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Pathology of Sharp Force Trauma [Hardback]

(Queen Mary University of London, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 302 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 2020 g, 16 Tables, color; 11 Line drawings, color; 226 Halftones, color; 240 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jul-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498768628
  • ISBN-13: 9781498768627
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 302 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 2020 g, 16 Tables, color; 11 Line drawings, color; 226 Halftones, color; 240 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jul-2021
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498768628
  • ISBN-13: 9781498768627
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Pathology of Sharp Force Trauma illustrates and details sharp force trauma as seen in forensic pathology case work as well as in the clinical setting, outlining how one informs the other in interpreting such trauma for medico-legal purposes.

For the purposes of discussion, the author defines sharp force trauma as: "The application of force to produce an injury which results in a clear division or separation of the skin and underlying tissues". Sharp force trauma may be caused by all manner of implements with a sharp edge and/or pointed end, whether or not they have been produced for use as a weapon, and includes knives, broken glass, scissors and many others, to name but a few. Certain tools, such as axes or machetes, combine a sharp edge with heavy weight and produce injuries with both sharp and blunt impact elements.

In many countries, with the exception of those where firearms are readily available, sharp force traumaparticularly the use of knivesis the most common method of homicide and a frequent source of morbidity seen in emergency departments. Also, there has recently been an alarming upsurge in the use of knives in gang-related assaults and in terrorist incidents. As such, the book takes a comprehensive approach in explaining the different aspects of such trauma, most importantly the manner in which the victim has died. This includes cases of homicide, suicide or accident, indicating the type of weapon responsible, explaining how it was used, and presenting other such information to the investigation of such cases.

Features:

Includes over 400 full-color graphic and illustrative images throughout

Addresses all aspects of the investigation including trauma, crime scene findings, post-mortem examination, characteristics of injuries and categorization into homicide, suicide or accident

Covers the biomechanics of knife trauma and tool mark examination techniques to identify implements used

Illustrates penetrating injuries caused by pointed implements which have linear components, such as arrows, nails, spears, stakes and others

Details cutting, penetrating, and other sharp force injuries resulting from medical intervention in a healthcare environment, such as might occur during surgical procedures

Examines sharp injuries caused by domesticated and wild animals

Written by one of the premier forensic pathologists in the world with over 40 years of first-hand case experience

Pathology of Sharp Force Trauma is the first substantive book published in English to look exclusively at this subject. Although primarily intended for pathologists and clinicians who are involved in the examination of such injuries in the post-mortem room or in a hospital environment, it will also be of interest to medical examiners, police and criminal investigators, attorneys and legal professionals, personnel in other forensic disciplines, and all doctors and medical students with an interested in trauma and its management.
Note on Coverpiece - `Knife Angel' xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the Author xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction, Scope and Historical Perspectives
1(16)
Introduction
1(1)
Historic Accounts
2(1)
Archaeological Finds
2(1)
Otzi (Iceman)
2(3)
Homer's Iliad
5(3)
Old Testament
8(1)
Two Caesars
9(1)
Julius Caesar
9(1)
Caligula
9(1)
Exhumation of Richard III
9(2)
Christopher Marlowe
11(1)
Seppuku
11(2)
Testing the Katana Sword
13(1)
"Wound Man"
13(1)
Notes
14(1)
References
15(2)
2 Knife Crime - Epidemiology, Impact on the Community and Legislation
17(8)
Crime Trends Involving Knives and Other Sharp Implements
17(1)
Incidence
17(1)
Incidence in the United Kingdom
17(1)
Impact of Knife Crime on Communities and on the Healthcare Burden
18(1)
Legislation in the United Kingdom
19(1)
Outline of the Relevant Acts Concerning Knives and Other Offensive Weapons
19(1)
Prevention of Crime Act 1953
19(1)
Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act (ROWA) 1959
20(1)
Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988
20(1)
Offensive Weapons Act 1996
20(1)
Knives Act 1997
20(1)
Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006
20(1)
Specific Provisions Made in Legislation Relating to Knife Crime Prevention
20(1)
Good Reasons for Carrying a Knife or Weapon in Public
21(1)
Age Restriction
22(1)
Illegal Knives
22(1)
Banned Knives in the United Kingdom
23(1)
References
23(2)
3 Types of Knives and the Dynamics of Sharp Force Trauma
25(16)
Types of Knives - Historical Perspective
25(1)
Modern Knives
25(1)
Knife Parts
26(1)
Handle
27(1)
Blade
27(1)
Knife Types by Function
28(2)
Dynamics
30(1)
Forces Involved in Stabbings and Other Sharp Force Trauma and Influencing Factors
30(1)
Introduction
30(1)
Delivery of the Weapon to the Body and Stabbing Techniques Used
31(1)
Skin Resistance and Underlying Tissue
32(3)
Knife Throwing
35(1)
Intrinsic Properties of Knife Blades and Penetration Force
35(2)
Stab Protection from Body Armour Systems
37(1)
References
38(3)
4 Scene Examination in Cases of Sharp Force Trauma
41(20)
What is Meant by the Crime Scene?
41(1)
Use of CCTV Cameras
41(2)
Scene Management
43(1)
General Considerations
43(1)
Health and Safety
44(3)
Climatic Conditions
47(1)
Location of Body
47(7)
Position of the Body
54(2)
Blood Distribution
56(1)
Homicide or Suicide?
57(1)
Retrospective Scene Visit
58(1)
References
59(1)
Further Reading
59(2)
5 The Post-Mortem Examination in Sharp Force Trauma Deaths
61(16)
Aims of the Autopsy
61(2)
Scene Examination
63(1)
Examination in the Mortuary
63(1)
Arrival and Storage Prior to Autopsy
63(1)
Briefing to Pathologist
63(1)
Identification Prior to the Autopsy
63(1)
Radiographic Imaging
63(2)
Photography
65(2)
The External Examination
67(1)
Examination of Clothing
67(1)
Examination of the Body
67(1)
Description of Injuries
68(4)
The Internal Examination
72(1)
General Assessment of Injuries
72(1)
Testing for the Air Embolism
72(1)
Testing for Pneumothorax
73(1)
Assessment of the Length of Wound Tracks
73(1)
Assessment of Extent of Injury and the Effect of Surgical Intervention
73(1)
Examination of a Possible Weapon
73(1)
Briefing After the Autopsy
73(1)
Preparing the Autopsy Report
73(1)
Further Examination of the Deceased
74(1)
References
75(1)
Further Reading
75(2)
6 Patterns of Wounding and Demographic Factors in Homicidal and Other Sharp Force Assaults
77(16)
Introduction
77(1)
Number of Wounds
77(1)
Victim-Offender Relationship
77(1)
Single-Stab Wounds
78(1)
Multiple Wounds
78(3)
Physical Activity and Survival Time After Fatal Sharp Force Trauma
81(1)
Wound Orientation and Manner of Death
82(1)
Homicide, Suicide or Accident?
82(1)
Age
83(1)
Gender and Location of Assault
83(1)
Motive/Circumstances
83(1)
Terrorist-Related Stabbings
84(2)
Involvement of Alcohol and/or Drugs
86(1)
Implement Used in Assault
86(1)
Additional Violence
86(2)
Injuries to Perpetrators
88(1)
Homicide Followed by Suicide (Dyadic Death)
88(2)
References
90(3)
7 Morphology of Sharp Force Injuries and Type of Implements Responsible for Causing Them
93(50)
Introduction
93(1)
Factors Relating to the Appearance of Wounds
93(1)
Demographic Factors
94(1)
The Effect of Sharp Force Impact on Clothing
95(2)
Case of Azaria Chamberlain
97(1)
Morphological Appearance of Wounds on the Skin and Factors Affecting their Shape and Size
98(1)
Wound Shape and Dynamics
98(1)
Laceration or Incised Wound?
99(3)
Wound Shape and Knife Shape
102(7)
Notched Wounds
109(1)
Identification of Weapon Used from Wound Morphology
109(1)
Wound Size and Blade Width
110(3)
Appearance Inside the Body and Factors Affecting Shape, Size and Length of Track
113(1)
Direction of the Track of a Stab Wound
114(2)
Analysis of Marks on Bone and Cartilage Caused by Sharp Force Trauma
116(1)
Scars from Previous Trauma
116(1)
Chopping Wounds
116(1)
Axe or Hatchet (Type of Hand Axe)
116(2)
Meat Cleaver Injuries
118(2)
Machete Injuries
120(1)
Background of Rwanda Genocide
121(6)
Spade Injuries
127(1)
Glass Injuries
128(1)
Other Instruments Causing Sharp Force Trauma
129(1)
Scissors
129(2)
Saws
131(2)
Crossbow, Bow and Arrow and Other Pointed Objects with a Shaft or Rod-Shape Causing Penetrating Trauma
133(1)
Screwdrivers
133(1)
Knife Sharpener
134(3)
Propellers from Watercraft
137(3)
References
140(3)
8 Sharp Force Trauma - Regional Location and Consequences of Injury
143(50)
Introduction
143(1)
Regional Distribution of Injuries and Manner of Causation
143(2)
Acute and Longer-term General Effects of Injury
145(1)
Exsanguination - Hypovolaemic Shock
145(1)
Infection Following Trauma
145(1)
Loss or Diminished Function
146(1)
Formation of Pseudoaneurysms and Fistulae
146(1)
Head
147(1)
General Features of Injury
148(1)
Accidental Injury
149(1)
Neck
150(1)
Zonal Trauma Evaluation
150(1)
Type of Implement Used
150(2)
Cervical Cord Injury
152(1)
Self-inflicted versus Homicidal Stabbing Of the Neck
153(1)
Accidental Neck Stabbing
154(1)
Vascular Neck Injuries
154(1)
Ischaemic Changes to the Brain and Other Complications of Vascular Neck Trauma
154(1)
Vertebral Artery Injuries
154(1)
Incidence of Different Types of Neck Trauma
155(1)
Asphyxia from Airway Obstruction Following Sharp Force Injury
155(1)
Incised (slash) Wounds of the Neck
156(3)
Thorax
159(1)
Cardiac Injuries
160(1)
Coronary Artery Injuries
160(2)
Wounds to Major Thoracic Vessels
162(1)
Lung Injuries
163(3)
Emergency Thoracotomy and Other Medical Intervention
166(1)
Position of Organs in the Thoracic Cavity
166(1)
Lower Thorax and Abdomen
166(5)
Injuries to Extremities and Ano-genital Region
171(1)
Peripheral Vascular Injuries
171(1)
Buttock Injuries
172(2)
Genital Injuries
174(1)
Accidental (Non-intentional) Self-inflicted Hand Wounds in Knife Users During Assaults and From Other Circumstances
175(1)
References
176(3)
Defence Injuries
179(1)
Introduction
179(1)
General Considerations in the Investigation of Defence Injuries
179(1)
How Are They Caused?
179(4)
Active or Passive Defence Injuries?
183(1)
Distribution of Defence Wounds
183(3)
Other Demographic Factors
186(1)
Incidence of Defence Injuries in Homicide Cases
186(1)
Effect of Alcohol and/or Drugs
187(1)
Gender
187(1)
Age
187(1)
Differentiation of Defence Wounds from Self-inflicted Injuries
188(1)
Defence Injuries in Non-Fatal Wounding
188(1)
Perpetrator Injuries
189(1)
Other Injuries that Might be Misinterpreted as Defensive
189(1)
Fraudulent and Other Criminal Motive
189(1)
Attempted Dismemberment
189(2)
References
191(2)
10 Intentional Self-inflicted Injuries
193(36)
Introduction
193(1)
Incidence of Self-inflicted Sharp Force Trauma
193(1)
The Scene
193(1)
Pattern, Morphology, Distribution and Demographic Factors
193(1)
Types of Sharp Force Trauma
193(1)
Deaths from Self-stabbing
194(1)
Number of Stab Wounds
194(5)
Location of Stab Wounds on the Body
199(1)
Chest, Head and Neck
199(1)
Abdomen
199(1)
Other Regions
200(1)
Clothing
200(1)
Hesitation Wounds
201(1)
Age and Gender
202(6)
Mental Health Issues/Drugs and Alcohol
208(1)
Cultural and Historical Influence - Suicide by Hara-Kiri (Seppuku)
208(3)
Self-inflicted Injuries from Other Sharp Objects than Knives
211(1)
Scissors
211(2)
Razor
213(1)
Mechanised Saw
213(1)
Crossbow
213(3)
Incised Wounds to the Neck (Cut Throat Wounds)
216(3)
Complex (Combination) Suicides
219(1)
Complicated Suicide
219(4)
Sharp Force Wounds to the Extremities and Elsewhere on the Body with Non-suicidal Intention
223(2)
References
225(4)
11 Accidental Injuries Including Injuries from Animals
229(14)
Introduction
229(1)
Demographics
229(1)
Incidence
229(1)
Type of Sharp Object, Victim and Circumstances
229(1)
Glass
229(1)
Road Traffic Collisions
230(1)
Machine-operated Saws
231(1)
Movement Between Object and Victim
231(1)
Sharp Object Moving Towards the Victim
231(1)
Victim Moving Towards the Sharp Object
232(1)
Accidental Auto-erotic Deaths from Sharp Force Trauma
232(3)
Animal-related Sharp Force Trauma
235(1)
Incidence of Fatal Animal-related Injuries
235(1)
Dog Attack Fatalities
235(2)
Large Cats
237(1)
Alligators and Crocodiles
237(1)
Aquatic Animals
237(1)
Sharks
237(1)
Stingrays
237(1)
Catfish
238(2)
Swordfish
240(1)
References
240(3)
12 Post-Mortem Injuries, the Effects of Putrefaction and Artefacts
243(28)
Introduction
243(1)
Ante-mortem or Post-mortem Injury?
243(2)
Histological and Immune-histochemical, Biochemical and Molecular Techniques
245(1)
Dismemberment
246(1)
"Hanged, Drawn and Quartered"
246(2)
Dismemberment After Death
248(1)
Dismemberment Categories
248(1)
Defensive Dismemberment
248(1)
Aggressive Dismemberment or Mutilation
248(1)
Necromantic Dismemberment
248(1)
Pattern of Dismemberment
248(1)
Examination of Cut Marks on Soft Tissue and Bone
248(1)
Skin Marks
249(1)
Marks Found in Bone and Cartilage
250(1)
Case Studies
251(1)
The Buck Ruxton Case
251(2)
Body Parts at Women's Refuge in East London
253(3)
The "Crossbow Cannibal"
256(3)
Paralysed Victim and Use of Chainsaw
259(3)
Post-mortem Changes with Putrefaction and Associated Artefacts
262(1)
Surgical Incisions and Post-mortem Injuries
262(1)
Insect and Larger Animal Predation
263(2)
Sharp Force Trauma in Burnt Victims
265(1)
Embalmed Bodies
265(3)
Notes
268(1)
References
268(3)
13 Iatrogenic, Needlestick and Other Related Sharp Force Trauma
271(20)
Introduction
271(1)
Therapeutic Misadventure - General Considerations
271(1)
Scope of the Problem
272(1)
Complications from Inserting Intravascular Lines or Sheaths
272(1)
Indication for Intravenous Access
272(1)
Indication for Intra-arterial Access
273(1)
Seldinger Technique
273(2)
Air Embolisation
275(1)
Iatrogenic Perforation
276(1)
Gastrointestinal Tract Perforations
276(1)
Tracheal and Airway Perforations
276(1)
Vascular Perforations
277(2)
Femoral Arterial Access and Retroperitoneal Haemorrhage
279(1)
Coronary Artery Perforation during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
279(1)
Pulmonary Artery Perforation during Right Heart Catheterisation
279(1)
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)
280(1)
Chest Drain Insertion and Thoracic Injury
281(2)
Needle Stick Injuries
283(1)
Recreational Intravenous Drug Use
284(1)
Scope of the Problem
284(1)
Soft Tissue and Dermatological Infections
284(1)
Blood-Borne Infections
285(1)
Venous Thromboembolic Phenomena
286(1)
Conclusions
286(1)
References
287(4)
14 Presentation of Evidence and Issues Arising in Court in Sharp Force Trauma Cases
291(4)
Introduction
291(1)
Preparation of Statements and Common Issues Arising in Court
291(1)
At the Scene
292(1)
Number of Wounds
292(1)
Which Was the Fatal Wound?
293(1)
Survival and Physical Activity Following Injury
293(1)
Intent to Injure
293(1)
Whether There Was More Than One Assailant and/or Weapon
293(1)
Interaction and the Dynamics Between the Assailant and Victim and Relationship to the Injuries Seen
294(1)
Characteristics of Knife (or Other Sharp Object) and Relationship to Wound Morphology
294(1)
Accidental Stabbing or Knife Used in Self-defence
294(1)
Presentation of Evidence
295(1)
References 295(2)
Index 297
Peter Vanezis OBE, is Professor Emeritus of Forensic Medical Sciences at the William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London. He began his career in forensic medicine at the London Hospital Medical College in 1974 in the department headed by Professor James Cameron. He became Reader and Head of the Forensic Department at the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School in 1990, following which he was appointed Regius Professor of Forensic Medicine and Science in 1993 at the University of Glasgow. He was awarded the OBE in 2000 for leading the British Forensic team in the investigation of mass graves in Kosovo. After establishing a forensic pathology unit at the Forensic Science Service in 2003, he was appointed to the new chair of Forensic Medical Sciences at Queen Mary University of London where he pursued academic activities until his retirement in 2018. He continues his interest in forensic medical education and research through his Academy of Forensic Medical Sciences.

Professor Vanezis has a number of broad interests in the forensic medical sciences including human identification and human rights abuses. His previously published texts include Pathology of Neck injury, Essential Forensic Medicine and Suspicious DeathScene Investigation as well as contributions to a number of forensic textbooks.