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E-grāmata: Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary

(University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Feb-1999
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080538341
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Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the QuaternaryPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Feb-1999
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080538341
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Allows specialists in any of the subdisciplines investigating past climate to understand at least the basics of what is happening in other areas of the field. Covers paleoclimatic reconstruction, climate and climatic variation, dating methods, ice cores, marine sediments and corals, non-marine geological and biological evidence, pollen analysis, dendroclimatology, documentary data, and paleoclimate models. Appends calculations and web-based resources. Updated throughout from the 1985 edition. All the front matter mistakenly identifies the volume number as 64. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

Raymond S. Bradley provides his readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date review of all of the important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction, dating and paleoclimate modeling. Two comprehensive chapters on dating methods provide the foundation for all paleoclimatic studies and are followed by up-to-date coverage of ice core research, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, radiocarbon dating, tree rings and historical records. New methods using alkenones in marine sediments and coral studies are also described. Paleoclimatology, Second Edition, is an essential textbook for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying climatology, paleoclimatology and paleooceanography worldwide, as well as a valuable reference for lecturers and researchers, appealing to archaeologists and scientists interested in environmental change.

* Contains two up-to-date chapters on dating methods
* Consists of the latest coverage of ice core research, marine sediment and coral studies, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, tree rings, and historical records
* Describes the newest methods using alkenones in marine sediments and long continental pollen records
* Addresses all important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction
* Includes an extensive chapter on the use of models in paleoclimatology
* Extensive and up-to-date bibliography
* Illustrated with numerous comprehensive figure captions

Recenzijas

"This thorough, well referenced text will prove to be indispensable to anyone involved in the study of past and current climate change and modeling." --SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST, 2005

Praise for the first edition: An indispensable work of reference for scientists and students alike." --Quarternary Science Reviews

"There can be little doubt that overall this book is a great success in the way the information is assimilated, explained and placed in a global context." --Journal of Quarternary Science

"A book which ought to be read as a primer by anyone with a critical interest in the field." --Earth Surface Processes and :Landforms

"Unrivaled in the sophistication with which it examines a wide range of methods." --K.W. Butzer, Journal of Archeological Science

"A resounding success... indispensable reading for anyone involved in paleoclimatic reconstruction or paleoclimatic modeling." --L.D.D. Harvey, University of Toronto

Published Review

As reviewed in CHOICE, October 1999

"Bradley's new edition (1st ed., Quaternary Paleoclimatology, CH, Jul'85) is a thorough update; there is new material on ice cores, better dating, marine sediments, ocean circulations, corals, and paleoclimate models. About 2,000 references are listed, with more than half newer than 1985. This is an excellent compilation of figures and tables covering the entire subject. Many subtopics are of interest to casual readers: El Nińos (Ninos) since 1525; extent and seasonal changes in snow-ice cover; paleomagnetism--dates of major reversals in polarity; dust veil index since 1500, corresponding to volcanic activity; information from tree rings; ocean temperatures and salinity affecting the conveyor belt circulation; lake and sea level fluctuations; pollen analysis; and variability in flowering dates of plants and grape harvests. Surprisingly, some climate changes have been rapid and vegetation changes lag behind climate changes by 100 to 150 years. One of the problems in coupled ocean-atmosphere models is that response times for various components vary by six to seven orders of magnitude. This new edition is needed by college libraries. General readers; upper-division undergraduates through faculty." --A. E. Staver, Northern Illinois University

Papildus informācija

* Contains two up-to-date chapters on dating methods * Consists of the latest coverage of ice core research, marine sediment and coral studies, continental geological and biological records, pollen analysis, tree rings, and historical records * Describes the newest methods using alkenones in marine sediments and long continental pollen records * Addresses all important methods used in paleoclimatic reconstruction * Includes an extensive chapter on the use of models in paleoclimatology * Extensive and up-to-date bibliography * Illustrated with numerous comprehensive figure captions
PREFACE xiii(2)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
1 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction
1(10)
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.2 Sources of Paleoclimatic Information
4(4)
1.3 Levels of Paleoclimatic Analysis
8(1)
1.4 Modeling in Paleoclimatic Research
9(2)
2 Climate and Climatic Variation
11(36)
2.1 The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variation
11(4)
2.2 The Climate System
15(7)
2.3 Feedback Mechanisms
22(2)
2.4 Energy Balance of the Earth and its Atmosphere
24(8)
2.5 Timescales of Climatic Variation
32(3)
2.6 Variations of the Earth's Orbital Parameters
35(12)
3 Dating Methods I
47(44)
3.1 Introduction and Overview
47(1)
3.2 Radioisotopic Methods
48(43)
3.2.1 Radiocarbon Dating
50(1)
3.2.1.1 Principles of (14)C dating
51(2)
3.2.1.2 Measurement Procedures, Materials, and Problems
53(1)
3.2.1.3 Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dates
54(1)
3.2.1.4 Sources of Error in (14)C Dating
54(8)
3.2.1.5 Long-term Changes in Atmospheric (14)C Content
62(6)
3.2.1.6 Causes of Temporal Radiocarbon Variations
68(3)
3.2.1.7 Radiocarbon Variations and Climate
71(2)
3.2.2 Potassium-argon Dating ((40)K/(40)Ar)
73(1)
3.2.2.1 Problems of (40)K/(40)Ar Dating
74(1)
3.2.2.2 (40)Ar/(39)Ar Dating
74(2)
3.2.3 Uranium-series Dating
76(4)
3.2.3.2 Problems of U-series Dating
80(1)
3.2.4 Luminescence Dating: Principles and Applications
80(4)
3.2.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Dating
84(1)
3.2.4.2 Problems of Thermoluminescence Dating
85(1)
3.2.4.3 Optical and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (OSL and IRSL) Dating
86(3)
3.2.5 Fission-track Dating
89(2)
4 Dating Methods II
91(34)
4.1 Paleomagnetism
91(8)
4.1.1 The Earth's Magnetic Field
92(1)
4.1.2 Magnetization of Rocks and Sediments
93(2)
4.1.3 The Paleomagnetic Timescale
95(1)
4.1.4 Geomagnetic Excursions
96(1)
4.1.5 Secular Variations of the Earth's Magnetic Field
97(2)
4.2 Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes
99(17)
4.2.1 Amino-acid Dating
100(1)
4.2.1.1 Principles of Amino-acid Dating
100(6)
4.2.1.2 Numerical Age Estimates Based on Amino-acid Ratios
106(3)
4.2.1.3 Relative Age Estimates Based on Amino-acid Ratios
109(1)
4.2.1.4 Paleotemperature Estimates from Amino-acid Racemization and Epimerization
110(2)
4.2.2 Obsidian Hydration Dating
112(1)
4.2.3 Tephrochronology
113(3)
4.3 Biological Dating Methods
116(9)
4.3.1 Lichenometry
116(1)
4.3.1.1 Principles of Lichenometry
116(1)
4.3.1.2 Problems of Lichenometry
117(6)
4.3.2 Dendrochronology
123(2)
5 Ice Cores
125(66)
5.1 Introduction
125(1)
5.2 Stable Isotope Analysis
126(16)
5.2.1 Stable Isotopes in Water: Measurement and Standardization
130(2)
5.2.2 Oxygen-18 Concentration in Atmospheric Precipitation
132(1)
5.2.3 Geographical Factors Affecting Stable Isotope Concentrations
132(3)
5.2.4 Calibrating Delta(18)O for Paleotemperature Reconstructions
135(4)
5.2.5 Deuterium Excess
139(3)
5.3 Dating Ice Cores
142(11)
5.3.1 Radioisotopic Methods
142(1)
5.3.2 Seasonal Variations
143(4)
5.3.3 Reference Horizons
147(4)
5.3.4 Theoretical Models
151(2)
5.3.5 Stratigraphic Correlations
153(1)
5.4 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Ice Cores
153(38)
5.4.1 Ice-core Records from Antarctica
154(4)
5.4.2 Ice-core Records from Greenland
158(8)
5.4.3 Past Atmospheric Composition from Polar Ice Cores
166(11)
5.4.4 Volcanic Eruptions Recorded in Ice Cores
177(4)
5.4.5 Correlation of Ice-core Records from Greenland and Antarctica
181(3)
5.4.6 Correlation Between Ice Cores and Marine Sediments
184(2)
5.4.7 Ice-core Records from Low Latitudes
186(5)
6 Marine Sediments and Corals
191(94)
6.1 Introduction
191(2)
6.2 Paleoclimatic Information from Biological Material in Ocean Cores
193(5)
6.3 Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna
198(18)
6.3.1 Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
199(7)
6.3.2 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy
206(4)
6.3.3 Orbital Tuning
210(5)
6.3.4 Sea-level Changes and Delta(18)O
215(1)
6.4 Relative Abundance Studies
216(17)
6.4.1 North Atlantic Ocean
226(2)
6.4.2 Pacific Ocean
228(4)
6.4.3 Indian Ocean
232(1)
6.5 Paleotemperature Records from Alkenones
233(3)
6.6 Dissolution of Deep-sea Carbonates
236(6)
6.7 Paleoclimatic Information from Inorganic Material in Ocean Cores
242(5)
6.8 Coral Records of Past Climate
247(7)
6.8.1 Paleoclimate from Coral Growth Rates
249(1)
6.8.2 Delta(18)O in Corals
250(3)
6.8.3 Delta(13)C in Corals
253(1)
6.8.4 Delta(14)C in Corals
253(1)
6.8.5 Trace Elements in Corals
253(1)
6.9 Thermohaline Circulation of the Oceans
254(6)
6.10 Ocean Circulation Changes and Climate over the Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle
260(16)
6.10.1 Heinrich Events
261(7)
6.10.2 Environmental Changes at the End of the Last Glaciation
268(8)
6.11 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: the Role of the Oceans
276(4)
6.12 Orbital Forcing: Evidence from the Marine Record
280(5)
7 Non-marine Geological Evidence
285(52)
7.1 Introduction
285(1)
7.2 Loess
286(7)
7.2.1 Chronology of Loess-paleosol Sequences
287(3)
7.2.2 Paleoclimatic Significance of Loess Paleosol Sequences
290(3)
7.3 Periglacial Features
293(4)
7.4 Snowlines and Glaciation Thresholds
297(7)
7.4.1 The Climatic and Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Snowlines
300(2)
7.4.2 The Age of Former Snowlines
302(2)
7.5 Mountain Glacier Fluctuations
304
7.5.1 Evidence of Glacier Fluctuations
xx
7.5.2 The Record of Glacier Front Positions
xx
7.6 Lake-level Fluctuations
xx
7.6.1 Hydrological Balance Models
xx
7.6.2 Hydrological-energy Balance Models
xx
7.6.3 Regional Patterns of Lake-level Fluctuations
xx
7.7 Lake Sediments
324(2)
7.8 Speleothems
326(11)
7.8.1 Paleoclimatic Information from Periods of Speleothem Growth
327(1)
7.8.2 Dating of Speleothems and the Significance of Depositional Intervals
327(2)
7.8.3 Isotopic Variations in Speleothems
329(5)
7.8.4 Speleothems as Indicators of Sea-level Variations
334(3)
8 Non-marine Biological Evidence
337(20)
8.1 Introduction
337(1)
8.2 Former Vegetation Distribution from Plant Macrofossils
337(11)
8.2.1 Arctic Treeline Fluctuations
338(3)
8.2.2 Alpine Treeline Fluctuations
341(3)
8.2.3 Lower Treeline Fluctuations
344(4)
8.3 Insects
348(9)
8.3.1 Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Fossil Coleoptera
350(4)
8.3.2 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Based on Aquatic Insects
354(3)
9 Pollen Analysis
357(40)
9.1 Introduction
357(1)
9.2 The Basis of Pollen Analysis
358(7)
9.2.1 Pollen Grain Characteristics
358(1)
9.2.2 Pollen Productivity and Dispersal: the Pollen Rain
359(3)
9.2.3 Sources of Fossil Pollen
362(1)
9.2.4 Preparation of the Samples
363(1)
9.2.5 Pollen Rain as a Representation of Vegetation Composition and Climate
363(2)
9.2.6 Maps of Modern Pollen Data
365(1)
9.3 How Rapidly Does Vegetation Respond to Changes in Climate?
365(5)
9.4 Pollen Analysis of a Site: the Pollen Diagram
370(3)
9.4.1 Zonation of the Pollen Diagram
372(1)
9.5 Mapping Vegetation Change: Isopolls and Isochrones
373(2)
9.6 Quantitative Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Pollen Analysis
375(9)
9.7 Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Long Quaternary Pollen Records
384(13)
9.7.1 Europe
384(3)
9.7.2 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia
387(2)
9.7.3 Amazonia
389(2)
9.7.4 Equatorial Africa
391(4)
9.7.5 Florida
395(2)
10 Dendroclimatology
397(42)
10.1 Introduction
397(1)
10.2 Fundamentals of Dendroclimatology
398(25)
10.2.1 Sample Selection
400(3)
10.2.2 Cross-dating
403(3)
10.2.3 Standardization of Ring-width Data
406(6)
10.2.4 Calibration of Tree-ring Data
412(9)
10.2.5 Verification of Climatic Reconstructions
421(2)
10.3 Dendroclimatic Reconstructions
423(11)
10.3.1 Temperature Reconstruction from Trees at the Northern Treeline
423(3)
10.3.2 Drought Reconstruction from Midlatitude Trees
426(6)
10.3.3 Paleohydrology from Tree Rings
432(2)
10.4 Isotope Dendroclimatology
434(5)
10.4.1 Isotopic Studies of Subfossil Wood
436(3)
11 Documentary Data
439(32)
11.1 Introduction
439(2)
11.2 Historical Records and Their Interpretation
441(19)
11.2.1 Historical Weather Observations
444(4)
11.2.2 Historical Records of Weather-dependent Natural Phenomena
448(6)
11.2.3 Phenological and Biological Records
454(6)
11.3 Regional Studies Based on Historical Records
460(8)
11.3.1 East Asia
460(1)
11.3.2 Europe
461(7)
11.4 Records of Climate Forcing Factors
468(3)
12 Paleoclimate Models
471(36)
12.1 Introduction
471(1)
12.2 Types of Models
472(8)
12.2.1 Energy Balance Models and Statistical Dynamical Models
473(1)
12.2.2 Radiative Convective Models
474(1)
12.2.3 General Circulation Models
475(5)
12.3 Sensitivity Experiments Using General Circulation Models
480(15)
12.3.1 Orbital Forcing and the Initiation of Continental Glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere
481(5)
12.3.2 Orbital Forcing and Monsoon Climate Variability
486(4)
12.3.3 The Influence of Continental Ice Sheets
490(5)
12.4 Model Simulations: 18 ka B.P. to the Present
495(4)
12.5 Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Model Experiments
499(6)
12.6 General Circulation Model Paleoclimate Simulations and the Paleorecord
505(2)
APPENDIX A: FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON RADIOCARBON DATING 507(4)
A.1 Calculation of Radiocarbon Age and Standardization Procedure 507(1)
A.2 Fractionation Effects 508(3)
APPENDIX B: WORLDWIDE WEB-BASED RESOURCES IN PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 511(2)
REFERENCES 513(82)
INDEX 595


Raymond S. Bradley has been involved in many national and international activities related to paleoclimatology, most notably as the current Chair of the Scientific Steering Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program on Past Global Changes (IGBP-PAGES). He has published dozens of articles in scientific journals, and has edited several important books in paleoclimatology. The first edition of Quaternary Paleoclimatology has been the definitive text in this field for over a decade. His research is in climatology, specifically in climatic change and the evidence for how the earths climate has varied in the past. He has carried out research on climate variation, both on the long (glacial and interglacial) time-scale and on the short (historical and instrumental) time-scale, involving the analysis of data from all over the world. In recent years he has been involved in studies of natural climate variability, to provide a background for understanding potential anthropogenic changes in climate resulting from rapid increases in "greenhouse gases" over the last century or so. R.S. Bradley has been a professor in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA, since 1984. He has been Head of the Department of Geosciences since 1993. Additionally, he is a member of Clare Hall at Cambridge.
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