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E-grāmata: Persian: A Comprehensive Grammar [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(University of Chicago, USA)
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Persian: A Comprehensive GrammarPalielināt
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Persian: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to the grammar system for intermediate to advanced learners of Persian. It presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary Persian.

The book is organised to promote a thorough understanding of Persian; its structure, its sound system and the formation of words, phrases and sentence construction. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, providing clear explanations and examples of each point.

Persian: A Comprehensive Grammar is the essential reference work on Persian grammar for all learners and users of the language.

Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(3)
Chapter 2 How Persian sounds and how it is written 4(21)
2.1 How Persian sounds: vowels, diphthongs and consonants
4(6)
2.1.1 Vowels and diphthongs
4(1)
2.1.2 Consonants
5(2)
2.1.3 Syllabic structure
7(1)
2.1.4 Stress
8(2)
2.2 How Persian is written: the alphabet
10(15)
2.2.1 General remarks
10(1)
2.2.2 All the letters of the alphabet in their standard order
10(5)
2.2.3 Letters with the same sound
15(1)
2.2.4 What is meant by 'position' (initial, middle, etc.)?
15(1)
2.2.5 How vowels and diphthongs are written
16(2)
2.2.6 Writing and connecting alef
18(1)
2.2.7 The Arabic 'limited' alef
18(1)
2.2.8 Hamze and the glottal stop in Persian
19(1)
2.2.9 Hamze and he
20(1)
2.2.10 The four letters with different functions as both vowels and consonants: a review of and
21(2)
2.2.11 Three more signs: tashdid, tanvin and sokun
23(2)
Chapter 3 Nouns 25(23)
3.1 No gender
25(1)
3.2 Simple and compound nouns
25(1)
3.3 Number
26(7)
3.3.1 The plural suffix (-ha)
26(1)
3.3.2 The plural suffix (-an)
27(2)
3.3.3 Plural of compound nouns
29(1)
3.3.4 Arabic plurals
30(2)
3.3.5 Arabic dual plurals
32(1)
3.3.6 Double plurals
32(1)
3.3.7 Collective nouns
33(1)
3.4 Definite and indefinite
33(10)
3.4.1 In the absence of determiners and modifiers
34(1)
3.4.2 Indefinite determiners
35(5)
3.4.2.1 (yek, for sg.), (chand, for pl.)
35(1)
3.4.2.2 Unstressed suffix (-i)
36(2)
3.4.2.3 Both indefinite markers combined
38(1)
3.4.2.4 Poetical or archaic usages
38(1)
3.4.2.5 Some other uses of the indefinite suffix -i
39(1)
3.4.3 The definite determiner (DDO-marker)
40(3)
3.5 Diminutives
43(2)
3.5.1 -ak
43(1)
3.5.2 -che
44(1)
3.5.3 -e
44(1)
3.5.4 -u
45(1)
3.6 The vocative case
45(1)
3.6.1 The pre-positioned ey
45(1)
3.6.2 The vocative suffix
46(1)
3.7 Exclamatory forms
46(2)
Chapter 4 The connector ezcife 48(6)
4.1 What is ezafe?
48(1)
4.2 How to pronounce
49(1)
4.3 How to write
49(1)
4.4 Functions of ezafe
50(2)
4.5 Dropping ezafe
52(2)
Chapter 5 Pronouns 54(28)
5.1 Pronouns - some initial remarks
54(1)
5.2 Independent personal pronouns and possessive/objective pronominal suffixes: some general remarks
54(11)
5.2.1 Possessive pronouns
56(2)
5.2.2 Indefinite and impersonal pronouns
58(1)
5.2.3 More on using objective pronominal suffixes
58(2)
5.2.4 Additional notes on personal pronouns - and some alternative pronouns
60(5)
5.2.4.1 1Sg.
60(1)
5.2.4.2 2Sg.
61(1)
5.2.4.3 3Sg.
62(2)
5.2.4.4 1Pl.
64(1)
5.2.4.5 2Pl.
64(1)
5.2.4.6 3Pl.
64(1)
5.2.5 Ishan and -eshan: a final note
65(1)
5.3 Emphatic/reflexive functions of (khod, self)
65(4)
5.3.1 Emphatic function
66(1)
5.3.2 Reflexive function
67(1)
5.3.3 Notes on when used alone
67(2)
5.4 Demonstrative pronouns
69(1)
5.5 Interrogative pronouns
70(5)
5.6 All, none, each
75(2)
5.7 Other words and phrases with pronominal functions
77(2)
5.8 Relative pronoun(s) in Persian
79(1)
5.9 Numbers as pronouns?
79(3)
Chapter 6 Adjectives 82(24)
6.1 Adjectives describe nouns
82(1)
6.2 Position in relation to nouns
82(3)
6.2.1 Ezafe dropped in lexicalized compounds
83(1)
6.2.2 When and how the adjective can be placed before a noun
84(1)
6.3 No declension or inflection
85(1)
6.4 Kinds of adjectives, their order and how they are connected
85(2)
6.5 Definite/indefinite markers and how they affect the use of ezafe
87(2)
6.5.1 Definite
87(1)
6.5.2 Indefinite
88(1)
6.6 Demonstrative adjectives
89(1)
6.7 Possessive adjectives
89(2)
6.7.1 Possessive use of (khod, somebody's own...)
90(1)
6.8 Quantitative, distributive and interrogative adjectives
91(3)
6.9 Forms and formation of adjectives
94(1)
6.9.1 Compound words used as adjectives
94(1)
6.9.2 Adjectival phrases
94(1)
6.10 Comparison of adjectives
95(6)
6.10.1 Comparative adjectives
95(2)
6.10.2 Superlative adjectives
97(1)
6.10.3 The mixed form az hame
97(1)
6.10.4 Better/best and more/most
98(1)
6.10.5 Use of Arabic comparative/superlative
98(1)
6.10.6 Equal comparison, resemblance and sameness
99(2)
6.11 Adjectives that need the -ane suffix
101(1)
6.12 Colors; adjectives from nouns
102(1)
6.13 Adjectives used as nouns
103(1)
6.14 Nationalities and languages
104(1)
6.15 Use of Arabic feminine ending
105(1)
Chapter 7 Adverbs 106(17)
7.1 Position of adverbs
106(1)
7.2 Persian uses adjectives as adverbs
107(1)
7.3 'With' + abstract noun - and similar forms
107(2)
7.4 -ane suffix
109(1)
7.5 Adjective + tanvin
110(1)
7.6 Reduplication
111(2)
7.7 Adverbial phrases with (dar hale/dar halat-e)
113(1)
7.8 Comparison of adverbs
114(1)
7.9 (ziyad, much, a lot), (kheyli, very, a lot), etc.
114(1)
7.9.1 Much too/too much
115(1)
7.10 (kam, few, little), (kami, a few, a little), etc.
115(1)
7.11 (digar, other, more, any more) and (hanuz, still, yet)
116(3)
7.12 (ham, too, also) and its synonyms
119(3)
7.13 (faghat) and (tanha)
122(1)
7.14 'Too ... to ...' and 'enough to ...'
122(1)
Chapter 8 Numerals, time, age, measures 123(9)
8.1 General remarks
123(5)
8.1.1 Cardinal numbers
123(2)
8.1.2 Ordinal numbers and fractions
125(3)
8.1.2.1 First, last, etc.
126(1)
8.1.2.2 Firstly, secondly, etc.
127(1)
8.1.2.3 Some common Arabic fractions
127(1)
8.2 Telling the time
128(2)
8.2.1 Times of day; days of the week
129(1)
8.3 Age
130(1)
8.4 Measures
131(1)
8.5 Asking questions about numbers and quantities
131(1)
Chapter 9 Prepositions, conjunctions and some common prefixes/suffixes 132(26)
9.1 Prepositions
132(6)
9.1.1 What happens to verbs after prepositions?
136(1)
9.1.2 Can prepositions be used as conjunctions?
137(1)
9.2 Conjunctions
138(3)
9.2.1 Coordinating conjunctions
138(2)
9.2.2 Correlative conjunctions
140(1)
9.3 Prefixes and suffixes
141(17)
9.3.1 Prefixes
142(5)
9.3.2 Suffixes
147(7)
9.3.3 The stressed -i suffix; more on the -e suffix
154(4)
Chapter 10 Infinitives and their derivatives 158(16)
10.1 Infinitive in Persian: two major groups
158(6)
10.1.1 Past and present stems
158(2)
10.1.2 Negative and passive infinitive; no 'perfect' infinitive!
160(1)
10.1.3 Uses of infinitive
160(1)
10.1.4 Infinitive of compound verbs and position of subject/object/complement of infinitive
161(2)
10.1.5 Infinitives and the DDO-marker (ra)
163(1)
10.1.6 Short infinitives
164(1)
10.2 Derivatives
164(10)
10.2.1 Infinitive + stressed -i
164(2)
10.2.2 Derivatives made from Stem I
166(5)
10.2.2.1 Present stem + -ande = the agent participle
166(1)
10.2.2.2 Present stem + -an = the present participle
167(1)
10.2.2.3 Present stem + -an = the participle of potential (active)
168(1)
10.2.2.4 Present stem + -esh = verbal noun
169(1)
10.2.2.5 Reduplication of the imperative or Stem I
170(1)
10.2.3 Derivatives made from Stem II
171(4)
10.2.3.1 Short infinitive (past stem) as noun
171(1)
10.2.3.2 Past participles
172(1)
10.2.3.3 Past and present stems together
172(1)
10.2.3.4 Past stem + -ar
173(1)
Chapter 11 Persian verbs 174(49)
11.1 Affirmative and negative
174(1)
11.2 Interrogative
175(1)
11.2.1 Words needed for response: and
175(1)
11.2.2 Question tags and short answers?
176(1)
11.3 Transitive and intransitive verbs, objects and complements
176(2)
11.4 Verbal agreement
178(1)
11.5 Simple and compound
178(2)
11.5.1 Separability of compound verbs
179(1)
11.6 Forming causative verbs
180(2)
11.7 Regular verbs replacing the irregulars
182(1)
11.8 'To be'
183(5)
11.8.1 Notes about writing the suffixed version
184(1)
11.8.2 Where to use each 'to be' version?
185(1)
11.8.3 Imperative and subjunctive; tenses with Stem II
186(1)
11.8.4 Other versions
187(1)
11.9 'To have'
188(1)
11.10 Modal verbs
189(4)
11.10.1 (bayestan, to have to, must)
189(1)
11.10.2 (tavanestan, to be able to, can)
190(1)
11.10.3 (sheiyestan, to befit)
191(1)
11.10.4 (shodan, to get/become)
192(1)
11.11 English modals or semi-modals and their Persian equivalents
193(5)
11.12 Past participles
198(1)
11.13 List of Persian simple verbs
199(24)
Chapter 12 Tenses, aspects, moods, voices 223(42)
12.1 An overview
223(1)
12.2 Simple present tense/present progressive tense
224(5)
12.2.1 Present progressive formed with
227(2)
12.3 Future tense
229(2)
12.4 Simple past tense
231(2)
12.5 Past progressive tense
233(5)
12.5.1 Past and past progressive of certain verbs
234(3)
12.5.1.1 (khastan, to want)
234(1)
12.5.1.2 (tavanestan, to be able to)
235(1)
12.5.1.3 (danestan, to know)
235(2)
12.5.2 Past progressive with dashtan
237(1)
12.6 Present perfect tense
238(5)
12.7 Present perfect progressive tense
243(1)
12.8 Past perfect tense
244(1)
12.9 Past perfect progressive tense
244(1)
12.10 Imperative
244(4)
12.10.1 Compound verbs and the imperative
245(3)
12.10.2 Remnants of archaic or obsolete features
248(1)
12.11 The subjunctive
248(10)
12.11.1 Simple (or present) subjunctive
248(7)
12.11.2 The perfect (or past) subjunctive, I and II
255(3)
12.12 Optative mood
258(1)
12.13 Passive voice
258(7)
12.13.1 Alternatives for passive
260(3)
12.13.2 How to mention the agent
263(1)
12.13.3 Passive of infinitives and past participles
264(1)
Chapter 13 Sentences: from phrases to complex sentences 265(58)
13.1 Simple and complex Persian sentences
265(3)
13.2 Conditionals
268(9)
13.2.1 Indicative conditionals
268(1)
13.2.2 Counterfactual conditionals
269(2)
13.2.3 Some substitutes for (agar, if)
271(1)
13.2.4 (magar, if not, unless)
272(3)
13.2.4.1 Other uses of
273(2)
13.2.5 (va gar na, otherwise; if not so; or else)
275(1)
13.2.6 'As if' and 'to look as if'
276(1)
13.3 Wishes
277(2)
13.4 Adverb clauses with time expressions
279(7)
13.4.1 What tenses to use with (vaghti-ke, when)?
280(2)
13.4.2 Dropping vaghti or ke - or both
282(1)
13.4.3 Before and after
283(1)
13.4.4 As soon as
284(1)
13.4.5 Whenever
284(1)
13.4.6 A few more conjunctions for time
285(1)
13.5 Temporal idioms 'had hardly/scarcely' and 'no sooner'
286(1)
13.6 A review of the omnipotent (ta)
287(2)
13.7 Relative clauses
289(4)
13.7.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
289(1)
13.7.2 When not to use -i in restrictive relative clauses
290(1)
13.7.3 When and how to use
291(1)
13.7.4 What happens to prepositions and antecedents in possessive case?
292(1)
13.8 Adverbial clauses of manner
293(1)
13.9 More types of subordinate clauses using conjunctions
294(5)
13.9.1 Clauses of purpose, cause and effect
294(2)
13.9.2 Clauses of contrast/concession
296(1)
13.9.3 Clauses of result (or consequence)
297(2)
13.10 Other usages of (chandan) and (chenan): more conjunctions
299(1)
13.11 Conjunctions that need the subjunctive
300(2)
13.12 Subjunctive in certain adjectival clauses
302(1)
13.13 Noun clauses: (ke, that/which) versus (in-ke, [ the fact] that)
302(2)
13.13.1 Other kinds of noun clauses
303(1)
13.14 'Too...to' and 'enough to'
304(1)
13.15 Some idiomatic usages of exclamative the
305(1)
13.16 Impersonal
306(6)
13.16.1 Impersonal with (adam)
307(1)
13.16.2 Entirely impersonal constructions
307(1)
13.16.3 Some quasi-impersonal idioms
308(4)
13.17 Indirect (or reported) speech
312(7)
13.17.1 Reporting present tense statements
312(1)
13.17.2 Reporting past tense statements
313(1)
13.17.3 An understandable exception
313(2)
13.17.4 Questions
315(1)
13.17.5 Imperative and subjunctive, conditionals and wishes
315(1)
13.17.6 Statements understood and treated as reported speech
316(1)
13.17.7 Implied reported speech
317(1)
13.17.8 Subject: keep it or drop it?
317(1)
13.17.9 How to translate certain tenses used in indirect speech?
317(1)
13.17.10 Some examples of longer sentences with multiple verbs, or reporting reported speech
318(1)
13.18 Past participle replacing a finite verb
319(1)
13.19 Deleting a similar verb
320(1)
13.20 Redundancy at the service of clarity
321(2)
Chapter 14 Punctuation 323(4)
14.1 Hyphenated words; word breaks; spaces
323(1)
14.2 Periods and commas
324(1)
14.3 Quotation marks; direct speech
325(1)
14.4 Question marks
326(1)
14.5 Colons, semicolons and other punctuation marks
326(1)
Chapter 15 Colloquial Persian and polite Persian 327(13)
15.1 Colloquial Persian (or Tehrani accent)
327(8)
15.1.1 From standard to Tehrani - some of the changes in pronunciation
328(4)
15.1.2 Alterations and contractions in verbs
332(1)
15.1.3 The special case of the present perfect tense
333(1)
15.1.4 Prepositions
334(1)
15.2 Language of politeness and courtesy
335(5)
15.2.1 Plural means polite
335(1)
15.2.2 (farmudan)
335(2)
15.2.3 (farmudan) versus (arz kardan)
337(3)
15.2.3.1 (arze)
339(1)
Chapter 16 Contemporary remnants of archaic features 340(6)
16.1 The conditional/habitual -i suffix
341(1)
16.2 The prohibitive ma-prefix
341(1)
16.3 Verbs and the mi-/be-prefixes
342(1)
16.4 The fate of ra
343(1)
16.5 (an-e) or (az an-e) = 'that of'
344(1)
16.6 Contractions
344(1)
16.7 Comparison of adjectives - a few exceptions
345(1)
16.8 The verb ('to be')
345(1)
Chapter 17 'Good' and 'bad' Persian? 346(6)
17.1 Administrative/journalistic Persian
346(2)
17.2 Persian purists and what they hate most
348(1)
17.3 Common mistakes among learners of Persian
348(2)
17.4 The words fars - farsi - iran - irani
350(2)
Chapter 18 Arabic to Persian -Arabic in Persian 352(5)
18.1 Change of sounds and/or spelling from Arabic to Persian
352(2)
18.2 Arabic in Persian
354(3)
Chapter 19 Glossary of grammatical terms 357(14)
Index 371
Saeed Yousef is Senior Lecturer of Persian at the University of Chicago.
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781315682846_pe.html
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