distinction Between Osteoporotic Fractures and Disease-related Fractures
1457(1)
Therapy: Classes of Agents
1457(1)
Clinical Trials with BMD and Fracture End Points
1458(1)
Risk Assessment in Men with Prostate Cancer
1459(1)
Safety of Available Therapies
1459(2)
Conclusions and Recommendations
1461(1)
References
1461(4)
62 Mechanisms of Bone Destruction in Myeloma
Rebecca Silbermann
G. David Roodman
Introduction
1465(1)
Prevalence and Presentation of Myeloma Bone Disease
1465(1)
The Clinical and Economic Burden of Myeloma Bone Disease
1466(1)
Pathophysiology of Myeloma Bone Disease
1466(1)
Pathogenesis of the Increased Osteoclast Activity in Myeloma
1467(2)
Osteoblast Suppression in Myeloma
1469
DKK
11470
Treatment of Myeloma Bone Disease
1471(3)
Conclusions
1474(1)
References
1474(7)
IX Diagnosis and Evaluation
63 Evaluation of the Patient at Risk for Osteoporosis
E. Michael Lewiecki
Introduction
1481(1)
Medical History
1482(4)
Physical Exam
1486(2)
Laboratory Studies
1488(8)
Imaging
1496(1)
Invasive Procedures
1497(1)
Treatment Decisions
1498(1)
Conclusions
1498(1)
References
1499(6)
64 Imaging of Osteoporosis
James F. Griffith
Harry K. Genant
Introduction
1505(1)
Principal Radiographic Findings in Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
1505(4)
Diseases Characterized by Generalized Osteopenia
1509(19)
Regional Osteoporosis
1528(2)
References
1530(5)
65 Osteoporosis: Who Should be Treated? Who Should be Screened?
Cynthia A. Stuenkel
Bruce Ettinger
Introduction
1535(1)
Who Should be Treated?
1535(3)
FRAX Risk Calculator
1538(1)
Potential Impact of FRAX Results
1539(5)
Who Should be Screened for Osteoporosis - Based Upon Cost Effectiveness
1544(1)
How Well Are Osteoporosis Treatment and Screening Guidelines Followed?
1545(3)
Summary
1548(1)
References
1548(3)
66 Clinical Use of Bone Densitometry
Sydney Lou Bonnick
Paul Miller
Introduction
1551(1)
The Evolution of Bone Densitometry
1551(1)
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
1552(1)
Other Technologies for the Measurement of Bone Density
1552(1)
The Diagnosis of Osteoporosis Based on the Measurement of Bone Density
1553(2)
Assessing Fracture Risk With Bone Densitometry
1555(1)
FRAX®
1555(6)
DXA-based Vertebral Fracture Assessment
1561(3)
DXA-based Aortic Calcification Assessment
1564(1)
Monitoring Changes in Bone Density After Pharmacologic Treatment
1565(2)
Guidelines for Bone Density Testing
1567(1)
Summary
1568(1)
References
1568(5)
67 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis
Pawel Szulc
Douglas C. Bauer
Introduction
1573(1)
Biochemical Markers of Bone Formation
1573(2)
Biochemical Markers of Bone Resorption
1575(4)
Analytical and Preanalytical Variability
1579(3)
Clinical Use of Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
1582(11)
Bone Turnover Markers in Men
1593(2)
Bone Turnover Markers---Clinical Studies Versus Clinical Practice
1595(1)
Conclusion: What We Know, What We Need to Know
1596(1)
References
1597(14)
68 Fracture Risk Assessment: The Development and Application of FRAX®
John A. Kanis
Anders Oden
Helena Johansson
Eugene V. McCloskey
Introduction
1611(1)
Development and Construct of FRAX®
1611(4)
Calibration of FRAX®
1615(2)
Performance Characteristics
1617(1)
Reversibility of Risk
1618(2)
Validation
1620(1)
Intervention Thresholds
1621(3)
Interpretation and Limitations of FRAX®
1624(3)
Risk Factors Not Considered in FRAX®
1627(2)
Other Applications of FRAX®
1629(3)
References
1632(9)
X Patient Management
69 Orthopedic Aspects of Osteoporosis
Susan V. Bukata
Orthopedic Aspects of Osteoporosis
1641(1)
Geriatric Fracture Care and Care Treatment Pathways
1641(2)
Osteoporotic Bone and Orthopedic Hardware
1643(1)
Lower Extremity Fractures
1643(1)
Upper Extremity Fractures
1644(1)
Spine and Pelvic Fractures
1645(1)
Osteoporosis and Elective Orthopedic Procedures
1646(1)
Osteoporosis Care in Orthopedic Patients
1646(1)
References
1646(3)
70 Falls Prevention Interventions
Kim Delbaere
Catherine Sherrington
Stephen R. Lord
Epidemiology of Falls and Fall-related Injuries in Older People
1649(1)
Risk Factors of Falls
1649(3)
Fall Risk Screening and Assessment
1652(1)
Fall Prevention Strategies
1653(10)
Summary
1663(1)
References
1663(4)
71 Physical Therapy, Physical Modalities, and Exercise Regimens in the Management of Osteoporosis
Susan B. Broy
Karen L. Kemmis
Introduction
1667(1)
Physical Therapist Practice
1667(4)
Prevention of Fracture
1671(6)
Management of the Patient Following a Vertebral Fracture
1677(3)
Management of the Patient Following a Hip Fracture
1680(3)
Exercise Prescription and Exercise Programs
1683(2)
Conclusion
1685(1)
References
1685(6)
72 Calcium in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Robert P. Heaney
Introduction
1691(1)
Cotherapy and Therapy
1691(3)
Bone Remodeling, Osteoporosis, and Calcium
1694(1)
The Critical Role of Protein Intake
1695(2)
Calcium Sources and Amounts
1697(1)
Conclusion
1698(1)
Note
1699(1)
References
1699(2)
73 Vitamin D and its Metabolites and Analogs in the Management of Osteoporosis
Roger Bouillon
Ian R. Reid
Introduction
1701(1)
Nomenclature
1702(1)
Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
1702(11)
Animal Models
1713(1)
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
1713(16)
Other Forms of Osteoporosis
1729(1)
Conclusions
1729(1)
Note
1730(1)
References
1730(9)
74 Alternative Therapy through Nutrients and Nutraceuticals
Jeri W. Nieves
Introduction
1739(1)
Phytoestrogens
1739(2)
Dehydroepiandrosterone
1741(1)
Antioxidants
1741(2)
Bicarbonates
1743(1)
B-Vitamins and Homocysteine
1743(1)
Minerals
1743(1)
Conclusion
1744(1)
References
1745(8)
XI Pharmacotherapeutics
75 Design Considerations for Clinical Investigations of Osteoporosis
Robert P. Heaney
Background: Inference from Phenomena Subject to Variation
1753(1)
Types of Investigational Designs
1754(1)
Principal Types of Bias with Various Designs
1755(7)
When Controlled Trials and Observational Studies Disagree
1762(1)
Design Alternatives
1763(1)
Design Issues of Special Relevance to Investigation of Bone
1764(8)
Ethics of the Placebo
1772(1)
The Dilemma
1773(1)
Burden of Proof and the Null Hypothesis
1774(1)
References
1775(2)
76 Lessons from Bone Histomorphometry on the Mechanisms of Action of Osteoporosis Drugs
Hua Zhou
David W. Dempster
Introduction
1777(1)
Anticatabolic Therapies
1777(11)
Anabolic Therapies
1788(11)
References
1799(6)
77 Estrogen and Estrogen Analogs for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Margery L.S. Gass
Sobia Khan
Introduction
1805(1)
Estrogen - The First Osteoporosis Therapy
1805(10)
Estrogen Analogs
1815(5)
Points to Consider
1820(1)
References
1821(6)
78 Androgens
Mona Al Mukaddam
Peter J. Snyder
Introduction
1827(1)
Androgens
1827(1)
Effects of Testosterone on Bone in Men
1828(6)
Effects of Testosterone on Bone in Women
1834(2)
References
1836(3)
79 Calcitonin in Osteoporosis
Roberto Civitelli
Introduction
1839(1)
Clinical Pharmacology
1839(2)
Clinical Efficacy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
1841(5)
Clinical Efficacy in Other Forms of Osteoporosis
1846(3)
Therapeutic Regimens
1849(3)
Analgesic Effect
1852(1)
Safety
1853(1)
Acknowledgments
1854(1)
References
1854(5)
80 Bisphosphonates: Pharmacology and Use in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Dima L. Diab
Nelson B. Watts
Paul D. Miller
Introduction and History
1859(1)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
1860(2)
Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Efficacy
1862(2)
Bisphosphonate Safety
1864(3)
Bisphosphonate Drug Holidays
1867(1)
Summary
1867(1)
References
1867(6)
81 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and Atypical Femoral Fractures
Elizabeth Shane
Sundeep Khosla
David Burr
Introduction
1873(1)
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
1873(6)
Atypical Femur Fractures
1879(22)
References
1901(8)
82 Condition Critical: Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Medications
Deborah T. Gold
Introduction
1909(1)
Terminology for Medication-based Behaviors
1909(1)
Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Medications: The Problem
1910(2)
Medication-related Reasons for Noncompliance and Nonpersistence
1912(4)
Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Medications: A Sotution(s)?
1916(2)
What Went Wrong? Problems with Recent Interventions
1918(1)
Summary
1918(1)
References
1919(4)
83 Denosumab for the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Michael R. Mcclung
Introduction
1923(1)
Denosumab
1923(1)
Efficacy
1924(4)
Bone Histology and Histomorphometry
1928(1)
Withdrawal of Therapy
1928(1)
Safety and Tolerability
1928(2)
Denosumab in Other Populations
1930(1)
Summary
1931(1)
References
1932(3)
84 Strontium Ranelate in the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures
Rene Rizzoli
Introduction
1935(1)
The Antifracture Efficacy of Strontium Ranelate
1935(3)
The Antifracture Effects of Strontium Ranelate in Specific Populations
1938(2)
Microstructure
1940(1)
Quality of Life and COST-effectiveness
1941(1)
Safety of Strontium Ranelate
1941(1)
Preclinical Studies with Strontium Ranelate
1942(2)
Recent Developments
1944(1)
Conclusion
1945(1)
Conflicts of Interest Statement
1945(1)
References
1946(3)
85 Parathyroid Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis
Felicia Cosman
Robert Lindsay
Introduction
1949(1)
Candidates for Anabolic Therapy
1949(1)
Mode of Action
1949(1)
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
1950(1)
Parathyroid Hormone (1-84) as Monotherapy
1951(1)
Parathyroid Hormone and Antiresorptive Combination/sequential Therapy
1952(3)
Parathyroid Hormone and Hormone Therapy
1955(2)
Parathyroid Hormone Treatment of Men
1957(1)
Parathyroid Hormone in Special Populations
1957(1)
Persistence of Effect
1957(1)
Rechallenge with Parathyroid Hormone
1958(1)
Conclusion Regarding Osteoporosis Treatment
1958(1)
Other Possible Clinical Applications for Parathyroid Hormone Treatment
1958(1)
References
1959(4)
86 New Approaches to Osteoporosis Therapeutics
Aline Costa
Natalie E. Cusano
Barbara C. Silva
John P. Bilezikian
Introduction
1963(1)
Therapeutic Approaches with Osteoanabolic Therapy
1963(10)
Denosumab: New Concepts Related to Mechanisms of Action
1973(1)
Cathepsin K Inhibition
1973(2)
Newer Developments with Bisphosphonate Therapy
1975(1)
Therapeutics Based Upon the Wnt Signaling Pathway
1976(3)
Therapeutics Based Upon Other Signaling Pathways
1979(1)
Acknowledgements
1980(1)
References
1980(7)
87 The Past, Present, and Uncertain Future of Therapeutic Innovation in Osteoporosis
Hunter Heath
Introduction
1987(1)
The Past in Osteoporosis Therapeutics: A Short Take on How We Got Here
1987(1)
The Limitations of Currently Available Drug Therapies
1988(3)
Threats to Pharmaceutical Innovation in Osteoporosis Therapy
1991(2)
The Big Picture: A Sobering Challenge
1993(1)
Where Do We Go From Here?
1993(1)
Suggested Information Sources
1994(1)
References
1995(2)
Index 1997
Dr. Marcus is Professor-Emeritus, Stanford University, where he served on the full-time medical faculty for almost 25 years, before joining the Emeritus faculty in 2001. At Stanford, he was located at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto California, where he served as Director of the Aging Study Unit of the Geriatrics Research, Education, & Clinical Center from 1982-2001. Dr. Marcus enjoyed a long career as a clinical investigator in the fields of bone and mineral metabolism and osteoporosis medicine. His own research interests included diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperpara-thyroidism, interactions of the parathyroid-vitamin D axis with estrogen, age-related changes in the growth hormone-IGF axis, effects of growth hormone replacement for older men and women, metabolic and musculoskeletal effects of resistance exercise in older men and women, adolescent bone acquisition, and osteoporosis therapeutics. Dr. Marcus laboratory was a study site for many of the pivotal clinical trials in the osteoporosis field. These include the NIH Post-menopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial (PEPI), Mercks Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT), Lillys Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Intervention (MORE), and Lillys registration trial of recombinant PTH(1-34) in the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In 2001. Dr. Marcus joined the US Affiliate of Eli Lilly & Company to support Lillys program in Osteoporosis and Skeletal Medicine. From 2003 until his retirement from Lilly in 2008, Dr. Marcus was the lead physician for the Forteo team at Lilly. He has published more than 150 research papers, editorials, and reviews. Dr. Marcus served as President of the American Society for Bone & Mineral Research in 2000-2001. David W. Dempster, PhD, is Professor of Clinical Pathology and Cell Biology at Columbia University in New York. He obtained his PhD from the University of Glasgow in Scotland and completed postdoctoral studies in Switzerland and France. Dr. Dempster is a Past President of the International Society of Bone Morphometry and a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of the National Osteoporosis Foundation. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. Dr. Dempsters iconic micrographs of osteoporotic bone have been widely reproduced in the scientific and popular press, including being displayed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Dr. Dempster is an Associate Editor of Osteoporosis International, and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Bone and the Journal of Clinical Densitometry. His research studies have been continuously supported by the National Institutes of Health for the past 25 years. Dr. Dempster has published over 200 research papers on the pathophysiology and treatment of bone disese. Dr. Cauley, DrPH, is a Distinguished Professor and Executive Vice Chair, Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health (GSPH), University of Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania). Her primary research interest is the epidemiology of osteoporosis especially the large worldwide ethnic and geographic variability in fracture, osteoporosis screening and treatment, risk factors for fractures and the consequences of osteoporosis in both men and women. Her research has also focused on women's health and aging, falls, the interaction between endogenous and exogenous hormones, risk factors, and disease outcomes. She was principal investigator for several large cohort studies including the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. She is a co-investigator for the Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN) with particular emphases on skeletal health and physical function and body composition changes, novel measures of hip strength and the trabecular bone score across menopause. She initiated breast cancer follow-up in SOF and was the first to demonstrate an association between bone mineral density (BMD) and breast cancer, suggesting that BMD could be used as a cumulative measure of lifetime exposure to estrogen. Dr. Cauley has authored more than 800 papers for scientific journals and 28, book chapters. She co-edited a book entitled the Epidemiology of Aging, published in 2012.