Table of statutes |
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xx | |
Table of cases |
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xxix | |
Glossary of common terms |
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lxv | |
Part I: The Importance of Equity |
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3 | (23) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (6) |
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10 | (5) |
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15 | (7) |
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22 | (1) |
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7 The creativity of equity |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (18) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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3 Trustees are subject to obligations |
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28 | (4) |
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4 The rights of beneficiaries |
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32 | (2) |
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5 Classification of equitable obligations |
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34 | (8) |
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6 A practical guide to interpretation |
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42 | (2) |
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3 Equity and the management of property |
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44 | (25) |
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44 | (1) |
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2 Hiding the identity of the true owner of property |
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44 | (1) |
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3 Transferring the ownership of property |
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45 | (1) |
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4 Sharing ownership of property |
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45 | (2) |
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5 Protecting equitable interests in property |
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47 | (1) |
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6 Delegating management or allocation functions |
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48 | (3) |
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7 Gifts to be applied for purposes |
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51 | (1) |
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8 Gifts for charitable purposes |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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10 Property holding by clubs and societies |
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55 | (1) |
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11 Trusts arising to protect legitimate expectations |
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55 | (1) |
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12 Trusts that are remedial in effect |
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56 | (1) |
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13 Trusts and tax planning |
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57 | (2) |
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14 Arrangements without trusts |
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59 | (10) |
Part II: Creating the Relationship |
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69 | (23) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (4) |
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4 Certainty of subject matter |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (12) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (30) |
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92 | (1) |
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2 Two ways of creating a valid trust |
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92 | (2) |
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3 Requirements of an express trust |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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5 Constituting the trust by transfer |
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99 | (8) |
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6 Ineffective transfers and declaration |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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8 Exceptions to the rule that 'equity will not assist a volunteer' |
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110 | (7) |
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9 Common law remedies for incompletely constituted trusts |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (14) |
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122 | (1) |
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2 Inter vivos declarations of trust |
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122 | (3) |
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3 Declarations of trusts by will |
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125 | (1) |
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4 Dispositions of subsisting equitable interests |
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126 | (9) |
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5 Resulting and constructive trusts |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (11) |
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136 | (1) |
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2 The rule against perpetuities |
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136 | (3) |
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3 Conditional and determinable interests |
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139 | (8) |
Part III: Resulting and Constructive Trusts |
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147 | (43) |
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147 | (1) |
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2 What are resulting trusts? |
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147 | (1) |
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3 Distinguishing resulting trusts |
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148 | (2) |
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4 Rationale of resulting trusts |
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150 | (4) |
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5 Presumed resulting trusts |
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154 | (19) |
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8 Resulting trusts operating to reverse unjust enrichment? |
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173 | (3) |
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6 Automatic resulting trusts |
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176 | (5) |
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181 | (8) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (27) |
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190 | (2) |
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2 The role of constructive trusts |
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192 | (2) |
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3 Preventing benefit from crime |
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194 | (6) |
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4 Common intention constructive trusts |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (5) |
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6 The 'remedial constructive trust' |
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206 | (11) |
Part IV: Equity in Action |
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10 Interests in the family home |
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217 | (23) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (3) |
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3 Features of the current approach |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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5 Applying the current approach |
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227 | (10) |
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6 Criticism of the 'common intention' constructive trust |
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237 | (3) |
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11 The evolution of rights in the family home |
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240 | (19) |
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240 | (1) |
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2 The deserted wife's equity |
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240 | (1) |
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3 A proprietary interest in the home |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (6) |
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5 Common intention constructive trusts |
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247 | (12) |
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259 | (28) |
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259 | (1) |
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2 The nature of proprietary estoppel |
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259 | (1) |
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3 Establishing the equity |
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260 | (15) |
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275 | (11) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (15) |
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287 | (1) |
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2 Types of clubs and societies |
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287 | (1) |
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3 The problem of asset holding and management |
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288 | (7) |
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4 Dissolution of clubs and societies |
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295 | (1) |
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5 Surplus funds on dissolution |
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296 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (49) |
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302 | (1) |
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2 Methods of making provision after death |
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302 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (11) |
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319 | (11) |
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330 | (21) |
Part V: Charities |
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15 The role and status of charities |
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351 | (11) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (5) |
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3 Mechanisms for charitable giving |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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5 Regulation and control of charities |
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357 | (1) |
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6 Negative perceptions of charity |
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358 | (1) |
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7 Privileges enjoyed by charitable trusts |
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358 | (4) |
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362 | (60) |
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362 | (1) |
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2 Defining charitable trusts |
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362 | (4) |
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366 | (24) |
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4 Recognizing new charitable purposes |
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390 | (2) |
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5 Charitable purposes overseas |
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392 | (1) |
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6 Trusts with political objects |
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393 | (7) |
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7 The requirement of public benefit |
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400 | (18) |
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8 Interpreting charitable gifts |
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418 | (4) |
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17 Cy-pres: redistributing funds and changing purposes |
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422 | (15) |
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422 | (2) |
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2 Circumstances justifying cy-pres application |
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424 | (2) |
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3 Subsequent failure of charitable gifts |
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426 | (1) |
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4 Initial failure of charitable gifts |
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427 | (5) |
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432 | (2) |
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6 Failure of charitable appeals |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
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18 Control and regulation of charitable trusts |
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437 | (26) |
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437 | (1) |
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2 Features of the regulatory system |
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438 | (5) |
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443 | (20) |
Part VI: Allocation of Benefit |
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463 | (15) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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3 Beneficial entitlement and ownership |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (8) |
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5 Charitable and benevolent giving |
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473 | (1) |
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6 The duty to act even-handedly |
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473 | (5) |
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478 | (10) |
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478 | (1) |
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2 Nature of a fixed trust |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (4) |
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4 Beneficial entitlement to defined interests |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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6 Execution and performance |
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484 | (1) |
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7 Dealing with the equitable interest |
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485 | (3) |
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488 | (20) |
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488 | (1) |
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2 Nature of powers of appointment |
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488 | (3) |
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3 Rights of the objects of powers |
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491 | (1) |
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4 The validity of powers of appointment |
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491 | (1) |
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5 Exercise of powers of appointment |
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492 | (2) |
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6 Duties of the donee of a mere power of appointment |
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494 | (3) |
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7 Failure to exercise a mere power |
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497 | (3) |
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8 When is a power fiduciary? |
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500 | (1) |
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9 Duties of the donee of fiduciary powers |
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501 | (1) |
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10 Supervision by the court of fiduciary powers |
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502 | (2) |
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11 Effect of failure to exercise a fiduciary power |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (4) |
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508 | (13) |
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508 | (1) |
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2 The nature of discretionary trusts |
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508 | (2) |
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3 The development of the discretionary trust |
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510 | (1) |
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4 Types of discretionary trusts |
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510 | (1) |
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5 Essential validity of discretionary trusts |
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511 | (5) |
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6 Rights of beneficiaries of discretionary trusts |
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516 | (1) |
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7 The duties of trustees of discretionary trusts |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (1) |
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9 Enforcement by the court |
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519 | (2) |
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23 Powers of maintenance and advancement |
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521 | (9) |
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521 | (1) |
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2 What are powers of maintenance and advancement? |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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4 The trustees' power of maintenance |
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522 | (4) |
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5 The trustees' power of advancement |
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526 | (4) |
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24 Variation of beneficial interests |
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530 | (21) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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3 Variation under the inherent jurisdiction of the court |
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532 | (3) |
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4 Miscellaneous statutory powers |
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535 | (2) |
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5 The Variation of Trusts Act 1958 |
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537 | (14) |
Part VII: Managing Trusts |
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25 Management and delegation |
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551 | (16) |
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551 | (1) |
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2 The extent of management powers |
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552 | (4) |
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556 | (1) |
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4 Delegation at common law |
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557 | (2) |
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5 A statutory right to delegate |
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559 | (1) |
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6 The current statutory framework |
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560 | (5) |
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565 | (2) |
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567 | (25) |
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567 | (1) |
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2 The purpose of investment |
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568 | (1) |
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569 | (2) |
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571 | (7) |
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5 Widening of powers of investment |
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578 | (1) |
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579 | (3) |
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582 | (8) |
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590 | (2) |
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27 Appointing and changing trustees |
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592 | (25) |
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592 | (1) |
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592 | (3) |
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595 | (1) |
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4 Appointing new trustees |
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596 | (2) |
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598 | (6) |
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604 | (5) |
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7 Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
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609 | (1) |
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8 Appointment of special trustees |
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610 | (2) |
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9 The court's inherent jurisdiction |
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612 | (5) |
Part VIII: Checks, Controls, and Remedies |
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28 Control and accountability |
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617 | (20) |
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1 The need for control and accountability |
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617 | (2) |
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619 | (4) |
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3 The duty to exercise discretions properly |
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623 | (6) |
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4 Are trustees required to give reasons for their decisions? |
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629 | (2) |
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5 Information about the trust |
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631 | (6) |
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29 Remedies against the trustee for breach of trust |
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637 | (35) |
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637 | (1) |
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2 Meaning of breach of trust |
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637 | (10) |
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3 Compensation for breach of trust |
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647 | (9) |
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4 Defences to liability for breach of trust |
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656 | (12) |
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5 Contribution and indemnity where a trustee is liable |
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668 | (4) |
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672 | (41) |
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672 | (1) |
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2 Fiduciary relationships |
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672 | (8) |
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680 | (1) |
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681 | (2) |
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5 Unauthorized remuneration |
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683 | (2) |
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6 Purchase of trust property by trustees |
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685 | (3) |
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7 Bribes and secret commissions |
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688 | (1) |
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689 | (3) |
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692 | (3) |
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10 Use of confidential information |
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695 | (2) |
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11 Liability for breach of fiduciary duty |
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697 | (5) |
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702 | (7) |
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13 Defences to an action for breach of fiduciary duty |
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709 | (4) |
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31 Remedies against strangers to the trust |
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713 | (35) |
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713 | (1) |
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2 When can strangers be liable? |
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713 | (4) |
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717 | (2) |
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4 Dishonest assistance in breach of trust |
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719 | (12) |
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5 Proprietary remedies for receipt in breach of trust |
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731 | (1) |
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6 Liability for unconscionable receipt |
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731 | (15) |
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7 Mapping a way through personal stranger claims |
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746 | (2) |
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748 | (51) |
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748 | (1) |
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748 | (10) |
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3 Tracing and claiming at common law |
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758 | (10) |
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4 Tracing and claiming in equity |
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768 | (31) |
Part IX: Equity's Contribution to Remedies |
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33 Rescission, rectification, and account |
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799 | (18) |
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1 Introduction to equitable remedies |
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799 | (1) |
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2 Where equity intervenes |
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799 | (1) |
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800 | (10) |
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810 | (3) |
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813 | (4) |
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817 | (14) |
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817 | (1) |
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817 | (1) |
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3 When is specific performance available? |
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818 | (3) |
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4 Contracts where specific performance is not available |
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821 | (6) |
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827 | (1) |
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6 Defences to specific performance |
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828 | (2) |
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7 Damages in lieu of specific performance |
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830 | (1) |
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8 Effect of order of specific performance |
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830 | (1) |
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831 | (36) |
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831 | (1) |
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832 | (2) |
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3 General principles governing perpetual injunctions |
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834 | (7) |
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4 General principles governing interlocutory injunctions |
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841 | (6) |
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5 General principles governing quia timet injunctions |
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847 | (1) |
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6 Rights which will be protected by injunction |
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848 | (5) |
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7 Injunctions to protect privacy, and reputation |
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853 | (6) |
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859 | (5) |
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864 | (3) |
Index |
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867 | |