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E-grāmata: Pandemic Outbreaks in the 21st Century: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment

Edited by (Founder and Director, Dr. Buddollas Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati, India)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323900010
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Pandemic Outbreaks in the 21st Century: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and TreatmentPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323900010
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In the past two decades, several pandemics have ravaged the globe, giving us several lessons on infectious disease epidemiology, the importance of initial detection and characterization of outbreak viruses, the importance of viral epidemic prevention steps, and the importance of modern vaccines. Pandemic Outbreaks in the Twenty-First Century: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment summarizes the improvements in the 21st century to overcome / prevent / treat global pandemic with future prospective.

Divided into 9 chapters, the book begins with an in-depth introduction to the lessons learned from the first pandemic of the 21st century. It describes the history, present and future in terms of detection, prevention and treatment. Followed by chapters on the outbreak, treatment strategies and clinical management of several infectious diseases like MERS, SARD and COVID 19, Pandemic Outbreaks in the Twenty-First Century: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment, presents chapters on immunotherapies and vaccine technologies to combat pandemic outbreak and challenges. The book finishes with a chapter on the current knowledge and technology to control pandemic outbreaks.

All are presented in a practical short format, making this volume a valuable resource for very broad academic audience.

  • Provides insight to the lessons learned from past pandemics
  • Gives recommendations, future direction in terms of detection, prevention and treatment of pandemics
  • Guides readers through the status and recent developments of vaccines to overcome or prevent pandemics
  • Shows how to enhance the host innate immunity in infectious diseases
  • Includes a chapter on immunotherapies to combat pandemic outbreaks
List of contributors xxi
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 Lessons learned from the first pandemic of the 21st century, global experience, recommendations, and future directions 1(10)
Kandati Kusuma
Praveen Belagal
Buddolla Viswanath
Divi Venkata Ramana Sai Gopal
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 First pandemic of the 21st century, severe acute respiratory syndrome
3(3)
1.2.1 Structure of SARS-CoV
3(1)
1.2.2 SARS-COV: mechanism of action
3(2)
1.2.3 Global experiences
5(1)
1.3 Future directions
6(1)
1.4 Conclusion
7(1)
Reference
7(4)
2 Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Latin America 11(14)
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Previous epidemiological situation of major infectious diseases in Latin America
12(1)
2.3 COVID-19 arrival at Latin America
13(2)
2.4 Genomic and molecular epidemiology of COVID-19 in Latin America
15(2)
2.5 Emerging situations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America: coinfections and reinfections
17(1)
2.6 Health care workers infections due to SARS-CoV-2
17(1)
2.7 Pharmacoepidemiology of the therapeutic approaches in the region
18(1)
2.8 Epidemiology of the vaccinations against COVID-19 in Latin America
18(1)
2.9 Conclusion
19 (1)
Acknowledgments
20 (1)
Conflict of interest
20(1)
Reference
20(5)
3 Biology, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) 25(18)
Kalanghad P. Srinivas
3.1 Introduction
25(1)
3.2 Origin of SARS-CoV-2
25(1)
3.3 SARS-CoV-2 evolution and genomic analyses
26(1)
3.4 Molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2
27(3)
3.5 Tissue tropism and molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
30(1)
3.6 Pulmonary system
30(1)
3.7 Gastrointestinal system
31(1)
3.8 Nervous system
31(1)
3.9 Cardiovascular system
32(1)
3.10 Renal system
33(1)
3.11 Transmission
34(2)
3.11.1 Contact and droplet transmission
34(1)
3.11.2 Airborne transmission
35(1)
3.11.3 Fomite transmission
35(1)
3.11.4 Fecal-oral transmission
35(1)
3.11.5 Other modes of transmission
35(1)
3.12 Prevention and treatment
36(3)
3.12.1 Vaccines
36(1)
3.12.2 Antiviral therapy
36(2)
3.12.3 Immune-based therapy
38(1)
3.12.4 Adjunctive therapy
39(1)
Reference
39(4)
4 Avian influenza A virus infections in humans: current knowledge to enhance host innate immunity to control Avian influenza 43(14)
Bosetty Anjana
Buddolla Viswanath
Soumya Dakshinamurthy
4.1 Introduction
43(1)
4.2 Major IAV lineages
43(1)
4.3 Epidemiology
44(1)
4.4 Exposure risk factors to humans
45(1)
4.5 Pathophysiology
46(2)
4.5.1 Viral replication in host
46(2)
4.6 Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
48(2)
4.7 Diagnosis
50(1)
4.8 Clinical findings in H5N1 infection
50(1)
4.9 Detection of Avian influenza
50(2)
4.9.1 Biosensors
51(1)
4.9.2 Electrical biosensors
51(1)
4.9.3 Immunosensors
51(1)
4.9.4 Enzymatic biosensors
51(1)
4.9.5 Geno sensors
52(1)
4.9.6 Whole-cell biosensors
52(1)
4.10 Conclusion
52(1)
Acknowledgment
52 (1)
Conflict of interest
52(1)
Reference
52(5)
5 Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus: current status, threats, and challenges 57(30)
Praveen Belagal
Hemanth Naick Banavath
Buddolla Viswanath
5.1 Introduction
57(1)
5.2 Genome, structure, and functions
58(3)
5.2.1 Gene functions
59(1)
5.2.2 Virion structure
59(1)
5.2.3 Viral attachment
59(1)
5.2.4 Fusion and entry
60(1)
5.2.5 Trafficking to the host cell nucleus
60(1)
5.2.6 Replication and transcription
60(1)
5.2.7 Host-cell translation of vmRNAs
61(1)
5.2.8 Packaging of RNA and assembly of virus
61(1)
5.2.9 Virus budding and release
61(1)
5.3 Epidemiology
61(3)
5.3.1 Origin of "2009 swine flu" or "A (H1N1) p09"
61(1)
5.3.2 Incidence and mortality
62(2)
5.4 Clinical features
64(2)
5.4.1 Transmission
64(1)
5.4.2 Infectious versus incubation period
64(1)
5.4.3 Symptoms
65(1)
5.4.4 Complications
66(1)
5.5 Diagnostics
66(3)
5.5.1 Diagnostics of H1 N1 swine flu (pdm09)
66(2)
5.5.2 Surveillance methods: advance and quick methods for influenza detection
68(1)
5.5.3 Rapid influenza detection tests
68(1)
5.5.4 Non-polymerase chain reaction-based RNA detection methods
68(1)
5.5.5 Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis
68(1)
5.6 Biosensors
69(2)
5.7 Prevention and control
71(1)
5.7.1 Vaccination
71(1)
5.8 Clinical management
72(3)
5.8.1 M2 inhibitors
73(1)
5.8.2 Rimantadine
73(1)
5.8.3 Finding an ultimate cure for the disease
74(1)
5.8.4 Shikimic acid
74(1)
5.8.5 Importance and uses of shikimic acid
74(1)
5.8.6 Limitations of shikimic acid production
74(1)
5.8.7 Alternative approach
74(1)
5.9 Threats and challenges
75(4)
5.10 Conclusion
79(1)
Reference
79(8)
6 Molecular mechanisms of Zika fever in inducing birth defects: an update 87(24)
Hema Masarapu
Naga Charan Konakalla
6.1 Introduction
87(1)
6.2 Molecular biology of ZIKV
88(1)
6.2.1 Genome organization of ZIKV
88(1)
6.2.2 Replication of ZIKV
89(1)
6.3 ZIKV transmission
89(2)
6.3.1 Vector-borne transmission
89(1)
6.3.2 Nonvector transmission
90(1)
6.4 Clinical manifestations associated with ZIKV infection
91(1)
6.5 Molecular mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced birth defects
92(10)
6.5.1 Cellular targets and entry of ZIKV
92(1)
6.5.2 Induction and suppression of innate immune mechanisms mediated by ZI KV
93(3)
6.5.3 ZIKV-mediated mechanisms to induce congenital Zika syndrome
96(6)
6.6 Summary
102 (1)
Acknowledgments
103(1)
Reference
103(8)
7 Middle East respiratory syndrome: outbreak response priorities, treatment strategies, and clinical management approaches 111(12)
Kandati Kusuma
Pandeeti Emmanuel Vijay Paul
Buddolla Viswanath
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Epidemiology
112(1)
7.3 Ecology and spreading of MERS-CoV virus
113(1)
7.4 Virus structure and life cycle
113(2)
7.5 Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis
115(1)
7.6 Immune responses to MERS infection
116(1)
7.7 MERS-initial and postinfection manifestations
116(1)
7.8 Outbreak response priorities
117(1)
7.9 Diagnostics
117(1)
7.10 Vaccines
117(1)
7.11 Treatment strategies
118(1)
7.12 Clinical management approaches
118(1)
7.12.1 Prevention and control of MERS
118(1)
7.13 Summary and future prospective
119(1)
Reference
119(4)
8 Advances in vaccination to combat pandemic outbreaks 123(16)
Subramanyam Dasari
8.1 Introduction
123(1)
8.2 Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
124(1)
8.3 Dengue virus
124(1)
8.4 Chikungunya virus
124(1)
8.5 Zika virus
125(1)
8.6 Severe acute respiratory syndrome
125(1)
8.7 Ebola viral disease
125(1)
8.8 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
126(1)
8.9 Human coronavirus
127(1)
8.10 Evolution of vaccine technologies
127(1)
8.11 Box 1: ideal characteristics of a vaccine
128(1)
8.12 Box 2: strategies for the development of vaccines
128(1)
8.13 Viral vector-based vaccines
129(1)
8.14 Adenovirus vectors
129(1)
8.15 Poxviruses as vaccine vector
129(1)
8.16 Frontrunners in COVID-19 vaccine race
129(1)
8.17 Vector-based vaccines come to the fore in the COVID-19 pandemic
130(4)
8.18 Conclusion
134(1)
Reference
134(5)
9 Pandemics of the 21st century: lessons and future perspectives 139(20)
Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda Gurushankara
9.1 The legacy of an epidemic and pandemic
139(1)
9.2 Origin of communicable diseases
139(16)
9.2.1 Clio-epidemiology to neo- epidemiology
140(1)
9.2.2 The worst diseases outbreaks in history
140(1)
9.2.3 Prehistoric pandemic
141(1)
9.2.4 Historic pandemics
141(1)
9.2.5 Plague
141(1)
9.2.6 Leprosy
142(1)
9.2.7 Influenza
143(2)
9.2.8 Cholera
145(1)
9.2.9 Ebola
146(1)
9.2.10 Lessons learned from Ebola outbreaks
147(1)
9.2.11 HIV/AIDS
147(1)
9.2.12 Swine flu
148(1)
9.2.13 Zika
149(1)
9.2.14 Coronaviruses
149(1)
9.2.15 COVID-19
150(1)
9.2.16 Lessons
150(5)
9.2.17 Future perspectives
155(1)
Reference
155(4)
10 Immunological mechanisms associated with clinical features of Ebola virus disease and its control and prevention 159(26)
Nayaka Boramuthi Thippeswamy
10.1 Introduction
159(1)
10.2 Epidemiology
159(2)
10.2.1 Ecology and spreading of Ebola virus
160(1)
10.3 Virus structure
161(1)
10.4 Life cycle
162(1)
10.5 Molecular mechanisms of Ebola pathogenesis
162(5)
10.5.1 Dysregulation of the innate immune response during Ebola infection
162(1)
10.5.2 Subversion of IFN-induced signaling by EBOV
163(2)
10.5.3 Degradation of IRF3 and IRF7 by VP35-mediated SUMOylation
165(2)
10.5.4 VP24 inhibits KPNA-mediated IFN response signaling
167(1)
10.6 Adaptive immune response during EBOV infection
167(3)
10.6.1 Dysregulation of the adaptive immune response
169(1)
10.7 Vascular permeability and coagulation defects
170(2)
10.7.1 EBOLA-postinfection manifestation
171(1)
10.8 Diagnosis
172(1)
10.9 Vaccines
172(1)
10.10 Therapeutics
173(2)
10.11 Prevention and control of EVD
175(1)
10.12 Summary
175 (1)
Acknowledgments
176(1)
Reference
176(9)
11 SARS-CoV-2-host cell interactions and pathways: understanding its physiology, pathology, and targeted drug therapy 185(26)
Rhea Conchita Gonsalves
Himavani Pacharla
Sai Manohar
Siva Kumar Belliraj
Ekta Tripathi
Prashanthi Karyala
Suresh B. Pakala
11.1 Introduction
185(1)
11.2 COVID-19 disease
186(2)
11.2.1 History and epidemiology
186(1)
11.2.2 Transmission and course of infection
187(1)
11.2.3 Pathogenesis
187(1)
11.2.4 SARS-CoV-2 association with other comorbidities
188(1)
11.3 The molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2
188(6)
11.3.1 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle
188(6)
11.4 Identifying SARS-CoV-2 host cell interface, host dependency factors and cytokine storm: high-throughput and low-throughput approaches
194(6)
11.4.1 Requirement of host factors for SARS-CoV-2 life cycle
194(1)
11.4.2 Analysis of the viral transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2
194(2)
11.4.3 Identification of virus-host proteome and interactome using high-throughput technologies
196(1)
11.4.4 Identification of virus-host dependency factors using CRISPR/ Cas9 technology
196(1)
11.4.5 Identification of host factors in COVID-19 patient samples
197(1)
11.4.6 Cytokine storm and COVID-19
198(1)
11.4.7 Chemical compounds virtual screening
198(2)
11.5 Host cell factors and viral proteins as target for antiviral agents
200(4)
11.5.1 Viral life cycle as drug targets
200(1)
11.5.2 Virus-based targets
201(1)
11.5.3 Host-based druggable targets
202(2)
11.6 Concluding remarks
204(1)
Reference
204(7)
12 Importance of in silico studies on the design of novel drugs from medicinal plants against 21st-century pandemics: past, present, and future 211(14)
Mallikarjuna Nimgampalle
Vasudharani Devanathan
Ambrish Saxena
12.1 Introduction
211(1)
12.2 Pandemic outbreaks of 21st century
212(2)
12.2.1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome
213(1)
12.2.2 Avian influenza
213(1)
12.2.3 The Middle East respiratory syndrome
213(1)
12.2.4 Swine flu
213(1)
12.2.5 Ebola virus disease
214(1)
12.2.6 Zika fever
214(1)
12.2.7 COVID-19
214(1)
12.3 Plant-derived compounds as source of drugs to treat pandemics
214(2)
12.3.1 Plant-derived antiviral compounds as therapeutics for coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, SARS-CoV-2)
214(2)
12.3.2 Plant-derived compounds as antiviral drugs for influenza viruses (swine flu and Avian flu)
216(1)
12.3.3 Antiviral activity of plant-derived compounds against Ebola and Zika viruses
216(1)
12.4 Computational approaches in identifying novel drugs using plant-derived compounds
216(4)
12.4.1 In silico screening of plant-derived antiviral compounds against pandemics of the 21st century
218(1)
12.4.2 SARS and MERS
218(1)
12.4.3 Swine flu and Avian flu
219(1)
12.4.4 Ebola virus disease
219(1)
12.4.5 Zika fever
219(1)
12.4.6 COVID-19
220(1)
12.5 Future prospective and limitations of in silico studies
220(1)
12.6 Conclusion
221(1)
Acknowledgment
221(1)
Reference
221(4)
13 Recent developments in the diagnosis of COVID-19 with micro- and nanosystems 225(10)
Manpreet Singh
Kamal Kishore
Seshadri Reddy Ankireddy
13.1 Introduction
225(1)
13.2 SARS CoV-19 structure
226(1)
13.3 Micro- and nanosystems for the diagnosis of COVID-19
226(4)
13.4 Limitations and future prospectus
230(1)
13.5 Conclusion
231 (1)
Acknowledgments
231 (1)
Conflict of interest
231(1)
Reference
232(3)
14 Recent trends in the development of vaccine technologies to combat pandemic outbreaks and challenges 235(10)
Gayathri Chellasamy
Rose Mary Kiriyanthan
Saravanan Govindaraju
A. Radha
Kyusik Yun
14.1 Introduction
235(1)
14.2 Pandemic outbreaks and challenges in vaccine development
235(2)
14.3 Vaccine technologies and its types
237(4)
14.3.1 Viral vector vaccines
238(1)
14.3.2 Viral-like particles
239(1)
14.3.3 Nucleic acid vaccine
240(1)
14.4 Challenges in the success of vaccination toward pandemic outbreaks
241(1)
14.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
241(1)
Acknowledgment
242(1)
Reference
242(3)
15 Could repurposing existing vaccines and antibiotics help to control the COVID-19 pandemic? 245(12)
Kajal Rathod
Niyati Dhingra
Soumya Dakshinamurthy
Buddolla Viswanath
15.1 Introduction
245(1)
15.1.1 An upsurge of SARS CoV-2
246(1)
15.2 Genome of coronavirus
246(1)
15.3 Drug repurposing
247(1)
15.4 Therapeutic targets
247(1)
15.5 Therapeutic options for COVID-19 management
247(3)
15.5.1 Repurposed drugs that act through virus-related targets such as RNA genome
248(1)
15.5.2 Repurposed drugs acting through polypeptide packing
248(1)
15.5.3 Repurposed drugs acting through host target such as antiviral immunity
248(1)
15.5.4 Repurposed drugs targeting the virus uptake pathways
249(1)
15.5.5 Drugs acting on host pro-inflammatory cytokines
249(1)
15.5.6 Others probable potential retasking agents for the treatment of COVID-19
249(1)
15.6 Limitations to drug repurposing approach
250(1)
15.7 COVID-19 vaccination programs and repurposing of existing vaccines
250(1)
15.8 Evolving strains of coronavirus genome and ineffectiveness of the vaccines
251(1)
15.9 Conclusion
252 (1)
Acknowledgments
252 (1)
Conflict of interest
252(1)
Reference
253(4)
16 Genetics of coronaviruses 257(16)
Shanthala Mallikarjunaiah
Basavaraja Metikurki
Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda Gurushankara
16.1 History of coronaviruses
257(1)
16.2 Taxonomy of coronaviruses
258(1)
16.3 Naming of coronaviruses
258(2)
16.4 Genome of coronaviruses
260(1)
16.5 Coronavirus diversity
261(1)
16.6 Genetics of coronavirus infection
262(1)
16.7 Potential genes for pathogenesis of COVI D-19
262(1)
16.7.1 Chromosome 3P21.31 gene locus
263(1)
16.8 ABO blood group genes
263(3)
16.8.1 Human leukocyte antigen genes
263(1)
16.8.2 X-chromosomal Toll-like receptor 7 gene
264(1)
16.8.3 Apolipoprotein E
264(1)
16.8.4 Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3-encoding gene
264(1)
16.8.5 Transmembrane protein 189-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1
264(1)
16.8.6 ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptor genes
265(1)
16.8.7 Interferon-a, and 3 receptor subunit 2
265(1)
16.8.8 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase family
265(1)
16.8.9 DPP9 and FOXP4 genes
266(1)
16.9 New SARS-CoV-2 variant
266(1)
16.10 Impact of genetics on COVID-19 treatment
266(1)
16.11 Future perspectives
267(1)
Acknowledgment
267(1)
Reference
267(6)
17 Spike in electronic sports during the coronavirus disease pandemic 273(8)
Neha Singh
17.1 COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, and e-sports
273(1)
17.2 E-sports: an introduction and research in different academic disciplines
273(1)
17.3 Effect of COVID-19 on economic growth of e-sports or gaming industry
274(2)
17.4 Advances in e-sports during the COVID-19 pandemic
276(1)
17.5 E-sports: tool for social connectedness and psychological healing in the COVID-19 pandemic
276(1)
17.6 E-sports: role in health and well-being during the pandemic
277(1)
Reference
278(3)
18 How digital health and pandemic preparedness proved a game changer? A case of Singapore in COVID-19 management 281(6)
Sibasis Hense
Pratik Mukherjee
Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda Gurushankara
18.1 The context
281(2)
18.2 Digital health and COVID-19 pandemic
283(1)
18.3 Preparedness and leveraging digital health in COVID-19 management: a case of Singapore
284(1)
18.4 What was different in Singapore's response and what lessons can other countries learn?
284(1)
18.5 Conclusion
285(1)
Reference
286(1)
19 COVID-19 and its effects on neurological expressions 287(6)
Roopkumar Sangubotla
Jongsung Kim
19.1 Introduction
287(1)
19.1.1 Significance of "S" proteins in COVID-19
288(1)
19.2 Routes of entry for COVID-19 into the brain
288(1)
19.3 Neuroinflammation and immune responses in COVID-19
289(1)
19.4 Limitations for clinical performances during COVID-19
289(1)
19.5 Conclusion and future prospects
290 (1)
Acknowledgments
290 (1)
Conflict of interest
290(1)
Reference
290(3)
Index 293
Dr. Viswanath Buddolla holds Masters and PhD degrees in microbiology and previously served as a faculty in bionanotechnology at Gachon University in South Korea. Currently, he is the founder director of the Dr. Buddollas Institute of Life Sciences in India. His research expertise lies in applied microbiology and bionanotechnology, reflected in numerous research articles published in prestigious journals and 10 authored/edited books, showcasing his significant contributions to these fields.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97803239000102e.html
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