| Foreword |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Contributors |
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xix | |
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Section A Parasitoid Polydnaviruses: Evolution, Genomics, and Systematics |
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1 | (2) |
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Part I Insights into Polydnavirus Evolution and Genomics |
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3 | (134) |
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1 The Origins and Early History of Polydnavirus Research |
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5 | (10) |
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5 | (4) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Question Largely Answered |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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2 Evolutionary Progenitors of Bracoviruses |
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15 | (18) |
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Why are No Genes from the Packaged Genome Related to Nudiviruses? |
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17 | (1) |
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Some Genes of the Bracovirus Packaged Genome Come from the Wasp Genome |
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18 | (1) |
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Some Genes of the Bracovirus Packaged Genome Come from Mobile Elements or Other Viruses |
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19 | (1) |
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Bracoviruses and Nudiviruses Have Similar Nucleocapsid Morphology |
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20 | (1) |
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Bracovirus Particles are Produced and Enveloped Within the Nucleus: A Characteristic Feature Shared with Nudiviruses and Baculoviruses |
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21 | (1) |
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Nudiviral mRNAs are Expressed in Braconid Wasp Ovaries during Particle Production |
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22 | (5) |
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Genes Involved in Transcription |
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22 | (3) |
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Genes Involved in Nucleocapsid Packaging and Assembly |
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25 | (1) |
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Genes Expressed in Braconid Wasp Ovaries are Similar to Baculovirus Occlusion Derived Virus Components |
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25 | (2) |
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Bracovirus Particles also Contain Derived Cellular Proteins and Lineage-Specific Proteins |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (4) |
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3 The Organization of Genes Encoding Ichnovirus Structural Proteins |
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33 | (14) |
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33 | (2) |
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The IV Structural Proteins Encoding Regions (IVSPERs) |
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35 | (5) |
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Three IVSPERs Identified in the H. didymator Genome |
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35 | (1) |
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IVSPER Genes are Conserved in Campopleginae Wasps |
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35 | (1) |
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IVSPERs are Specialized in IV Particle Production |
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36 | (1) |
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IVSPERs are not Encapsidated |
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36 | (1) |
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IVSPERs are Amplified During HdIV Particle Production |
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36 | (2) |
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IVSPERs and Viral Segments Share Members of Multigenic Families |
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38 | (1) |
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Conclusion: The Extended IV Genome |
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39 | (1) |
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The Proteins Associated with IV Particles |
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40 | (3) |
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Multiple p12 Proteins are Associated with IV Particles |
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40 | (1) |
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Multiple p53 Proteins are Associated with IV Particles |
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40 | (3) |
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N-Gene Proteins are Associated with HdIV Particles |
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43 | (1) |
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Other Related Proteins Associated with IV Particles |
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43 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Proteins Associated with IV Particles have no Clear Similarity with Known Viral or Eukaryotic Proteins |
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43 | (1) |
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IVSPERs Represent Fingerprints of the IV Ancestor |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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4 Genomics and Replication of Polydnaviruses |
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47 | (16) |
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47 | (1) |
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General Features of PDV Genomes |
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48 | (5) |
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Common Genomic Organization Among PDV Genomes |
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48 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Proviral Genome |
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50 | (3) |
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Genetic Content of PDV Genomes |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Genes of PDV Packaged Genomes are Organized in Gene Families |
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53 | (2) |
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Selective Pressure Driving the Evolution of PDV Gene Families |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (5) |
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5 Evolution and Origin of Polydnavirus Virulence Genes |
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63 | (16) |
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63 | (1) |
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Evolution of PDV Virulence Genes |
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64 | (4) |
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PDV Genome Content and Links with Host-Parasitoid Physiological Relationships |
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64 | (1) |
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Gene Expansion is a Remarkable Feature of PDV Genomes |
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65 | (2) |
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Diversifying Selection Acting on PDV Virulence Genes |
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67 | (1) |
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Origin of PDV Virulence Genes |
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68 | (8) |
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The Mysterious Case of the Ankyrin-Like Proteins from PDVs |
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69 | (5) |
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Evidence for Gene Transfer from Wasps to PDV Sequences |
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74 | (1) |
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Role of Other Viruses and Transposable Elements in PDV Gene Origin and Shuffling |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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6 Genomics of Banchine Ichnoviruses: Insights into their Relationship to Bracoviruses and Campoplegine Ichnoviruses |
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79 | (10) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Unique Morphological Features of the GfIV Virion |
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80 | (1) |
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General Features of the Encapsidated GfIV Genome and Comparisons with Other Polydnaviruses |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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Lateral Gene Transfer from and into the GfIV Genome |
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83 | (1) |
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On the Origin of Banchine Ichnoviruses |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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7 Molecular Systematics of Wasp and Polydnavirus Genomes and their Coevolution |
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89 | (10) |
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89 | (1) |
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Taxonomic Distribution of PDVs |
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90 | (1) |
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Monophyly of the Wasp Lineage Bearing Bracoviruses |
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90 | (1) |
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Possible Polyphyly of Ichneumonid Wasps Bearing PDVs |
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91 | (1) |
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Origins of Polydnaviruses |
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92 | (1) |
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Cophylogeny of PDVs with Wasps |
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92 | (1) |
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What Can Wasp Phylogeny Tell Us about PDV Evolution? |
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93 | (1) |
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Phylogenomics of Wasps and PDVs |
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94 | (1) |
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How and Why Do PDV Gene Families Diversify? |
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95 | (1) |
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Which Genes Undergo Positive Selection in Association with a Host Switch? |
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95 | (1) |
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Are Particular Genes or Modifications `Required' for Attack of a Given Host Group? |
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95 | (1) |
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Availability of Wasp Genomes |
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95 | (1) |
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Possible Applications in Biopesticide Design |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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8 Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Host Cellular Genomic DNA |
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99 | (16) |
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Integration of Polydnavirus (Proviral Form) within the Primary Parasitoid Host Cellular DNA: Vertical Transfer |
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100 | (2) |
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Integration of Polydnavirus (Circular Encapsidated Form) within the Secondary Insect Host Cellular DNA: Horizontal Transfer |
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102 | (1) |
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In Vitro Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Insect Host Cellular Genomic DNA |
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102 | (3) |
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In Vivo Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Insect Host Cellular Genomic DNA |
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104 | (1) |
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Vertical and Horizontal Transfer of Polydnavirus DNAs with Insect Host(s) |
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105 | (1) |
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Jumping Genes: A Wide Array of Transposable Element Associations with Polydnaviruses |
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106 | (2) |
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Revisiting Demonstrated Polydnavirus Cellular DNA Integration |
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108 | (1) |
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Functional Significance for Polydnavirus Integration and Maintenance in Host Cellular DNA |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (5) |
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9 Unusual Viral Genomes: Mimivirus and the Polydnaviruses |
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115 | (12) |
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115 | (1) |
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Mimivirus: The Largest Sequenced Virus |
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116 | (1) |
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Sputnik: A Virus of a Virus |
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117 | (1) |
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Polydnaviruses: Viral Symbionts |
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117 | (2) |
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Genome Features Shared Across Mimivirus and Polydnaviruses |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Origins of Parasitoid-Virus Symbioses |
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121 | (1) |
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Are Mimivirus and Polydnaviruses Redefining Viruses? |
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122 | (1) |
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The Ovipositor and Amoeba as Evolutionary Environments |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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10 Maintenance of Specialized Parasitoid Populations by Polydnaviruses |
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127 | (10) |
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127 | (1) |
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Cryptic Specialization is Frequently Observed in Larval Endoparasitoids |
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127 | (1) |
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Why are Larval Endoparasitoids Selected for Cryptic Specialization? |
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128 | (1) |
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Why are Polydnaviruses Good Markers for Studying Cryptic Specialization? |
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129 | (1) |
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The Association between Polydnavirus Variants and the Evolution of Host Races |
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130 | (1) |
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How to Maintain Host Races without Producing New Species? |
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131 | (1) |
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The Polydnavirus Association in the Specialization Process |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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Part II The Biological Roles of Polydnavirus Gene Products |
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137 | (42) |
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11 Polydnavirus Gene Expression Profiling: What We Know Now |
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139 | (10) |
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139 | (1) |
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The Proviral and Encapsidated Genomes of PDVs |
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139 | (1) |
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PDV Gene Expression in Wasps |
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140 | (1) |
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BV Gene Expression in Wasps |
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140 | (1) |
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IV Gene Expression in Wasps |
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141 | (1) |
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PDV Gene Expression in Hosts |
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141 | (4) |
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BV Gene Expression in Hosts: Subfamily Microgastrinae |
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142 | (1) |
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BV Gene Expression in Hosts: Subfamily Cardiochilinae |
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143 | (1) |
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BV Gene Expression in Hosts: Subfamily Cheloninae |
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143 | (1) |
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IV Gene Expression in Hosts |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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12 Polydnavirus Gene Products that Interact with the Host Immune System |
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149 | (14) |
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149 | (1) |
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Host Immune Defenses against Parasitoids |
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149 | (4) |
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Lepidopteran Hemocyte Types |
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150 | (1) |
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Encapsulation of Parasitoids and Related Defense Responses |
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150 | (2) |
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Melanization of Capsules, Regulation of Phenoloxidase Activity, and Parasitoid Death |
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152 | (1) |
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PDV Gene Content Differs among Taxa |
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153 | (1) |
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PDV-Mediated Suppression of Host Immune Defenses |
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154 | (3) |
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BV-Host Immune Interactions |
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154 | (1) |
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BV-Encoded Genes Implicated in Altering Host Immune Defenses |
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154 | (2) |
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Immune Interactions Between IVs and Hosts |
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156 | (1) |
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Immunoevasive Gene Products Associated with PDVs |
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156 | (1) |
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Effects of PDVs on Permissiveness of Insects to Infection by Other Pathogens |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (6) |
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13 Polydnaviruses as Endocrine Regulators |
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163 | (6) |
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163 | (1) |
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Polydnaviruses that Act as Endocrine Regulators |
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164 | (2) |
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Mechanistic Explanations for PDV-Induced Hormonal Interventions |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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14 The Orchestrated Manipulation of the Host by Chelonus Inanitus and its Polydnavirus |
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169 | (10) |
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169 | (1) |
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Characterization of the Players and their Antigenic Relatedness |
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170 | (1) |
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Effects of CiBV and the Parasitoid Larva on the Host |
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171 | (5) |
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CiBV Transcripts in the Course of Parasitization and X-Ray Parasitization |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Section B Unique Attributes of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles Associated with Parasitoids |
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179 | (36) |
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15 Diversity of Virus-Like Particles in Parasitoids' Venom: Viral or Cellular Origin? |
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181 | (12) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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VLPs with Virus Size and Shape |
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183 | (1) |
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VLPs with a Vesicular Appearance |
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184 | (2) |
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Viral or Common Origin with PDVs? |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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16 RNA Viruses in Parasitoid Wasps |
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193 | (10) |
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193 | (1) |
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Positive-Sense, Single-Stranded RNA Viruses |
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194 | (3) |
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Negative-Sense, Single-Stranded RNA Viruses |
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197 | (1) |
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Segmented, Double-Stranded RNA Viruses |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
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17 An Inherited Virus Manipulating the Behavior of its Parasitoid Host: Epidemiology and Evolutionary Consequences |
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203 | (12) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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Adaptive Significance of the Parasitoid's Behavioral Alteration |
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206 | (2) |
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Effects on Other Phenotypic Traits |
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208 | (1) |
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Prevalence and Dynamics in Natural Populations |
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208 | (3) |
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Consequences of the Presence of the Virus |
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211 | (1) |
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Any Link with Polydnaviruses? |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Section C Venoms of Parasitoids |
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215 | (52) |
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18 Venoms from Endoparasitoids |
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217 | (16) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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What is the Composition of Venom in Endoparasitoids? |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Other Venom Proteins/Peptides |
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220 | (1) |
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What Roles Does Venom Play in Host-Endoparasitoid Interactions? |
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220 | (7) |
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Transient Paralysis and Cytotoxicity |
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220 | (1) |
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Venom as Polydnavirus Partner |
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221 | (1) |
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Venom as an Immune Regulatory Factor |
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221 | (2) |
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Developmental Alterations |
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223 | (1) |
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Determination of Host Range and Host Stage |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Viruses and Virus-Like Particles Produced in the Venom |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (6) |
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19 Proteomics of the Venom of the Parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis |
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233 | (14) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Mode of Action of the Venom as a Whole |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Venom Composition in the Pre-Genome Area |
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237 | (1) |
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Tools for Venom Characterization |
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238 | (4) |
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Venom Composition in the Genome Area |
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242 | (1) |
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Venom Analysis by Means of Bioinformatics |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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20 Aphid Parasitoid Venom and its Role in Host Regulation |
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247 | (8) |
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247 | (1) |
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Host Regulation by Aphid Parasitoids: The Role of Venom |
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248 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Host Apterization and Developmental Arrest |
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249 | (1) |
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The Role of Teratocytes in the Host Regulation Process |
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250 | (1) |
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Host Regulation by Aphid Parasitoids: A Physiological Model |
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251 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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21 When Parasitoids Lack Polydnaviruses, Can Venoms Subdue the Hosts? The Case Study of Asobara Species |
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255 | (12) |
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255 | (1) |
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Effects of Asobara Parasitoids and their Venom on the Immune Defenses of D. melanogaster Larvae |
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256 | (4) |
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Paralyzing Effects of Asobara Parasitoid Venom |
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260 | (2) |
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Molecular Components of Asobara Parasitoids' Venom |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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The Multiple Effects of Asobara Venoms |
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262 | (1) |
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Summary of Asobara's Strategies and Toolkits |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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Section D Futuristic Visions |
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267 | (18) |
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22 Applications of Parasitoid Virus and Venom Research in Agriculture |
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269 | (16) |
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269 | (1) |
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The Use of Insect Natural Antagonists: Beyond Classical Biological Control |
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270 | (2) |
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Candidate Molecules and Genes of Parasitic Origin for Insect Control Applications |
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272 | (3) |
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Case Studies on Parasitoid- and PDV-Derived Molecules |
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272 | (2) |
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New Candidate Bioinsecticide Molecules |
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274 | (1) |
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Molecules Relevant for Parasitoid Rearing on Artificial Diets |
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275 | (1) |
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Bioinsecticide Delivery Strategies |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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Physiology of Gut Absorption as a Basis for Developing New Delivery Strategies |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (5) |
| Epilogue |
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285 | (4) |
| Index |
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289 | |
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