| Foreword |
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v | |
| Chapter 1 Biological Evolution is Now Being Studied at the Level of Elementary Particles |
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1 | (6) |
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The Search for the Physical Rules that Predict the Atomic Behavior of DNA and of Proteins |
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2 | (1) |
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The Present Creation of New Accelerators and Spallation Sources |
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2 | (2) |
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Visualizing Individual Hydrogen Atoms and Tracing Atom Mobility within a Macromolecule |
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4 | (3) |
| Chapter 2 The Unexpected Surge of Periodicity Among Plants and Animals is Anchored to that of Elementary Particles and Chemical Elements |
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7 | (12) |
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Elementary Particles Show Already Evolution and Periodicity |
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8 | (1) |
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The Well Established Periodicity at the Atomic Level Contains Many Irregularities |
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9 | (2) |
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The Periodicity of the Chemical Elements has Determined that of Minerals and its Extension to the Biological Level Could not be Avoided |
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11 | (1) |
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Biological Periodicity in 1995 and 20 Years Later. Novel Structures Appear "Ready Made" |
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12 | (1) |
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The Occurrence of Order at the Cell Level |
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13 | (1) |
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Evolution Started with the Ordered Combination of Quarks and Leptons-DNA, and the Cell, were Later Arrivals in this Process that were Obliged to Follow the Energy States of their Atoms |
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14 | (1) |
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The Graphic Display of the Periodicity of the Chemical Elements Fits into that of the Biological Properties |
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15 | (4) |
| Chapter 3 Carnivory in Plants is not a "Paradoxical Event" but is Due to the Expression of Specific Genes and Chemical Modifications of DNA |
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19 | (38) |
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20 | (1) |
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Carnivory in Plants is a Recent Invention |
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20 | (1) |
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Carnivory Evolved Independently at Least on Ten Occasions |
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21 | (1) |
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Carnivorous Plants are Derived from Five Botanical Orders and there are Proto-carnivores |
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21 | (4) |
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Carnivorous Plants are Found on all Continents and Number Over 300 Species |
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25 | (1) |
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A Carnivorous Organ is the Product of the Coherent Combination of an Impressive Number of Structures and Functions that Occur Separately in other Plant Families |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Covering Lids, Mobile Doors, Oriented Hairs and Transparent Windows are Incredible Structures that Convey Extreme Efficiency |
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31 | (1) |
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DNA Evolution Has not Allowed Flowers to Become Carnivores |
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32 | (1) |
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Carnivory does not Occur in Roots Although they Produce Digestive Enzymes |
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33 | (1) |
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Fruits are Loaded with Digestive Enzymes but are not Carnivorous |
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33 | (1) |
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Adhesive Glands Similar to those Found in Carnivorous Plants are Present Elsewhere without Being Accompanied by Carnivory |
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34 | (1) |
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Coordinated Movements also Occur in Orchids where they Participate in Pollination |
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35 | (1) |
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The Exquisite Pitcher Shapes that Leaves Assume in Carnivory are Found in Leaves and Flowers of Non-carnivorous Plants |
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35 | (1) |
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Carnivorous Structures without Digestive Enzymes and Enzymes without Digestive Ability |
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36 | (1) |
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Carnivory was Lost in Some Species or was Never Allowed to be Completed |
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36 | (2) |
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A Battery of Genes Decides the Fusion of Leaves-This is Accompanied by the Fusion of Flower Parts |
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38 | (1) |
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Genes Decide the Emergence of Carnivory-Isolation and Characterization of its Genes and their Repression |
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38 | (1) |
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Within the Same Plant Carnivorous Leaves Emerge at the Side of Non-carnivorous Ones by Change in Gene Expression |
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39 | (1) |
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Specific Genes are Responsible for the Directed Movements of Tendrils |
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40 | (3) |
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The Recurrence of Prehensile Organs from Plants to Apes |
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43 | (2) |
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Protection Against Own Digesting Enzymes and Protection Against Own Venom are Directly Related |
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45 | (1) |
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Coherence is Explicit in Carnivory. Plant-animal Similarities |
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46 | (4) |
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Carnivory-An Event Decided Mainly by DNA Transformations |
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50 | (1) |
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The Periodicity of Plant Carnivory |
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51 | (1) |
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The Construction of the Periodic Table of Plant Carnivory |
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52 | (5) |
| Chapter 4 Luminescence Occurs from Minerals to Fish but not Beyond. It is Both an Electronic and a Genetic Event |
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57 | (28) |
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Luminescence is an Electronic Process Resulting from Changes in Atomic Energy States |
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58 | (1) |
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Luminescence was Widespread in Minerals Before it Arose in Living Organisms and it was Found Even Earlier in Chemical Elements |
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59 | (3) |
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The Colors Emitted by Living Organisms are the Same that are Emitted by Minerals |
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62 | (1) |
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The Absence of Luminescence in Later Groups of Organisms |
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62 | (1) |
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Luminous Bacteria have a Common DNA Sequence |
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63 | (1) |
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Fungi Derive their Luminescence from at Least Three Different Lineages |
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64 | (1) |
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"Not All Dinoflagellates are Bioluminescent and Luminescent and Nonluminescent Strains of the Same Species are Common", Besides All Other Algae are not Luminous |
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65 | (2) |
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An Impressive Number of Invertebrate Groups were Not Allowed to Develop Luminosity |
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67 | (1) |
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The Class Insects Comprises at Least 1 Million Species Distributed Over Seven Hundred Families. However, In Only a Few Families Does Luminescence Occur but it Attains Extreme Intensity |
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67 | (2) |
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Among the 100,000 Species of Molluscs Only Certain Families and Species Became Luminous |
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69 | (1) |
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Great Variation in Number, Location and Organization of Light Glands in Squids, Octopuses and Slugs |
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69 | (2) |
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Fishes Look Like Christmas Trees with their Long Lines of Luminous Organs that "Are Extraordinarily Elaborate" |
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71 | (1) |
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Marine Mammals are not Luminous Yet they Live at Depths Exceeding those of Luminous Fish |
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72 | (1) |
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Non-luminous Molluscs Occur Also at Ocean Depths from 200 to 7,000 Meters and Freshwater Lakes with Depths of 1,600 Meters do not Harbor Luminous Species |
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73 | (1) |
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The Bats Living in Darkness Did not Become Luminous |
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73 | (1) |
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Chemical Evolution of Luciferins and their Distribution Among Marine Animals |
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74 | (1) |
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DNA Sequencing of 10 Full-length Photoprotein Genes Elucidates their Origin. Moreover Light Production and Light Reception Seem to be Connected as they are in Minerals |
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74 | (1) |
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Complete DNA Sequencing of Luciferase Genes Demonstrates that they have Been Highly Conserved |
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75 | (1) |
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Flowering Plants and Mammals can Become Luminous. Expression of the Luciferase Gene in whole Plants, Monkey Cells and Whole Rabbits |
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75 | (1) |
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Molecules Involved in Luminescence have Had their Own Evolution |
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76 | (1) |
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Communication in Bacteria Deciding Collective Luminosity and the Release of Luminous Chemicals by Body Glands in Invertebrates |
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77 | (1) |
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Luminescence May be Spread Over the Whole Body but in Most Cases Appears Localized in the form of Complex Organs |
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77 | (1) |
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The Coherence Involved in Luminescence is most Evident in the Building of Photophores |
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78 | (1) |
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Bioluminescence was Originally Seen as a Magic Event and Lately as a Random and Spasmodic Phenomenon-Selection has also Been Evoked and Denied |
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79 | (1) |
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"Conventional Evolution Theory" Does not Explain Luminescence's Occurrence and Distribution. Instead "Intrinsic Chemistry" is Considered a Better Explanation by Various Authors |
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80 | (1) |
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The Periodicity of Luminescence. "Bioluminescence is Estimated to have Evolved Independently at Least 40 Times" |
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80 | (1) |
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The Periodicity of Luminescence is the Result of Electronic and DNA Events |
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81 | (2) |
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The Periodic Table of Luminescence |
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83 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Placenta in Plants and in Animals. Its Punctuated Emergence is Decided by Common Genes |
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85 | (20) |
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The Placenta Characterizes a Whole Animal Group |
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86 | (1) |
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Definition of the Placenta |
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86 | (1) |
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The Structure and Function of the Placenta in Mammals |
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86 | (1) |
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The Placenta has an Anatomical Ancestry and has Varied Considerably in Mammals |
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87 | (1) |
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The Marsupial Solution Shows also Variation |
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88 | (2) |
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The Placenta Occurs in the Most Complex as well as in the Simplest Living Organisms Being they Animals or Plants |
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90 | (1) |
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The Plant Placenta and its Functional and Genetic Similarity with the Mammalian Placenta |
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90 | (3) |
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Placenta in Mosses, Ferns and Gymnosperms |
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93 | (1) |
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Among the Simplest Invertebrates there is a well Developed Placenta-The Onychophorans |
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93 | (1) |
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The Placenta in Bryozoans |
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94 | (1) |
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Insects have Highly Efficient Placentas. The Genes Involved in Milk Proteins have Been DNA Sequenced. The Acquisition of a Novel Function Does not Need Changes in DNA |
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94 | (1) |
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In Diptera there are 61 Independent Origins of Viviparity |
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95 | (1) |
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Scorpions have Several Solutions for Nourishing their Embryos |
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96 | (1) |
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Simple Molluscs, Like Freshwater Clams, have Unique Brooding Strategies. Transition from Egg Laying to Viviparity May be Rapid |
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96 | (1) |
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In Sharks the Placenta Evolved to a Degree that Rivals Some Placental Mammals and Emerged Independently in Over 11 Occasions |
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97 | (1) |
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It is the Male Sea Horse that Develops a Placenta |
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98 | (1) |
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The Use of other Body Organs as Placentas in Toads and Insects |
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98 | (1) |
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94 Human Genes are Highly Expressed in Placenta |
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98 | (1) |
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Lipocalin Milk Proteins are Similar in Plants, Insects and Humans |
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99 | (1) |
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Coherence in Placenta Formation is Guided by Hormones |
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100 | (1) |
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The Emergence of the Placenta is Not Directly Related to the General Environment |
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101 | (1) |
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Presence and Absence in Closely Related Species |
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101 | (1) |
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The Placenta of Reptiles "Has Evolved on More than 100 Separate Occasions" |
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102 | (1) |
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The Periodic Table of the Placenta |
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102 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 Penis Evolution from Worms to Humans-A Double Penis Occurs in most Unrelated Species |
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105 | (20) |
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The Penis May Seem Irrelevant in Regard to Periodicity, but it Turns out to have an Equally Significant Punctuated Appearance |
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106 | (1) |
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What Characterizes the Vertebrates is a Skeleton Securing the Whole Body |
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106 | (1) |
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Vital Organs in Mammals, Such as the Penis, May have Bones or Lack them |
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107 | (1) |
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Penis Erection is Created By Fluid flow which Substitutes with Equal Efficiency the Function of Bones |
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107 | (2) |
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An Effective Penis with Coherent Accessory Structures Occurs Already in Flatworms |
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109 | (1) |
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The Sudden Occurrence of the Penis in Simple Phyla of Invertebrates |
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109 | (2) |
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The Longest Penis of any Animal Occurs in Invertebrates |
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111 | (1) |
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Molluscs with a Single Large Penis |
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111 | (1) |
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One Penis is not Enough-A Double Penis Occurs in Crustaceans and Molluscs |
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112 | (1) |
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Insect Genitalia Display Great Morphological Diversity |
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113 | (1) |
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Right-handedness Prevails-When two Penises are Present the Right One is Usually Used, the Left One is a Spare Part |
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113 | (1) |
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Fishes do not have a Penis But Sharks and Rays Use a Modified Fin Instead |
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114 | (1) |
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Double Penises in Lizards and Snakes |
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114 | (2) |
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The Birds were Neither Allowed to have Penises Nor Teeth-DNA Activation and Inhibition are Responsible in both Cases |
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116 | (1) |
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Marsupials have a Two-lobed Penis |
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117 | (1) |
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The Female Clitoris and the Male Penis are Homologous Structures |
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118 | (1) |
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Female Hyaenas have a Large Penis that Functions as a Birth Canal |
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118 | (1) |
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How to Reverse Sex by Changing Temperature or the Environment |
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119 | (1) |
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Effects of Hormones on Vertebrate and Invertebrate Genitalia |
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119 | (1) |
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Coherence Associated with Penis Formation-The "Lock-and-Key" Correspondence |
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120 | (1) |
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The Emergence of the Penis is not Directly Related to the General Environment or Organism Complexity |
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120 | (2) |
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The Periodicity of the Absence and Occurrence of the Penis in Invertebrates |
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122 | (1) |
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The Periodic Table of the Penis |
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122 | (3) |
| Chapter 7 Regeneration Starts in Crystals, Expands in Plants, but Slows Down in Higher Vertebrates |
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125 | (28) |
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The most Significant Aspect of Regeneration is its Ability to Produce, without External Intervention, The Original Pattern-Memory of Cellular Order |
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126 | (1) |
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Regeneration is a Pure Atomic Process-Before it Appeared at the Biological Level it Existed in Crystals and Minerals |
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126 | (2) |
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Protozoa and Algae Rebuild their Whole Body from Small Isolated Fragments. Released Chemicals Determine the Pattern |
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128 | (1) |
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Hydras have Body Memory and the Ability to Sense Structure Size. These Properties Extend to Higher Organisms |
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128 | (2) |
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Rigorous Reestablishment of the Original Body Pattern in Sponges and other Invertebrates |
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130 | (1) |
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Genes Participating in Flatworm Regeneration have Been Identified |
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130 | (1) |
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Genes have Been Isolated, Homologous to those of Vertebrates, that Determine Regeneration in Crustaceans and Insects-Organ Memory |
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131 | (1) |
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As Many as 694 Genes Decide Ordered Regrowth of Organs in Echinoderms-Whole Body Memory and Mineral Determination |
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132 | (1) |
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The Tail Fin of Fishes can be Rebuilt when a Battery of Genes is Activated |
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133 | (1) |
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Fishes can also Regenerate Kidney, Heart and Brain |
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133 | (3) |
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Amphibians Produce New Whole Limbs. Animals with two Heads Found From Worms to Humans |
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136 | (1) |
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The Tail of a Lizard is Expendable |
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136 | (2) |
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Regeneration in the Mammalian Heart, Pancreas and other Organs |
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138 | (1) |
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Human Teeth and Hairs are Created Anew and Regularly |
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138 | (2) |
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Mosses and Ferns Know their Body Plan |
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140 | (1) |
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Conifers Produce Plantlets from Shoot Apices |
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141 | (1) |
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Flowering Plants are Totipotent |
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141 | (4) |
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30,000-Year-Old Fruit Tissue Buried in Siberian Permafrost Regenerates into Whole Fertile Plants |
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145 | (1) |
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Salamander Regeneration Leads to Reversion of Cancer |
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145 | (1) |
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Coherence in the Rebuilding of Body Pattern in Animals and Plants |
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146 | (1) |
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Closely Related Species show Great Difference in Regeneration |
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147 | (1) |
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The Absence of Regeneration in Birds |
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148 | (1) |
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Absence and Presence of Regeneration Across the 30 Invertebrate Phyla |
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148 | (3) |
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The Periodic Table of Regeneration |
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151 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 The Eye, the Main Organ of Vision, has had an Ordered Evolution Guided by Self-assembly |
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153 | (28) |
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The Ability to Direct Light to Specific Sites is Already Present in Crystals and Pure Minerals are Used as Lenses in Animal Eyes |
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154 | (1) |
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Bacteria Act as Spherical Lenses-Their Vision is Considered Similar to that of the Human Eye |
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155 | (1) |
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Plant Cells Function as Eyeballs Condensing Light and Moving Towards it |
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156 | (2) |
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Sea Urchins have a Large Number of Genes Responsible for Eye Formation Yet they have no Eyes at All. Like Plants, They See with their Entire Body |
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158 | (1) |
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The Protozoan Eye Already Moves |
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159 | (1) |
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Flatworms have Eyes of the Most Primitive Type |
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160 | (1) |
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Highly Complex Eyes, Simple Eyes and no Eyes Occur within the Cnidarians. The same Species has Four Different Types of Eyes |
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160 | (1) |
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The Segmented Worms Display Absence and Presence of Simple and Complex Eyes |
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161 | (1) |
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Spiders have no Compound Eyes |
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161 | (1) |
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The Transition to Compound Eyes in Myriapods |
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162 | (1) |
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Horseshoe Crabs are Living Fossils with Rudimentary Compound Eyes |
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162 | (1) |
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Crustaceans Show Large Variation in Number of Units in Compound Eyes |
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163 | (1) |
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The Compound Eyes of Insects are an Extreme Case of Ordered Eye Association |
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163 | (1) |
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The Molluscs-Eye Complexity Becomes Close to that of the Human Eye |
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164 | (2) |
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Ascidians Make the Transition Between Invertebrates and Vertebrates, Yet they have Some of the Simplest Eyes |
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166 | (1) |
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Fish have Good Vision Yet their Eyes Differ Sharply in Organization from those of Octopuses |
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166 | (1) |
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Repression and Expression of the Same Genes Appear as the Source of Eye Absence and Transformation-Larvae and Adults have the Same Genes Yet Larvae have Eyes Whereas Adults Lack them |
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167 | (1) |
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Reptiles have a Third Eye Located on the Top of the Head which Functions as a Sky Compass and Senses Ultraviolet Light |
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167 | (1) |
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Bird Eyes are Known for their Excellent Vision |
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168 | (1) |
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There are 10 Generally Recognized Optical Eye Types |
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169 | (1) |
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Eye Evolution is Characterized By the Introduction of Novel Solutions and a Type of Lens has Evolved at Least 8 Times |
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170 | (1) |
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The Number of Eyes Varies from One To 30,000 |
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170 | (1) |
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Eyes can Occupy the most Unexpected Positions Occurring in Legs and Wings |
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171 | (2) |
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The Source of Coherence-Self-organization of Eye Components During its Development |
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173 | (1) |
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Ubiquitous Genes and Identical Regulatory Molecular Cascades Shaped the Eye Throughout its Evolution |
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173 | (3) |
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Presence and Absence of Eyes Across Living Organisms-A Key to Periodicity |
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176 | (1) |
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The Periodic Table of Vision |
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177 | (4) |
| Chapter 9 Flight in Air, an Explosive Event throughout Invertebrates and Vertebrates |
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181 | (30) |
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Flight is an Evasion From Gravity. It Occurs in Water, in the Water-air Interface, and in Air |
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182 | (1) |
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Flight Starts in the Brain |
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183 | (2) |
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The Brain is Informed by Sensors on the Wings, Ears and Beak |
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185 | (1) |
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Hormones Integrate the Energy Metabolism Used in Flight |
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185 | (1) |
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The Origin of Birds and their Flight is a Source of Debate and Controversy |
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186 | (1) |
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Arboreal Monkeys were not able to Develop Wings or Gliding |
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186 | (2) |
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Hypotheses on the Origin of Bird Flight do not Apply to the Origin of Flight in Insects and Bats-Authors Agree that Selection is Impotent to Furnish an Explanation |
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188 | (2) |
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Flight in Air Arose Only Once Among the Invertebrates which Had at their Disposition 600 Million Years to Diversify Into the most Different Animals |
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190 | (1) |
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As the Vertebrates Emerged no Fish, Amphibian or Reptile Could Fly in Air Until Suddenly the Pterosaurs Populated the Sky |
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190 | (1) |
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The Same Scenario was Repeated in the Mammals-After 160 Million Years of Evolution Only one Order, Among 21, was able to Develop Flight in Air |
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191 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Air Flight in Fishes-Fishes Travel Faster in Air than in Water |
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191 | (2) |
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Squid Launch into Air Faster than they Swim |
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193 | (2) |
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Gliding, Like Flight, Re-emerges Following Periods of Latency-Gliding is not an Accidental Event: It Recurs from Insects to Placental Mammals |
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195 | (1) |
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Wings are Formed as Rapidly as they are Eliminated-Genetic Significance of the Presence and Absence of Wings in the Same Insect Species |
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196 | (2) |
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Hox Genes Decide the Formation of Wings as well as their Suppression |
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198 | (1) |
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How to Produce a Fly with Four Wings by Directed Genetic Intervention without Selection or Successive Random Mutations |
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199 | (2) |
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How these Molecular Transformations Elucidate the Mechanism Behind Biological Periodicity-Flies with 8 Instead of 6 Legs |
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201 | (1) |
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The Same Genes Determine the Formation of Insect and Bird Wings-Periodicity Could Hardly be Conceived if the Wings of Insects and Birds had Different Origins |
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201 | (1) |
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How to Produce a Bird with Four Wings-Genetic Manipulation Led to Formation of Extra Wings in Birds which Appear as a "Surprise" to the Animal |
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202 | (1) |
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The Wing can Change its Body Position-Wings can be Formed on Eyes |
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202 | (1) |
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Some of the Earliest Fossil Insects Had Four Wings and two Winglets Located on the First Thoracic Segment |
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203 | (1) |
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Extra Wing-like Appendages in the First Thoracic Segment of Living Insects Share the Genetic Program of Normal Wings |
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204 | (1) |
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There are Flightless Birds but there are no Flightless Bats |
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205 | (2) |
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What Characterizes Flight Periodicity is the Re-emergence of Coherent Flight Capacity Following Long Periods of Latency |
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207 | (1) |
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Gliding is also a Periodic Event |
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207 | (2) |
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The Periodic Table of Flight and Gliding |
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209 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 High Mental Ability has Resurged without Previous Announcement |
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211 | (30) |
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Our Mind is a Layer Cake of Stapled Concepts Going Long Back in Time |
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212 | (1) |
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The Origin and Development of the Brain has Been Based on "Severely Biased" Ideas |
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213 | (1) |
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"Intelligence Tests" were Made by People with Little Knowledge of Intelligence-A Concept Difficult to Define |
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214 | (1) |
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Before the Brain Arrived in Evolution Elementary Memory and Reactivity were Present in Living Organisms |
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214 | (1) |
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Periodicity at the Mental Level Seems Unexpected but Mental Processes are Equally Directed by the Evolution of DNA Sequences |
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215 | (2) |
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The Present Molecular Study of the Brain Opens a New Era of Mental Cognition with Unpredictable Consequences |
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217 | (1) |
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The Traditional Classification of Insect Sociality-Hierarchical Ranking Based on Intermediate Stages Between Solitary Behavior and Complex Societies |
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218 | (1) |
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Formation and Evolution of Societies in Bees, Ants, Termites and Humans-Our Society is Becoming Closer to that of Bees |
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219 | (2) |
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Octopuses Display the Highest Mental Ability Among Advanced Invertebrates which is Linked to the Recruitment of Novel Genes |
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221 | (2) |
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Migration in Butterflies, Birds, Whales and Humans-an Example of Innovation and Improvisation |
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223 | (1) |
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Use of Tools and Independent Learning in Birds is on a Level Similar to Great Apes |
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224 | (2) |
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Singing in Birds, Whales and Humans has a Molecular Basis |
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226 | (1) |
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Spirals Produced by Spiders and by Humans-Drugs Lead in both Cases to the Drawing of Irregular Geometric Figures |
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227 | (2) |
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The Same Brain Chemicals are Present in Spiders and Humans |
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229 | (1) |
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Gene Comparison Supports the Single Origin of Orb Webs |
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229 | (1) |
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Abstract Thinking in Spiders is Accompanied by a Dynamic Mind |
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230 | (1) |
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Another Form of Abstract Thinking-Bees, Birds and Chimpanzees can Count |
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231 | (1) |
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Nest Building Demands Architectural Skills Involving Dimensions, Proportions, Comfort and Beauty |
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232 | (1) |
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Stone Tool Making Among Monkeys and Apes |
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233 | (1) |
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Behavior in Plants Starts to Resemble Animal Behavior as they are Investigated at the Level of MicroRNAs-Chemical Communication already Occurs in Bacteria |
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234 | (1) |
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The Periodicity of Mental Ability |
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235 | (2) |
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The Periodic Table of Mental Ability |
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237 | (4) |
| Chapter 11 The Structural and Functional Similarity between Marsupials and Placentals has its Roots in the Plant and Mineral Worlds |
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241 | (20) |
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The Similarities between Marsupials and Placentals are so Extreme that they have been seen as "Carbon Copies" of One Another |
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242 | (3) |
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Anteaters were Copied in: Monotremes, Marsupials and Placentals |
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245 | (1) |
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Gliding was Produced again and again in the Marsupials and Placentals |
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246 | (2) |
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The DNA of Monotremes has been Sequenced and Compared to that of Marsupials and Placentals-Extreme Gene Permanence |
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248 | (1) |
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The Marsupials were not Allowed to Fly or to become Marine |
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249 | (1) |
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Coherence Exhibited by Anteaters and Gliding Species |
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250 | (1) |
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Mammal Mimicry and Insect Mimicry are Biologically Identical |
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250 | (1) |
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Molecular Mimicry is the Result of Key Atoms |
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251 | (1) |
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Mineral Pattern-Its Atomic Order may not be Perfect "Yet is not Random". Crystals do not Lie |
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251 | (1) |
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The Minerals Exhibit the Mimicry Found in Insects and Mammals without having Genes |
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252 | (2) |
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The Frustration Experienced by Botanists in Unraveling Plant Evolution has not been Dispelled by the Molecular Analysis |
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254 | (1) |
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The Transfer of Mineral Symmetries to Plants. They Copied the Pattern Displayed by Minerals |
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254 | (1) |
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The Periodicity of Plant Patterns is Decided by well-known DNA Sequences |
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255 | (2) |
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The Periodic Table of Equivalence between Marsupials and Placentals |
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257 | (4) |
| Chapter 12 The Periodic Tables Lead to a Law of Biological Periodicity which has Predictive Power |
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261 | (12) |
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The "Cambrian Explosion" is an Expression which denotes the Lack of Knowledge of the Mechanism Directing Evolution |
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262 | (1) |
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The Origin of the Eye is not Easily Explainable by Selection. Some Eye Lenses Consist of Pure Minerals |
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263 | (1) |
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DNA and RNA are the Prisoners of 3 Previous Evolutions-their Atomic Internal Construction Made them the Prime Agents of Evolution |
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264 | (1) |
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DNA knows nothing about the Organism that it Produces |
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265 | (1) |
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Transposable Elements Generate DNA Novelties by Shaping Genes |
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265 | (1) |
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RNA Performs Multiple Editing Mechanisms that Change the Information Received from DNA |
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266 | (1) |
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Biological Periodicity is Characterized by the following Features |
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266 | (4) |
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The Molecular Mechanism Responsible for the Emergence of Biological Periodicity |
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270 | (1) |
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The Periodic Law at the Level of Chemical Elements Leads to the Law of Biological Periodicity |
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271 | (1) |
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The Predictive Power of the Law of Biological Periodicity |
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271 | (2) |
| References |
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273 | (22) |
| Sources of Figures |
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295 | (10) |
| Acknowledgments |
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305 | (2) |
| Appendix: Charts of Chemical and Biological Periodicity |
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307 | |
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