Introduction to Pathophysiology |
|
xv | |
|
PART ONE CENTRAL CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: CELLS AND TISSUES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (48) |
|
|
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of Cellular Components |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
4 | (7) |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Specialized Cell Junctions |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Messengers and Channel Regulation |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Role of Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Food and Production of Cellular Energy |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Movement of Water and Solutes |
|
|
28 | (5) |
|
Transport by Vesicle Formation |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Rates of Cellular Division |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (10) |
|
2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology |
|
|
49 | (54) |
|
|
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
General Mechanisms of Cell Injury |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species---Oxidative Stress |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
|
62 | (8) |
|
Unintentional and Intentional Injuries |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Injury from Errors in Health Care |
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Injurious Genetic/Epigenetic Factors |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Injurious Nutritional Imbalances |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Injurious Physical Agents |
|
|
75 | (8) |
|
Manifestations of Cellular Injury |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Cellular Manifestations: Accumulations |
|
|
83 | (5) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Autophagy: Death but Also Survival |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
AGING and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Normal Life Span and Life Expectancy |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
|
97 | (6) |
|
3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases |
|
|
103 | (32) |
|
|
|
Distribution of Body Fluids |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Water Movement Between ICF and ECF |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Water Movement |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Sodium and Chloride Balance |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (5) |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
|
126 | (9) |
|
Unit II Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction |
|
|
|
4 Genes and Genetic Diseases |
|
|
135 | (29) |
|
|
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (5) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases |
|
|
143 | (8) |
|
Elements of Formal Genetics |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Dominance and Recessiveness |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Genetic Diseases |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Linkage Analysis and Gene Identification |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Classical Pedigree Analysis |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Assigning Loci to Specific Chromosomes |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases |
|
|
164 | (19) |
|
|
Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Recurrence Risks and Transmission Patterns |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Genetics of Common Diseases |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Multifactorial Disorders in the Adult Population |
|
|
171 | (12) |
|
6 Epigenetics and Disease |
|
|
183 | (8) |
|
|
Epigenetics and Development |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Twin Studies Provide Insights on Epigenetic Modification |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
DNA Methylation and Cancer |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Strategies for Treating Epigenetic Disease |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
Unit III Mechanisms of Self-Defense |
|
|
|
7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation |
|
|
191 | (33) |
|
|
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
First Line of Defense: Physical, Mechanical, and Biochemical Barriers |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Physical and Mechanical Barriers |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
Second Line of Defense: The Inflammatory Response |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
|
197 | (4) |
|
Cellular Mediators of Inflammation |
|
|
201 | (12) |
|
Local Manifestations of Inflammation |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Dysfunctional Wound Healing |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
Pediatrics and Mechanisms of Self-Defense |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Aging and Mechanisms of Self-Defense |
|
|
220 | (4) |
|
|
224 | (38) |
|
|
|
General Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Active vs. Passive Immunity |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Molecules That Recognize Antigen |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
Molecules That Present Antigen |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Molecules That Hold Cells Together |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Cytokines and Their Receptors |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Generation of Clonal Diversity |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Induction of an Immune Response: Clonal Selection |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Antigen Processing and Presentation |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
B-Cell Activation: The Humoral Immune Response |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
T-Cell Activation: The Cellular Immune Response |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (4) |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
Fetal and Neonatal Immune Function |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Aging and Immune Function |
|
|
257 | (5) |
|
9 Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation |
|
|
262 | (36) |
|
|
|
Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity |
|
|
263 | (7) |
|
Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions |
|
|
270 | (7) |
|
Autoimmune and Alloimmune Diseases |
|
|
277 | (4) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Initial Clinical Presentation |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Primary Immune Deficiencies |
|
|
281 | (8) |
|
Secondary Immune Deficiencies |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
Evaluation and Care of Those with Immune Deficiency |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Replacement Therapies for Immune Deficiencies |
|
|
293 | (5) |
|
|
298 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Microorganisms and Infections |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Clinical Infectious Disease |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Classes of Infectious Microorganisms |
|
|
302 | (20) |
|
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Pediatric AIDS and Central Nervous System Involvement |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
Countermeasures Against Pathogens |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Infection Control Measures |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Active Immunization: Vaccines |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (5) |
|
|
338 | (25) |
|
|
|
Historical Background and General Concepts |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
Psychoneuroimmunologic Mediators of Stress |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Neuroendocrine Regulation |
|
|
344 | (9) |
|
Stress and the Immune System |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
Stress, Personality, Coping, and Illness |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Aging and Stress: Stress-Age Syndrome |
|
|
358 | (5) |
|
Unit IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer |
|
|
|
|
363 | (39) |
|
|
|
Cancer Characteristics and Terminology |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Tumor Classification and Nomenclature |
|
|
364 | (4) |
|
The Biology of Cancer Cells |
|
|
368 | (4) |
|
The Genetic Basis of Cancer |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Cancer-Causing Mutations in Genes |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes: Accelerators and Brakes |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Gene Changes That Occur in Cancer |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Types of Genes Misregulated in Cancer |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Inflammation, Immunity, and Cancer |
|
|
382 | (5) |
|
Cancer Invasion and Metastasis |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Only Rare Cells in a Cancer Are Able to Metastasize |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Survival and Spread in the Circulation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Selective Adherence in Favorable Sites |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Escape from the Circulation and Development of a New Microenvironment |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Cancer |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
|
395 | (7) |
|
|
402 | (40) |
|
|
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue |
|
|
403 | (6) |
|
Incidence and Mortality Trends |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
In Utero and Early Life Conditions |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
Environmental-Lifestyle Factors |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (9) |
|
Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior, Human Papillomaviruses |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Other Viruses and Microorganisms |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (7) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic Radiation |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Chemicals and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (9) |
|
|
442 | (5) |
|
|
Incidence and Types of Cancer |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
PART TWO PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC ALTERATIONS: ORGANS AND SYSTEMS |
|
|
|
Unit V The Neurologic System |
|
|
|
15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System |
|
|
447 | (37) |
|
|
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Cells of the Nervous System |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Neuroglia and Schwann Cells |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Nerve Injury and Regeneration |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (6) |
|
|
460 | (3) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
473 | (4) |
|
Aging and the Nervous System |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Tests of Nervous System Function |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Skull and Spine Roentgenograms |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Resonance Angiography |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Positron-Emission Tomography Scan |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Echoencephalography (Ultrasound) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function |
|
|
484 | (43) |
|
|
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
Clinical Descriptions of Pain |
|
|
491 | (4) |
|
Pediatrics and Perception of Pain |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Aging and Perception of Pain |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamic Control of Temperature |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
Pediatrics and Temperature Regulation |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Aging and Temperature Regulation |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
Disorders of Temperature Regulation |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Non--Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Pediatrics and Sleep Patterns |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Sleep Disorders Associated with Mental, Neurologic, or Medical Disorders |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Somatosensory Function and the Special Senses |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
509 | (5) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Aging and Olfaction and Taste |
|
|
518 | (9) |
|
17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function |
|
|
527 | (54) |
|
|
|
Alterations in Cognitive Systems |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (7) |
|
|
535 | (4) |
|
|
539 | (11) |
|
|
550 | (5) |
|
Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Increased Intracranial Pressure |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Neuromotor Function |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Muscle Tone |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
561 | (12) |
|
Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Complex Motor Performance |
|
|
574 | (7) |
|
18 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction |
|
|
581 | (60) |
|
|
|
Central Nervous System Disorders |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury |
|
|
581 | (13) |
|
Degenerative Disorders of the Spine |
|
|
594 | (4) |
|
Cerebrovascular Disorders |
|
|
598 | (9) |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Infection and Inflammation of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
609 | (9) |
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Peripheral Nervous System Disorders |
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Tumors of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (7) |
|
|
633 | (8) |
|
19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders |
|
|
641 | (19) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
|
|
656 | (4) |
|
20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children |
|
|
660 | (29) |
|
|
|
Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Defects of Neural Tube Closure |
|
|
663 | (3) |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Malformations of Cortical Development |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (4) |
|
|
674 | (3) |
|
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (3) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (3) |
|
|
684 | (5) |
|
Unit VI The Endocrine System |
|
|
|
21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
689 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Hormone Release |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Plasma Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction |
|
|
692 | (4) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis |
|
|
696 | (4) |
|
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands |
|
|
700 | (4) |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
|
706 | (4) |
|
Neuroendocrine Response to Stressors |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Tests of Endocrine Function |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Endocrine System |
|
|
711 | (6) |
|
22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
717 | (51) |
|
|
|
|
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary |
|
|
720 | (4) |
|
Alterations of Thyroid Function |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
725 | (3) |
|
|
728 | (3) |
|
Alterations of Parathyroid Function |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Types of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
735 | (8) |
|
Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
743 | (3) |
|
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
746 | (6) |
|
Alterations of Adrenal Function |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
752 | (6) |
|
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
758 | (10) |
|
Unit VII The Reproductive Systems |
|
|
|
23 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems |
|
|
768 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
Development of the Reproductive Systems |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Sexual Differentiation and Hormone Production In Utero |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
Puberty and Reproductive Maturation |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
The Female Reproductive System |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (4) |
|
|
776 | (2) |
|
The Menstrual (Ovarian) Cycle |
|
|
778 | (4) |
|
Structure and Function of the Breast |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
The Male Reproductive System |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
784 | (3) |
|
|
787 | (2) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (2) |
|
Tests of Reproductive Function |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Aging and Reproductive Function |
|
|
791 | (9) |
|
24 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System |
|
|
800 | (85) |
|
|
|
|
Abnormalities of Reproductive Tract Development |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
Alterations of Sexual Maturation |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations |
|
|
804 | (9) |
|
Infection and Inflammation |
|
|
813 | (4) |
|
|
817 | (3) |
|
Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions |
|
|
820 | (5) |
|
|
825 | (9) |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
|
837 | (6) |
|
|
843 | (42) |
|
25 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System |
|
|
885 | (33) |
|
|
|
Alterations of Sexual Maturation |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (3) |
|
Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis |
|
|
891 | (6) |
|
Disorders of the Prostate Gland |
|
|
897 | (14) |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
Impairment of Sperm Production and Quality |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Male Breast |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
914 | (4) |
|
26 Sexually Transmitted Infections |
|
|
918 | (27) |
|
|
|
Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections |
|
|
919 | (1) |
|
|
919 | (10) |
|
|
929 | (3) |
|
|
932 | (5) |
|
|
937 | (3) |
|
Sexually Transmitted Infections of Other Body Systems |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
|
|
941 | (4) |
|
Unit VIII The Hematologic System |
|
|
|
27 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System |
|
|
945 | (37) |
|
|
|
Components of the Hematologic System |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
945 | (6) |
|
|
951 | (3) |
|
Development of Blood Cells |
|
|
954 | (1) |
|
|
954 | (5) |
|
Development of Erythrocytes |
|
|
959 | (5) |
|
Development of Leukocytes |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
Function of Blood Vessels |
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
|
967 | (2) |
|
Function of Clotting Factors |
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
|
971 | (2) |
|
Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System |
|
|
973 | (1) |
|
Tests of Bone Marrow Function |
|
|
973 | (2) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
Pediatrics and the Hematologic System |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Hematologic System |
|
|
975 | (7) |
|
28 Alterations of Erythrocyte Function |
|
|
982 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (5) |
|
Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias |
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias |
|
|
989 | (4) |
|
Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias |
|
|
993 | (9) |
|
Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders |
|
|
1002 | (1) |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
|
1004 | (4) |
|
29 Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function |
|
|
1008 | (47) |
|
|
|
Alterations of Leukocyte Function |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
Quantitative-Alterations of Leukocytes |
|
|
1009 | (2) |
|
|
1011 | (2) |
|
|
1013 | (10) |
|
Alterations of Lymphoid Function |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
1023 | (7) |
|
|
1030 | (6) |
|
Alterations of Splenic Function |
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
|
1037 | (5) |
|
|
1042 | (13) |
|
30 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children |
|
|
1055 | (28) |
|
|
Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis |
|
|
1055 | (1) |
|
Postnatal Changes in the Blood |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
Disorders of Erythrocytes |
|
|
1058 | (1) |
|
|
1058 | (4) |
|
|
1062 | (8) |
|
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
Inherited Hemorrhagic Disease |
|
|
1070 | (3) |
|
Antibody-Mediated Hemorrhagic Disease |
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
|
1074 | (4) |
|
|
1078 | (5) |
|
Unit IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
|
31 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
1083 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
1083 | (2) |
|
|
1085 | (1) |
|
Structures That Direct Circulation Through the Heart |
|
|
1085 | (5) |
|
Structures That Support Cardiac Metabolism: The Coronary Vessels |
|
|
1090 | (2) |
|
Structures That Control Heart Action |
|
|
1092 | (9) |
|
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output |
|
|
1101 | (5) |
|
|
1106 | (1) |
|
Structure of Blood Vessels |
|
|
1106 | (3) |
|
Factors Affecting Blood Flow |
|
|
1109 | (5) |
|
Regulation of Blood Pressure (Arterial Pressure) |
|
|
1114 | (3) |
|
Regulation of Coronary Circulation |
|
|
1117 | (1) |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
Tests of Cardiovascular Function |
|
|
1119 | (1) |
|
Cardiac and Coronary Artery Evaluation |
|
|
1119 | (3) |
|
Systemic Vascular Evaluation |
|
|
1122 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Cardiovascular System |
|
|
1123 | (6) |
|
32 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function |
|
|
1129 | (65) |
|
|
|
1129 | (1) |
|
Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency |
|
|
1129 | (1) |
|
|
1130 | (1) |
|
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome |
|
|
1131 | (1) |
|
|
1132 | (1) |
|
|
1132 | (8) |
|
Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension |
|
|
1140 | (1) |
|
|
1140 | (2) |
|
Arterial Thrombus Formation |
|
|
1142 | (1) |
|
|
1143 | (1) |
|
Peripheral Vascular Diseases |
|
|
1144 | (1) |
|
|
1145 | (3) |
|
Peripheral Artery Disease |
|
|
1148 | (1) |
|
Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, and Acute Coronary Syndromes |
|
|
1148 | (15) |
|
Disorders of the Heart Wall |
|
|
1163 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Pericardium |
|
|
1163 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Myocardium: The Cardiomyopathies |
|
|
1165 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Endocardium |
|
|
1167 | (8) |
|
Cardiac Complications in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
|
|
1175 | (1) |
|
Manifestations of Heart Disease |
|
|
1175 | (1) |
|
|
1175 | (7) |
|
|
1182 | (12) |
|
33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children |
|
|
1194 | (31) |
|
|
Development of the Cardiovascular System |
|
|
1194 | (1) |
|
|
1194 | (2) |
|
|
1196 | (2) |
|
|
1198 | (1) |
|
|
1198 | (1) |
|
Classification of Congenital Heart Defects and Associated Conditions |
|
|
1199 | (3) |
|
Defects Increasing Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
1202 | (5) |
|
Defects Decreasing Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
1207 | (3) |
|
|
1210 | (4) |
|
|
1214 | (4) |
|
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (3) |
|
|
1221 | (4) |
|
Unit X The Pulmonary System |
|
|
|
34 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1225 | (23) |
|
|
Structures of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1225 | (1) |
|
|
1225 | (4) |
|
|
1229 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation |
|
|
1229 | (2) |
|
|
1231 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1232 | (1) |
|
|
1232 | (6) |
|
|
1238 | (5) |
|
Tests of Pulmonary Function |
|
|
1243 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1244 | (4) |
|
35 Alterations of Pulmonary Function |
|
|
1248 | (42) |
|
|
|
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations |
|
|
1248 | (1) |
|
Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
1248 | (3) |
|
Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury |
|
|
1251 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleura |
|
|
1253 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Chest Wall |
|
|
1253 | (1) |
|
|
1254 | (1) |
|
|
1255 | (1) |
|
Restrictive Lung Disorders |
|
|
1255 | (8) |
|
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
1263 | (8) |
|
Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
1271 | (2) |
|
|
1273 | (2) |
|
Pulmonary Vascular Disease |
|
|
1275 | (3) |
|
Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
1278 | (12) |
|
36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children |
|
|
1290 | (29) |
|
|
|
|
1290 | (1) |
|
|
1290 | (1) |
|
Lower Airways and Lung Parenchyma |
|
|
1290 | (2) |
|
|
1292 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Characteristics |
|
|
1292 | (1) |
|
|
1292 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Control of Respiration |
|
|
1293 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Upper Airways |
|
|
1293 | (1) |
|
|
1293 | (8) |
|
Disorders of the Lower Airways |
|
|
1301 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn |
|
|
1301 | (2) |
|
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |
|
|
1303 | (2) |
|
Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
1305 | (3) |
|
|
1308 | (1) |
|
|
1308 | (1) |
|
|
1308 | (2) |
|
Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
|
|
1310 | (1) |
|
|
1310 | (3) |
|
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
|
1313 | (6) |
|
Unit XI The Renal and Urologic Systems |
|
|
|
37 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems |
|
|
1319 | (21) |
|
|
|
Structures of the Renal System |
|
|
1319 | (1) |
|
|
1319 | (6) |
|
|
1325 | (1) |
|
|
1326 | (1) |
|
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
1326 | (1) |
|
|
1326 | (1) |
|
Hormones and Other Factors |
|
|
1327 | (1) |
|
|
1327 | (1) |
|
|
1327 | (4) |
|
Concentration and Dilution of Urine |
|
|
1331 | (2) |
|
|
1333 | (1) |
|
|
1334 | (1) |
|
|
1334 | (1) |
|
|
1335 | (1) |
|
|
1335 | (1) |
|
|
1336 | (4) |
|
38 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function |
|
|
1340 | (36) |
|
|
|
Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1340 | (1) |
|
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1340 | (4) |
|
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1344 | (3) |
|
|
1347 | (2) |
|
|
1349 | (1) |
|
Causes of Urinary Tract Infection |
|
|
1349 | (1) |
|
Types of Urinary Tract Infection |
|
|
1350 | (2) |
|
|
1352 | (1) |
|
|
1352 | (6) |
|
Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes |
|
|
1358 | (1) |
|
|
1359 | (1) |
|
Classification of Kidney Dysfunction |
|
|
1359 | (1) |
|
|
1360 | (4) |
|
|
1364 | (2) |
|
Creatinine and Urea Clearance |
|
|
1366 | (1) |
|
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
|
|
1367 | (1) |
|
Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone |
|
|
1368 | (8) |
|
39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children |
|
|
1376 | (17) |
|
|
|
Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children |
|
|
1376 | (1) |
|
Development of the Urinary System |
|
|
1376 | (1) |
|
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Children |
|
|
1377 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children |
|
|
1378 | (1) |
|
|
1378 | (3) |
|
|
1381 | (4) |
|
|
1385 | (1) |
|
|
1385 | (1) |
|
|
1386 | (2) |
|
|
1388 | (5) |
|
Unit XII The Digestive System |
|
|
|
40 Structure and Function of the Digestive System |
|
|
1393 | (30) |
|
|
|
The Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1393 | (2) |
|
|
1395 | (1) |
|
|
1396 | (4) |
|
|
1400 | (7) |
|
|
1407 | (1) |
|
|
1408 | (1) |
|
Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1409 | (1) |
|
|
1409 | (4) |
|
|
1413 | (1) |
|
|
1413 | (2) |
|
Tests of Digestive Function |
|
|
1415 | (1) |
|
|
1415 | (1) |
|
|
1416 | (1) |
|
|
1416 | (1) |
|
|
1416 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Gastrointestinal System |
|
|
1417 | (6) |
|
41 Alterations of Digestive Function |
|
|
1423 | (63) |
|
|
|
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1423 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction |
|
|
1423 | (5) |
|
|
1428 | (6) |
|
|
1434 | (1) |
|
|
1435 | (4) |
|
|
1439 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
|
|
1440 | (6) |
|
Intestinal Vascular Insufficiency |
|
|
1446 | (1) |
|
|
1446 | (5) |
|
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1451 | (1) |
|
Common Complications of Liver Disorders |
|
|
1451 | (6) |
|
|
1457 | (6) |
|
Disorders of the Gallbladder |
|
|
1463 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Pancreas |
|
|
1464 | (2) |
|
Cancer of the Digestive System |
|
|
1466 | (1) |
|
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1466 | (6) |
|
Cancer of the Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1472 | (14) |
|
42 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children |
|
|
1486 | (24) |
|
|
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1486 | (1) |
|
Congenital Impairment of Motility |
|
|
1486 | (1) |
|
|
1487 | (5) |
|
Acquired Impairment of Motility |
|
|
1492 | (2) |
|
Impairment of Digestion, Absorption, and Nutrition |
|
|
1494 | (5) |
|
|
1499 | (1) |
|
|
1500 | (1) |
|
Disorders of Biliary Metabolism and Transport |
|
|
1500 | (2) |
|
|
1502 | (1) |
|
|
1502 | (1) |
|
|
1503 | (7) |
|
Unit XIII The Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
|
43 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
1510 | (30) |
|
Christy L. Crowther-Radulewicz |
|
|
Structure and Function of Bones |
|
|
1510 | (1) |
|
|
1511 | (6) |
|
|
1517 | (1) |
|
|
1517 | (2) |
|
Maintenance of Bone Integrity |
|
|
1519 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of Joints |
|
|
1520 | (1) |
|
|
1520 | (1) |
|
|
1520 | (2) |
|
|
1522 | (4) |
|
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles |
|
|
1526 | (1) |
|
|
1527 | (6) |
|
Components of Muscle Function |
|
|
1533 | (2) |
|
Tests of Musculoskeletal Function |
|
|
1535 | (1) |
|
|
1535 | (1) |
|
|
1535 | (1) |
|
Tests of Muscular Function |
|
|
1535 | (1) |
|
Aging and The Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
1536 | (4) |
|
44 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function |
|
|
1540 | (51) |
|
Christy L. Crowther-Radulewicz |
|
|
|
|
1540 | (1) |
|
|
1540 | (5) |
|
|
1545 | (5) |
|
|
1550 | (1) |
|
|
1550 | (8) |
|
Infectious Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis |
|
|
1558 | (2) |
|
|
1560 | (5) |
|
|
1565 | (1) |
|
|
1565 | (3) |
|
Classic Inflammatory Joint Disease |
|
|
1568 | (10) |
|
Disorders of Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
1578 | (1) |
|
Secondary Muscular Dysfunction |
|
|
1578 | (3) |
|
Muscle Membrane Abnormalities |
|
|
1581 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Muscle Diseases |
|
|
1582 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Muscle Diseases: Myositis |
|
|
1583 | (2) |
|
|
1585 | (1) |
|
|
1585 | (6) |
|
45 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children |
|
|
1591 | (25) |
|
|
|
Musculoskeletal Development in Children |
|
|
1591 | (1) |
|
|
1591 | (1) |
|
|
1592 | (1) |
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal Alterations in Children |
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
|
1593 | (4) |
|
Abnormal Density or Modeling of the Skeleton |
|
|
1597 | (4) |
|
Bone Infection: Osteomyelitis |
|
|
1601 | (2) |
|
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis |
|
|
1603 | (1) |
|
Avascular Diseases of the Bone: Osteochondrosis |
|
|
1604 | (2) |
|
|
1606 | (1) |
|
|
1606 | (3) |
|
Musculoskeletal Tumors in Children |
|
|
1609 | (3) |
|
|
1612 | (4) |
|
Unit XIV The Integumentary System |
|
|
|
46 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument |
|
|
1616 | (37) |
|
|
|
Structure and Function of the Skin |
|
|
1616 | (1) |
|
|
1616 | (2) |
|
|
1618 | (1) |
|
|
1619 | (1) |
|
|
1619 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Skin Dysfunction |
|
|
1619 | (8) |
|
|
1627 | (1) |
|
|
1627 | (2) |
|
|
1629 | (3) |
|
Vesiculobullous Disorders |
|
|
1632 | (2) |
|
|
1634 | (4) |
|
|
1638 | (2) |
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
|
1641 | (5) |
|
|
1646 | (1) |
|
|
1646 | (1) |
|
|
1646 | (1) |
|
|
1647 | (1) |
|
|
1647 | (1) |
|
|
1647 | (1) |
|
|
1647 | (6) |
|
47 Alterations of the Integument in Children |
|
|
1653 | (15) |
|
|
|
|
1653 | (1) |
|
|
1654 | (1) |
|
|
1654 | (1) |
|
|
1655 | (1) |
|
|
1656 | (1) |
|
|
1656 | (1) |
|
|
1657 | (1) |
|
|
1658 | (3) |
|
Insect Bites and Parasites |
|
|
1661 | (1) |
|
|
1661 | (1) |
|
Pediculosis (Lice Infestation) |
|
|
1661 | (1) |
|
|
1662 | (1) |
|
|
1662 | (1) |
|
Hemangiomas and Cutaneous Vascular Malformations |
|
|
1662 | (1) |
|
|
1662 | (1) |
|
|
1663 | (1) |
|
|
1664 | (1) |
|
|
1664 | (1) |
|
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum |
|
|
1664 | (1) |
|
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis |
|
|
1664 | (4) |
|
Unit XV Multiple Interacting Systems |
|
|
|
48 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults |
|
|
1668 | (31) |
|
|
|
|
|
1668 | (1) |
|
Cellular Alterations and Impairment of Cellular Metabolism |
|
|
1669 | (2) |
|
Types of Shock, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment |
|
|
1671 | (8) |
|
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
|
1679 | (6) |
|
|
1685 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology and Etiology |
|
|
1685 | (1) |
|
|
1685 | (14) |
|
49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children |
|
|
1699 | |
|
|
|
|
Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
|
1699 | (1) |
|
|
1700 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Shock |
|
|
1700 | (10) |
|
Reperfusion and Inflammatory Injury |
|
|
1710 | (1) |
|
Evaluation and Treatment of Shock |
|
|
1710 | (5) |
|
|
1715 | (1) |
|
|
1716 | |