Introduction to Pathophysiology |
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xiii | |
Part One: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues |
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1 | (432) |
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2 | (44) |
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Structure and Function of Cellular Components |
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3 | (14) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (9) |
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12 | (4) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Extracellular Matrix and Basement Membrane |
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17 | (2) |
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Specialized Cell Junctions |
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19 | (1) |
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Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction |
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19 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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Extracellular Messengers and Channel Regulation |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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Role of Adenosine Triphosphate |
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23 | (1) |
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Food and Production of Cellular Energy |
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24 | (2) |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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26 | (1) |
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Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output |
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27 | (8) |
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29 | (2) |
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Transport by Vesicle Formation |
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31 | (3) |
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Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials |
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34 | (1) |
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Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle |
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35 | (3) |
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Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
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36 | (1) |
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The Cell Cycle Control System |
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36 | (1) |
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Control of Cell Division and Cell Growth: Mitogens, Growth Factors, and Survival Factors |
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37 | (1) |
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DNA Damage Response: Blocks Cell Division |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (8) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (7) |
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2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents |
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46 | (58) |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (34) |
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General Mechanisms of Cell Injury |
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50 | (1) |
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Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury |
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51 | (1) |
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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
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52 | (1) |
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Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (9) |
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Unintentional and Intentional Injuries |
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70 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury |
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74 | (1) |
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Injurious Genetic/Epigenetic Factors |
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74 | (1) |
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Injurious Nutritional Imbalances |
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74 | (1) |
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Injurious Physical Agents |
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75 | (8) |
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Manifestations of Cellular Injury |
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83 | (4) |
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Cellular Manifestations: Accumulations |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (10) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology |
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92 | (2) |
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Normal Life Span and Life Expectancy |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (7) |
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3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases |
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104 | (29) |
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Distribution of Body Fluids |
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104 | (2) |
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Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids |
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105 | (1) |
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Water Movement Between ICF and ECF |
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105 | (1) |
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Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid |
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106 | (1) |
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Alterations in Water Movement |
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106 | (2) |
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106 | (2) |
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Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance |
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108 | (2) |
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Sodium and Chloride Balance |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance |
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110 | (4) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance |
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114 | (8) |
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114 | (5) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (11) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (8) |
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Unit II Genes, Gene-Environment Interaction, and Epigenetics |
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4 Genes and Genetic Diseases |
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133 | (27) |
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level |
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134 | (6) |
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134 | (4) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (7) |
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Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases |
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141 | (6) |
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Elements of Formal Genetics |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Dominance and Recessiveness |
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147 | (1) |
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Transmission of Genetic Diseases |
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147 | (8) |
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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance |
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149 | (2) |
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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Linkage Analysis and Gene Identification |
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155 | (5) |
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5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases |
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160 | (17) |
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Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations |
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160 | (1) |
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Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance |
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161 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Recurrence Risks and Transmission Patterns |
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163 | (1) |
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Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment |
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164 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Genetics of Common Diseases |
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166 | (11) |
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166 | (1) |
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Multifactorial Disorders in the Adult Population |
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167 | (10) |
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6 Epigenetics and Disease |
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177 | (13) |
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Overview of Epigenetic Mechanisms |
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178 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Epigenetics and Human Development |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes |
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180 | (1) |
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Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Epigenetics in Cognitive Development and Mental Health |
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182 | (1) |
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Epigenetics and Ethanol Exposure in Utero |
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182 | (1) |
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Epigenetics and Mental Health |
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182 | (1) |
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Fragile X Syndrome: A Genetic/Epigenetic Syndrome |
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182 | (1) |
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Exploring the Possible Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States That Arise in Response to Environmental Factors |
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182 | (1) |
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Epigenetics and Nutrition |
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182 | (1) |
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Epigenetics and Maternal Care |
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183 | (1) |
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Epigenetic Change over the Life Span |
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183 | (1) |
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Twin Studies Reveal Epigenetic Changes over Time |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Molecular and Computational Tools for Exploring Epigenetic States |
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183 | (1) |
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Detecting DNA Methylation in Populations of Molecules: Methyl-Sensitive Restriction Enzymes |
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183 | (1) |
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Detecting DNA Methylation in Single Molecules: Bisulfite Conversion |
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183 | (1) |
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Detecting DNA Hydroxymethylation: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer |
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183 | (1) |
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Identifying Histone-Modification States: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation |
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183 | (1) |
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Detecting DNA Accessibility States: DNase Hypersensitivity Testing |
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184 | (1) |
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Detecting DNA Accessibility States in Single Molecules: Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin |
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184 | (1) |
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Publicly Available Resources Enable Exploration of Epigenetic States at Genome Scale |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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DNA Methylation and Cancer |
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184 | (1) |
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Global Epigenomic Alterations and Cancer |
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184 | (1) |
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Epigenetic Screening for Cancer |
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184 | (1) |
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Misregulation of miRNAs in Cancer |
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185 | (1) |
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Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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Unit III Mechanisms of Self-Defense |
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7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing |
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190 | (30) |
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191 | (1) |
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First Line of Defense: Physical, Mechanical, and Biochemical Barriers and Normal Microbiome |
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191 | (3) |
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Physical and Mechanical Barriers |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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Second Line of Defense: Inflammation |
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194 | (15) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (3) |
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Cellular Mediators of Inflammation |
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199 | (10) |
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Local Manifestations of Inflammation |
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209 | (1) |
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Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (8) |
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212 | (1) |
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Phase II: Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction) |
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212 | (2) |
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Phase III: Remodeling and Maturation |
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214 | (1) |
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Dysfunctional Wound Healing |
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214 | (1) |
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Pediatrics: Innate Immunity In the Newborn Child |
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215 | (1) |
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Aging: Innate Immunity In the Older Adult Population |
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216 | (4) |
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220 | (35) |
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General Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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221 | (3) |
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Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
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223 | (1) |
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Active vs. Passive Immunity |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (7) |
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224 | (1) |
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Molecules That Recognize Antigen |
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225 | (4) |
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Molecules That Present Antigen |
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229 | (2) |
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Molecules That Hold Cells Together |
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231 | (1) |
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Cytokines and Their Receptors |
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231 | (1) |
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Generation of Clonal Diversity |
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231 | (5) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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Induction of an Immune Response: Clonal Selection |
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236 | (9) |
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
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236 | (1) |
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Antigen Processing and Presentation |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (1) |
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B-Cell Clonal Selection: The Humoral Immune Response |
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240 | (4) |
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T-Cell Activation: The Cellular Immune Response |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (10) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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Fetal and Neonatel Immune Function |
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250 | (1) |
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Aging and Immune Function |
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251 | (4) |
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9 Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation |
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255 | (34) |
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Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity |
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255 | (18) |
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Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity |
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256 | (7) |
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Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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263 | (6) |
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Autoimmune and Alloimmune Diseases |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (16) |
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Initial Clinical Presentation |
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273 | (2) |
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Primary Immune Deficiencies |
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275 | (5) |
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Secondary Immune Deficiencies |
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280 | (3) |
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Evaluation and Care of Those with Immune Deficiency |
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283 | (1) |
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Replacement Therapies for Immune Deficiencies |
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284 | (5) |
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289 | (34) |
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290 | (1) |
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Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship |
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290 | (1) |
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Microorganisms and Infections |
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291 | (18) |
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Clinical Infectious Disease |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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Classes of Infectious Microorganisms |
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293 | (16) |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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309 | (7) |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Clinical Manifestations of HIV |
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312 | (1) |
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Treatment and Prevention of HIV |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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Countermeasures Against Pathogens |
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316 | (7) |
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Infection Control Measures |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (2) |
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Active Immunization: Vaccines |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (23) |
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Historical Background and General Concepts |
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323 | (1) |
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Concepts of Stress, Homeostasis, and Allostasis |
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324 | (3) |
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Psychoneuroimmunologic Mediators of Stress |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (11) |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
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328 | (1) |
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Neuroendocrine Regulation |
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329 | (9) |
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Stress, Illness, and Coping |
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338 | (8) |
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Aging and Stress: Stress-Age Syndrome |
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340 | (6) |
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Unit IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer |
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346 | (33) |
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Cancer Characteristics and Terminology |
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346 | (3) |
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Tumor Classification and Nomenclature |
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347 | (2) |
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The Biology of Cancer Cells |
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349 | (17) |
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351 | (7) |
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358 | (2) |
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Resistance to Destruction |
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360 | (4) |
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Activating Invasion and Metastasis |
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364 | (2) |
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Clinical Manifestations of Cancer |
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366 | (4) |
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366 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cachexia |
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367 | (3) |
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Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer |
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370 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Immunohistochemical and Genetic Analysis |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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Targeted Disruption of Cancer |
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375 | (4) |
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379 | (47) |
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Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue |
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379 | (1) |
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Incidence and Mortality Trends |
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380 | (5) |
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In Utero and Early Life Conditions |
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385 | (3) |
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Environmental-Lifestyle Factors |
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388 | (26) |
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388 | (4) |
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392 | (1) |
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Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity: Impacts on Cancer |
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392 | (11) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (6) |
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410 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation |
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411 | (1) |
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Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior, Human Papillomaviruses |
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412 | (2) |
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Other Viruses and Microorganisms |
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414 | (1) |
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Chemicals and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens |
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414 | (12) |
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426 | (8) |
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Incidence and Types of Cancer |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (3) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (3) |
Part Two: Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems |
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433 | (1166) |
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Unit V The Neurologic System |
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15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System |
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434 | (34) |
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Overview and Organization of the Nervous System |
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434 | (1) |
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Cells of the Nervous System |
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435 | (3) |
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435 | (1) |
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Neuroglia and Schwann Cells |
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435 | (1) |
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Nerve Injury and Regeneration |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (16) |
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439 | (8) |
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447 | (2) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (2) |
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Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System |
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452 | (3) |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (6) |
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Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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458 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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458 | (3) |
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Aging and the Nervous System |
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461 | (1) |
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Tests of Nervous System Structure and. Function |
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462 | (6) |
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Skull and Spine Roentgenograms |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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463 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography |
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463 | (1) |
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Positron-Emission Tomography Scan |
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463 | (1) |
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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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Echoencephalography (Ultrasound) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis |
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464 | (4) |
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16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function |
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468 | (36) |
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469 | (8) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (3) |
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472 | (2) |
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Clinical Descriptions of Pain |
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474 | (3) |
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Pediatrics and Perception of Pain |
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477 | (1) |
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Aging and Perception of Pain |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (6) |
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478 | (2) |
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Pediatrics and Temperature Regulation |
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480 | (1) |
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Aging and Temperature Regulation |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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Disorders of Temperature Regulation |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (3) |
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Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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Pediatrics and Sleep Patterns |
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484 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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Somatosensory Function and the Special Senses |
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486 | (18) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (5) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (1) |
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Aging and Olfaction and Taste |
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496 | (8) |
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17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function |
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504 | (46) |
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Alterations in Cognitive Systems |
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504 | (23) |
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505 | (7) |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (11) |
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525 | (2) |
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Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics |
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527 | (3) |
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Increased Intracranial Pressure |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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Alterations in Neuromotor Function |
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530 | (20) |
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Alterations in Muscle Tone |
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531 | (2) |
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Alterations in Muscle Movement |
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533 | (10) |
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Alterations in Complex Motor Performance |
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543 | (1) |
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Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes |
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544 | (6) |
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18 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction |
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550 | (50) |
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Central Nervous System Disorders |
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550 | (33) |
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Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury |
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550 | (11) |
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Degenerative Disorders of the Spine |
|
|
561 | (4) |
|
Cerebrovascular Disorders |
|
|
565 | (8) |
|
Primary Headache Syndromes |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Infection and Inflammation of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
574 | (7) |
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders |
|
|
583 | (4) |
|
Peripheral Nervous System Disorders |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
Tumors of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
587 | (13) |
|
|
587 | (5) |
|
|
592 | (8) |
|
19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
|
|
600 | (19) |
|
|
600 | (5) |
|
Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder |
|
|
605 | (6) |
|
|
611 | (3) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
|
|
614 | (5) |
|
20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children |
|
|
619 | (25) |
|
Development of the Nervous System in Children |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
621 | (5) |
|
Defects of Neural Tube Closure |
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Malformations of Brain Development |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies |
|
|
626 | (6) |
|
|
626 | (4) |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (9) |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
|
639 | (5) |
|
Unit VI The Endocrine System |
|
|
|
21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
644 | (25) |
|
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
644 | (4) |
|
Regulation of Hormone Release |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands |
|
|
648 | (21) |
|
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis |
|
|
648 | (5) |
|
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands |
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
Tests of Endocrine Function |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Endocrine System |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (5) |
|
22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation |
|
|
669 | (44) |
|
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System |
|
|
670 | (6) |
|
Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary |
|
|
672 | (4) |
|
Alterations of Thyroid Function |
|
|
676 | (6) |
|
Thyrotoxicosis/Hyperthyroidism |
|
|
676 | (3) |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
Alterations of Parathyroid Function |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
684 | (15) |
|
Types of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
685 | (7) |
|
Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
694 | (5) |
|
Alterations of Adrenal Function |
|
|
699 | (14) |
|
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
699 | (6) |
|
Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
705 | (8) |
|
23 Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition |
|
|
713 | (13) |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
|
715 | (4) |
|
Food Intake and Energy Balance |
|
|
716 | (3) |
|
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (5) |
|
Unit VII The Reproductive Systems |
|
|
|
24 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems |
|
|
726 | (29) |
|
Development of the Reproductive Systems |
|
|
726 | (4) |
|
Sexual Differentiation and Hormone Production In Utero |
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
Puberty and Reproductive Maturation |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
The Female Reproductive System |
|
|
730 | (9) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
733 | (3) |
|
The Menstrual (Ovarian) Cycle |
|
|
736 | (3) |
|
Structure and Function of the Breast |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
The Male Reproductive System |
|
|
741 | (5) |
|
|
741 | (3) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
744 | (2) |
|
Male Sex and Reproductive Hormones |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Tests of Reproductive Function |
|
|
746 | (9) |
|
Aging and Reproductive Function |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Female Reproductive System |
|
|
747 | (4) |
|
Aging and the Male Reproductive System |
|
|
751 | (4) |
|
25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System |
|
|
755 | (80) |
|
Abnormalities of Reproductive Tract Development |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Alterations of Sexual Maturation |
|
|
756 | (3) |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
757 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System |
|
|
759 | (29) |
|
Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations |
|
|
759 | (8) |
|
Infection and Inflammation |
|
|
767 | (4) |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions |
|
|
773 | (4) |
|
|
777 | (9) |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (47) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (3) |
|
|
792 | (43) |
|
26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System |
|
|
835 | (32) |
|
Alterations of Sexual Maturation |
|
|
835 | (3) |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System |
|
|
838 | (23) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (3) |
|
Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis |
|
|
841 | (5) |
|
Disorders of the Prostate Gland |
|
|
846 | (13) |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
Impairment of Sperm Production and Quality |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Male Breast |
|
|
861 | (6) |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
861 | (6) |
|
27 Sexually Transmitted Infections |
|
|
867 | (23) |
|
Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections |
|
|
869 | (16) |
|
|
869 | (10) |
|
|
879 | (4) |
|
|
883 | (2) |
|
Sexually Transmitted Infections of Other Body Systems |
|
|
885 | (5) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (4) |
|
Unit VIII The Hematologic System |
|
|
|
28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System |
|
|
890 | (36) |
|
Components of the Hematologic System |
|
|
890 | (8) |
|
|
890 | (6) |
|
|
896 | (2) |
|
Development of Blood Cells |
|
|
898 | (12) |
|
|
898 | (4) |
|
Development of Erythrocytes |
|
|
902 | (7) |
|
Development of Leukocytes |
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (7) |
|
Function of Blood Vessels |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
Function of Clotting Factors |
|
|
912 | (4) |
|
Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System |
|
|
917 | (9) |
|
Tests of Bone Marrow Function |
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
Pediatrics and the Hematologic System |
|
|
917 | (5) |
|
Aging and the Hematologic System |
|
|
922 | (4) |
|
29 Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function |
|
|
926 | (37) |
|
|
926 | (19) |
|
Classification and General Characteristics |
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
|
928 | (4) |
|
Anemias of Diminished Erythropoiesis |
|
|
932 | (13) |
|
Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders |
|
|
945 | (2) |
|
|
945 | (2) |
|
|
947 | (1) |
|
Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation |
|
|
947 | (16) |
|
|
947 | (5) |
|
|
952 | (11) |
|
30 Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function |
|
|
963 | (29) |
|
Alterations of Leukocyte Function |
|
|
963 | (13) |
|
Quantitative Alterations of Leukocytes |
|
|
963 | (3) |
|
|
966 | (2) |
|
Lymphoid Neoplasm: Leukemias |
|
|
968 | (8) |
|
Alterations of Lymphoid Function |
|
|
976 | (12) |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
976 | (7) |
|
|
983 | (5) |
|
Alterations of Splenic Function |
|
|
988 | (4) |
|
31 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children |
|
|
992 | (25) |
|
Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Postnatal Changes in the Blood |
|
|
993 | (2) |
|
|
993 | (2) |
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
Disorders of Erythrocytes |
|
|
995 | (11) |
|
|
995 | (4) |
|
|
999 | (7) |
|
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets |
|
|
1006 | (4) |
|
Inherited Hemorrhagic Disease |
|
|
1006 | (2) |
|
Antibody-Mediated Hemorrhagic Disease |
|
|
1008 | (2) |
|
|
1010 | (7) |
|
|
1010 | (2) |
|
|
1012 | (5) |
|
Unit IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
|
32 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
1017 | (42) |
|
|
1017 | (2) |
|
|
1019 | (17) |
|
Structures That Direct Circulation Through the Heart |
|
|
1019 | (3) |
|
Structures That Support Cardiac Metabolism: The Coronary Vessels |
|
|
1022 | (3) |
|
Structures That Control Heart Action |
|
|
1025 | (7) |
|
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output |
|
|
1032 | (4) |
|
|
1036 | (13) |
|
Structure of Blood Vessels |
|
|
1036 | (4) |
|
Factors Affecting Blood Flow |
|
|
1040 | (3) |
|
Regulation of Blood Pressure |
|
|
1043 | (5) |
|
Regulation of Coronary Circulation |
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
|
1049 | (1) |
|
Tests of Cardiovascular Function |
|
|
1049 | (10) |
|
Cardiac and Coronary Artery Evaluation |
|
|
1050 | (2) |
|
Systemic Vascular Evaluation |
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Cardiovascular System |
|
|
1053 | (6) |
|
33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function |
|
|
1059 | (56) |
|
|
1059 | (2) |
|
Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency |
|
|
1059 | (1) |
|
|
1060 | (1) |
|
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome |
|
|
1061 | (1) |
|
|
1061 | (27) |
|
|
1061 | (7) |
|
Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
1068 | (2) |
|
Arterial Thrombus Formation |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
Peripheral Vascular Diseases |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
|
1072 | (1) |
|
Peripheral Artery Disease |
|
|
1072 | (2) |
|
Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, and Acute Coronary Syndromes |
|
|
1074 | (14) |
|
Disorders of the Heart Wall |
|
|
1088 | (10) |
|
Disorders of the Pericardium |
|
|
1088 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Myocardium: The Cardiomyopathies |
|
|
1089 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Endocardium |
|
|
1091 | (7) |
|
Manifestations of Heart Disease |
|
|
1098 | (17) |
|
|
1098 | (5) |
|
|
1103 | (12) |
|
34 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children |
|
|
1115 | (28) |
|
Development of The Cardiovascular System |
|
|
1115 | (4) |
|
|
1115 | (3) |
|
Transitional Circulation and Closure of Fetal Shunts |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
|
1119 | (17) |
|
Classification of Congenital Heart Defects and Associated Conditions |
|
|
1120 | (3) |
|
Defects Increasing Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
1123 | (4) |
|
Defects Decreasing Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
1127 | (2) |
|
|
1129 | (4) |
|
|
1133 | (3) |
|
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders |
|
|
1136 | (7) |
|
|
1136 | (1) |
|
|
1137 | (2) |
|
|
1139 | (4) |
|
Unit X The Pulmonary System |
|
|
|
35 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1143 | (20) |
|
Structures of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1143 | (7) |
|
|
1143 | (3) |
|
|
1146 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation |
|
|
1147 | (2) |
|
|
1149 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1150 | (8) |
|
|
1150 | (4) |
|
|
1154 | (4) |
|
Tests of Pulmonary Function |
|
|
1158 | (5) |
|
Aging and the Pulmonary System |
|
|
1159 | (4) |
|
36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function |
|
|
1163 | (39) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations |
|
|
1163 | (4) |
|
Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
1163 | (2) |
|
Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury |
|
|
1165 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleur |
|
|
1167 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Chest Wall |
|
|
1167 | (1) |
|
|
1168 | (1) |
|
|
1169 | (33) |
|
Restrictive Lung Disorders |
|
|
1169 | (7) |
|
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
1176 | (9) |
|
Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
1185 | (5) |
|
Pulmonary Vascular Disease |
|
|
1190 | (3) |
|
Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
1193 | (9) |
|
37 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children |
|
|
1202 | (26) |
|
|
1202 | (1) |
|
|
1202 | (1) |
|
Lower Airways and Lung Parenchyma |
|
|
1202 | (1) |
|
|
1203 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Characteristics |
|
|
1203 | (1) |
|
|
1203 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Control of Respiration |
|
|
1203 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Upper Airways |
|
|
1203 | (9) |
|
|
1205 | (7) |
|
Disorders of the Lower Airways |
|
|
1212 | (10) |
|
Surfactant Deficiency Disorder (Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn) |
|
|
1212 | (2) |
|
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |
|
|
1214 | (2) |
|
Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
1216 | (2) |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (2) |
|
Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
|
|
1220 | (1) |
|
|
1220 | (2) |
|
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
|
1222 | (6) |
|
Unit XI The Renal and Urologic Systems |
|
|
|
38 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems |
|
|
1228 | (18) |
|
Structures of the Renal System |
|
|
1228 | (6) |
|
|
1228 | (6) |
|
|
1234 | (1) |
|
|
1234 | (2) |
|
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
1235 | (1) |
|
Neural Regulation of Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
1235 | (1) |
|
Hormones and Other Factors Regulating Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
1235 | (1) |
|
|
1236 | (5) |
|
|
1236 | (4) |
|
Hormones and Nephron Function |
|
|
1240 | (1) |
|
|
1240 | (1) |
|
|
1241 | (5) |
|
|
1241 | (1) |
|
Clearance and Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
1242 | (1) |
|
|
1242 | (1) |
|
|
1243 | (3) |
|
39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function |
|
|
1246 | (32) |
|
Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1246 | (8) |
|
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1246 | (3) |
|
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction |
|
|
1249 | (3) |
|
|
1252 | (2) |
|
|
1254 | (3) |
|
Causes of Urinary Tract Infection |
|
|
1254 | (1) |
|
Types of Urinary Tract Infection |
|
|
1255 | (2) |
|
|
1257 | (6) |
|
|
1257 | (4) |
|
Chronic Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
1261 | (1) |
|
Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes |
|
|
1262 | (1) |
|
|
1263 | (4) |
|
Classification of Kidney Dysfunction |
|
|
1263 | (1) |
|
|
1264 | (3) |
|
|
1267 | (11) |
|
Creatinine, Urea Clearance, and Cystatin C |
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
|
|
1270 | (1) |
|
Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone |
|
|
1271 | (7) |
|
40 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children |
|
|
1278 | (15) |
|
Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children |
|
|
1278 | (2) |
|
Development of the Urinary System |
|
|
1278 | (1) |
|
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Children |
|
|
1279 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children |
|
|
1280 | (13) |
|
|
1280 | (2) |
|
|
1282 | (4) |
|
|
1286 | (1) |
|
|
1287 | (2) |
|
|
1289 | (4) |
|
Unit XII The Digestive System |
|
|
|
41 Structure and Function of the Digestive System |
|
|
1293 | (28) |
|
The Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1294 | (14) |
|
|
1295 | (1) |
|
|
1296 | (4) |
|
|
1300 | (6) |
|
|
1306 | (1) |
|
The Gastrointestinal Tract and Immunity |
|
|
1307 | (1) |
|
|
1308 | (1) |
|
|
1308 | (1) |
|
Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1308 | (6) |
|
|
1309 | (3) |
|
|
1312 | (1) |
|
|
1312 | (2) |
|
Tests of Digestive Function |
|
|
1314 | (7) |
|
|
1314 | (1) |
|
|
1314 | (1) |
|
|
1315 | (1) |
|
|
1315 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Gastrointestinal System |
|
|
1315 | (6) |
|
42 Alterations of Digestive Function |
|
|
1321 | (52) |
|
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1321 | (21) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction |
|
|
1321 | (4) |
|
|
1325 | (6) |
|
|
1331 | (1) |
|
|
1332 | (4) |
|
|
1336 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
|
|
1337 | (5) |
|
Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency |
|
|
1342 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1342 | (14) |
|
Common Complications of Liver Disorders |
|
|
1342 | (5) |
|
|
1347 | (6) |
|
Disorders of the Gallbladder |
|
|
1353 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Pancreas |
|
|
1354 | (2) |
|
Cancer of the Digestive System |
|
|
1356 | (17) |
|
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1356 | (6) |
|
Cancer of the Accessory Organs of Digestion |
|
|
1362 | (11) |
|
43 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children |
|
|
1373 | (22) |
|
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
1373 | (13) |
|
Congenital Impairment of Motility |
|
|
1373 | (3) |
|
Obstructions of the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum |
|
|
1376 | (2) |
|
|
1378 | (1) |
|
Acquired Impairment of Motility |
|
|
1379 | (1) |
|
Impairment of Digestion, Absorption, and Nutrition |
|
|
1380 | (5) |
|
|
1385 | (1) |
|
|
1386 | (9) |
|
Disorders of Biliary Metabolism and Transport |
|
|
1386 | (1) |
|
|
1387 | (1) |
|
|
1388 | (1) |
|
|
1389 | (6) |
|
Unit XIII The Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
|
44 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
1395 | (28) |
|
Structure and Function of Bones |
|
|
1395 | (11) |
|
|
1396 | (6) |
|
|
1402 | (1) |
|
|
1402 | (1) |
|
Maintenance of Bone Integrity |
|
|
1403 | (3) |
|
Structure and Function of Joints |
|
|
1406 | (4) |
|
|
1406 | (1) |
|
|
1406 | (1) |
|
|
1407 | (3) |
|
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles |
|
|
1410 | (8) |
|
|
1411 | (3) |
|
Components of Muscle Function |
|
|
1414 | (4) |
|
Tests of Musculoskeletal Function |
|
|
1418 | (5) |
|
|
1418 | (1) |
|
|
1418 | (1) |
|
Tests of Muscular Function |
|
|
1418 | (1) |
|
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
1418 | (1) |
|
|
1418 | (1) |
|
|
1419 | (1) |
|
|
1419 | (4) |
|
45 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function |
|
|
1423 | (49) |
|
|
1423 | (9) |
|
|
1423 | (4) |
|
|
1427 | (5) |
|
|
1432 | (13) |
|
|
1432 | (8) |
|
Infectious Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis |
|
|
1440 | (1) |
|
|
1441 | (4) |
|
|
1445 | (13) |
|
|
1445 | (5) |
|
Classic Inflammatory Joint Disease |
|
|
1450 | (8) |
|
Disorders of Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
1458 | (14) |
|
Secondary Muscular Dysfunction |
|
|
1458 | (3) |
|
Muscle Membrane Abnormalities |
|
|
1461 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Muscle Diseases |
|
|
1462 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Muscle Diseases: Myositis |
|
|
1463 | (1) |
|
|
1464 | (1) |
|
|
1464 | (8) |
|
46 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children |
|
|
1472 | (24) |
|
Musculoskeletal Development in Children |
|
|
1472 | (2) |
|
|
1472 | (1) |
|
|
1473 | (1) |
|
|
1473 | (1) |
|
|
1474 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal Alterations in Children |
|
|
1474 | (18) |
|
|
1474 | (4) |
|
Abnormal Density or Modeling of the Skeleton |
|
|
1478 | (4) |
|
Bone Infection: Osteomyelitis |
|
|
1482 | (2) |
|
|
1484 | (1) |
|
Avascular Diseases of the Bone: Osteochondrosis |
|
|
1484 | (2) |
|
|
1486 | (1) |
|
|
1486 | (3) |
|
Musculoskeletal Tumors in Children |
|
|
1489 | (3) |
|
|
1492 | (4) |
|
Unit XIV The Integumentary System |
|
|
|
47 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument |
|
|
1496 | (34) |
|
Structure and Function of the Skin |
|
|
1496 | (9) |
|
|
1496 | (2) |
|
|
1498 | (1) |
|
|
1499 | (1) |
|
|
1499 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Skin Dysfunction |
|
|
1499 | (6) |
|
|
1505 | (19) |
|
|
1505 | (2) |
|
|
1507 | (4) |
|
Vesiculobullous Disorders |
|
|
1511 | (1) |
|
|
1512 | (4) |
|
|
1516 | (2) |
|
|
1518 | (1) |
|
|
1519 | (4) |
|
|
1523 | (1) |
|
|
1524 | (1) |
|
|
1524 | (1) |
|
|
1524 | (1) |
|
|
1524 | (6) |
|
|
1524 | (1) |
|
|
1524 | (6) |
|
48 Alterations of the Integument in Children |
|
|
1530 | (13) |
|
|
1530 | (1) |
|
|
1531 | (1) |
|
|
1531 | (1) |
|
|
1532 | (1) |
|
|
1532 | (5) |
|
|
1532 | (2) |
|
|
1534 | (1) |
|
|
1534 | (3) |
|
Insect Bites and Parasites |
|
|
1537 | (2) |
|
|
1537 | (1) |
|
Pediculosis (Lice Infestation) |
|
|
1538 | (1) |
|
|
1538 | (1) |
|
|
1539 | (1) |
|
Cutaneous Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations |
|
|
1539 | (1) |
|
|
1539 | (1) |
|
Cutaneous Vascular Malformations |
|
|
1540 | (1) |
|
|
1540 | (3) |
|
|
1540 | (1) |
|
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum |
|
|
1540 | (3) |
|
Unit XV Multiple Interacting Systems |
|
|
|
49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults |
|
|
1543 | (29) |
|
|
1543 | (11) |
|
Cellular Alterations and Impairment of Cellular Metabolism |
|
|
1544 | (1) |
|
Types of Shock, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment |
|
|
1545 | (9) |
|
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
|
1554 | (5) |
|
|
1559 | (13) |
|
Epidemiology and Etiology |
|
|
1559 | (1) |
|
|
1559 | (13) |
|
50 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children |
|
|
1572 | (27) |
|
Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
|
|
1572 | (15) |
|
|
1573 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestations of Shock |
|
|
1573 | (9) |
|
Reperfusion and Inflammatory Injury |
|
|
1582 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Shock and Reperfusion Injury |
|
|
1582 | (5) |
|
|
1587 | (12) |
|
|
1588 | (11) |
Glossary |
|
1599 | (21) |
Index |
|
1620 | |