Perceptual Development: Visual, Auditory and Speech Perception in Infancy [Mīkstie vāki]

List of contributors xi Preface xiii PART I How the visual system develops: Normal and abnormal development 1(66) Introduction 3(2) The development of basic visual abilities 5(46) Louise Hainline Introduction 5(2) A context for assessing infant vision 7(2) The need for assessment of infant vision 9(1) Development of visual structures 9(4) Development of spatial vision 13(12) Development of colour vision 25(2) Development of accommodation and vergence 27(7) Development of sensory binocularity 34(1) Oculomotor development 35(6) Conclusion 41(1) References 42(8) Acknowledgements 50(1) Abnormal visual development 51(16) Merrick J. Moseley Meir Neufeld Alistair R. Fielder Introduction 51(1) Visual development: Effect of abnormal influences 52(2) Principles of abnormal visual development: Amblyopia 54(4) Paediatric ophthalmic disorders 58(6) Notes 64(1) References 64(3) PART II Visual development: From sensation to perception 67(174) Introduction 69(4) Nativism and empiricism: The history of two ideas 73(32) Ian Gordon Alan Slater Introduction 73(2) The historical background to empiricism 75(2) The historical background to nativism 77(1) The adoption of empiricism and nativism by early psychologists and physiologists: Helmholtz and Hering 78(2) Some landmarks in the development of empiricism and nativism 80(6) Nativism: The Gestalt theory, ethology and Gibsons concept of the affordance 86(5) The search for compromises between nativism and empiricism 91(4) Methods of enquiry: The ways in which researchers have attempted to decide between the two traditions 95(7) References 102(3) The competent infant: Innate organisation and early learning in infant visual perception 105(26) Alan Slater Introduction 105(1) Preparedness for visual perception 105(2) Visual organisation soon after birth 107(3) Innate representations and early learning: The case of face perception 110(7) Visual organisation in the early months 117(1) The roles of experience and learning 118(8) Conclusions 126(1) References 127(3) Acknowledgements 130(1) Object and spatial categorisation in young infants: ``What and ``Where in early visual perception 131(36) Paul C. Quinn Introduction: The importance of perceptual categorisation 131(2) Methodology 133(2) Perceptually based categorical representations for objects 135(15) Categorical representations for spatial relations 150(6) Global influences on the development of object and spatial categorisation 156(4) Overview 160(1) References 160(5) Acknowledgements 165(2) The development of infant causal perception 167(44) Leslie B. Cohen Geoffrey Amsel Melissa A. Redford Marianella Casasola Introduction 167(2) A working definition of causality 169(1) Historical views and distinctions 169(4) Evidence from occluded events 173(3) Evidence from visible events 176(5) Evidence from younger infants 181(3) Evidence from older infants 184(5) Evidence on the agent-patient distinction 189(5) Meeting Fodors conditions 194(1) Extensions to language 195(9) General conclusion 204(2) Notes 206(1) References 206(3) Acknowledgements 209(2) Object perception and object knowledge in young infants: A view from studies of visual development 211(30) Scott P. Johnson Introduction: Object perception and object knowledge in everyday life 211(2) The development of object knowledge: Piagets theory 213(2) Visual skills in the neonate: The foundations of object perception and object knowledge 215(3) Object perception and object knowledge in the neonate 218(4) Object perception and object knowledge in the 2- to 3-month-old 222(3) Object perception and object knowledge in the 4- to 6-month-old 225(3) Object perception and object knowledge in the 7- to 12-month-old 228(4) Caveats: The problems of replicability and disagreement between studies 232(2) Theoretical accounts of the development of object knowledge 234(3) Conclusions 237(1) References 237(4) PART III Perception of social stimuli 241(70) Introduction 243(4) Infant social perception 247(40) Darwin W. Muir Jacqueline Nadel Introduction 247(3) Newborn social perception 250(2) Social awakening between 1 and 2 months of age 252(5) Social discrimination: Social signals driving affect and attention of 3- to 6-month-olds 257(17) The onset of the triadic system 274(3) General summary and conclusions 277(2) References 279(6) Acknowledgements 285(2) Discrimination and categorisation of facial expressions of emotion during infancy 287(24) Michelle de Haan Charles A. Nelson Introduction 287(1) Discrimination of facial expressions 288(6) Categorisation of facial expressions 294(6) How are expressions encoded? 300(4) Summary and conclusions 304(2) References 306(5) PART IV Perception of speech 311(110) Introduction 313(4) Foetal responses to auditory and speech stimuli 317(40) Jean-Pierre Lecanuet Introduction 317(1) Potential sources of stimulation in the foetal milieu 318(5) Ontogeny of the auditory system 323(1) Evidence of foetal auditory functioning 324(12) Responses to previously encountered stimulation: Foetal learning 336(4) Conclusion 340(6) References 346(9) Acknowledgements 355(2) Speech perception during the first year 357(32) Peter W. Jusczyk Derek Houston Mara Goodman Introduction 357(1) Early speech perception capacities 358(9) Perceptual capacities and language acquisition 367(16) References 383(5) Acknowledgements 388(1) Three methods for testing infant speech perception 389(32) Janet F. Werker Rushen Shi Renee Desjardins Judith E. Pegg Linda Polka Michelle Patterson Introduction 389(1) The conditioned head turn (CHT) procedure 390(10) The visual habituation (VH) procedure 400(10) The high-amplitude sucking (HAS) procedure 410(6) Summary and conclusions 416(1) Notes 417(1) References 417(3) Acknowledgements 420(1) Author index 421(9) Subject index 430