Introduction to the Series |
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v | |
Preface |
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vii | |
Editor's Note |
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ix | |
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xix | |
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xxvi | |
Conversion Factors |
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xxix | |
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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xxx | |
Abstract |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (30) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (26) |
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Characteristics of Studies Reviewed |
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33 | (14) |
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35 | (4) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Analytical Detection Limits |
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43 | (4) |
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National Distribution and Trends |
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47 | (148) |
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47 | (31) |
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Aggregate Detection Frequencies of Pesticides |
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48 | (11) |
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Bias From Selection of Target Analytes |
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59 | (9) |
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Comparison of Bed Sediment and Aquatic Biota |
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68 | (1) |
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Pesticide Occurrence in Major National Monitoring Programs |
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68 | (2) |
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The FDA's National Monitoring Program for Food and Feed |
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70 | (1) |
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The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries--USEPA's National Pesticide Monitoring Program |
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70 | (1) |
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The FWS's National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program |
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71 | (1) |
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The USGS--USEPA's Pesticide Monitoring Network |
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72 | (1) |
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The NOAA's National Status and Trends Program |
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73 | (1) |
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The USEPA's National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish |
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74 | (1) |
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Comparisons of Major National Programs |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (29) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (20) |
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Industrial, Commercial, and Government Buildings and Land |
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102 | (1) |
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Subterranean Termite Control |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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Geographic Distribution in Relation to Use |
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107 | (74) |
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Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides |
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109 | (10) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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123 | (13) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (9) |
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150 | (1) |
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Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide |
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151 | (6) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (13) |
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Currently Used Pesticides |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Dicofol, Linadane, and Methoxychlor |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Other Currently Used Pesticides |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (14) |
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Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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Currently Used Pesticides |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (34) |
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195 | (6) |
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Sources to Surface Water Systems |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Industrial Waste and Accidential Discharge |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Bed Sediment |
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201 | (12) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Settling, Deposition, and Burial |
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205 | (1) |
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Resuspension, Bioturbation, and Downstream Transport |
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206 | (1) |
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Bed Sediment as a Long-Term Sink for Pesticides in Surface Water Systems |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Aquatic Biota |
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213 | (16) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Migration or Downstream Movement |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Biotransformation Processes |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Examples of Biotransformation Reactions |
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225 | (4) |
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Analysis of Key Topics---Sources, Behavior, and Transport |
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229 | (120) |
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Effect of Land Use on Pesticide Contamination |
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229 | (10) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (3) |
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Remote or Undeveloped Areas |
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237 | (2) |
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Pesticide Uptake and Accumulation by Aquatic Biota |
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239 | (67) |
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Bioaccumulation Terminology and Simple Models |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Equilibrium Partitioning Theory |
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242 | (2) |
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Evidence from Laboratory and Field Studies |
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244 | (1) |
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Evidence of Biomagnification in the Field |
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244 | (1) |
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Effect of Trophic Level on Contaminant Concentrations |
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244 | (4) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Testing Predictions of Equilibrium Partitioning Theory |
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250 | (1) |
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Correlation Between Bioconcentration Factor and Chemical Properties |
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250 | (2) |
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Fish/Sediment Concentration Ratios |
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252 | (7) |
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Effect of Trophic Level on Fugacity |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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Converging Theories of Bioaccumulation |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Uptake of Sediment-Sorbed Chemicals |
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265 | (1) |
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Dietary Uptake and Biomagnification |
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265 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Route of Uptake |
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266 | (4) |
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270 | (4) |
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Biological Factors that Affect Bioaccumulation |
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274 | (1) |
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Body Length, Body Weight, and Age |
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274 | (5) |
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279 | (3) |
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Gill Ventilation Volume and Other Gill Characteristics |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Interaction Among Biological Factors |
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289 | (1) |
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Chemical Characteristics that Affect Bioaccumulation |
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289 | (1) |
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Molecular Size, Shape, and Structure |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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Environmental Conditions that Affect Bioaccumulation |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Dissolved Organic Matter and Particulate Concentrations |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Other Enviornmental Conditions |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Steady-State or Equilibrium Partioning Models |
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298 | (1) |
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Compartment-Based Kinetic Models |
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299 | (4) |
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Physiologically Based Kinetic Models |
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303 | (2) |
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Effect of Environmental and Physiological Conditions |
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305 | (1) |
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Seasonal Changes in Pesticide Residues |
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306 | (21) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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Weather-Driven and Streamflow-Related Events |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Precipitation and Storm Events |
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313 | (1) |
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Winter or Spring Snowmelt and Runoff |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Water Inflow to Estuaries |
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314 | (1) |
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Agricultural Management Practices |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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Ambient Water Concentrations |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Seasonal Biological Factors |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Feeding Activity, Growth Rate, Food Source, and Habitat Migration |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides in Sediment and Aquatic Biota |
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327 | (15) |
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Properties that Control Accumulation in Sediment and Aquatic Biota |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Water Solubility and Soil Half-Life |
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331 | (3) |
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n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient and Soil Half-Life |
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334 | (1) |
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Predictions from Chemodynamic Relations |
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334 | (8) |
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Composition of Total DDT as an Indicator of DDT Sources and Period of Use |
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342 | (7) |
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Possible Sources of DDT Residues in the Environment |
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343 | (1) |
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Environmental Fate of DDT |
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343 | (1) |
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The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of Time in the Environment |
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344 | (1) |
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Case Study: Salinas River and Blanco Drain |
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344 | (1) |
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Case Study: California Soil Monitoring Survey |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of DDD Use |
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346 | (1) |
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The o,p'-DDX/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of Industrial Origin or Time in the Hydrologic System |
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346 | (3) |
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Analysis of Key Topics---Environmental Significance |
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349 | (118) |
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Effects of Pesticide Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms and Fish-Eating Wildlife |
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349 | (69) |
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Toxicity to Organisms in the Water Column |
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351 | (1) |
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USEPA's Water-Quality Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Organism |
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351 | (6) |
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Pesticides in Whole Fish---Analysis of Potential Fish Toxicity |
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357 | (2) |
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Fish Kills Attributed to Pesticides |
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359 | (1) |
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Fish Diseases Associated with Chemical Residues |
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360 | (1) |
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Toxicity to Benthic Organisms |
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360 | (1) |
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Approaches to Assessing Sediment Quality |
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361 | (1) |
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Sediment Background Approach |
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361 | (1) |
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Equilibrium Partitioning Approach |
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362 | (1) |
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Biological Effects Correlation Approach |
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362 | (1) |
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Sediment Toxicity Approach |
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363 | (1) |
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Definitions of Sediment Quality Guidelines |
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363 | (1) |
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Sediment Background Levels (Lakes Huron and Superior) |
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363 | (1) |
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USEPA's Sediment Quality Criteria |
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364 | (1) |
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USEPA's Sediment Quality Advisory Levels |
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365 | (1) |
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Apparent Effects Thresholds |
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365 | (3) |
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Effects Range Values for Aquatic Sediment |
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368 | (2) |
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Florida's Probable Effect Levels and Threshold Effect Levels |
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370 | (1) |
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Canada's Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines |
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371 | (1) |
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USEPA's Procedure for Classifying Sites by Probability of Adverse Effects |
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372 | (1) |
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Modified Procedure for Classifying Studies by Probability of Adverse Effects |
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372 | (2) |
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Pesticides in Bed Sediment---Comparison with Background Levels |
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374 | (1) |
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Pesticides in Bed Sediment---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Benthic Organisms |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (5) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (4) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Pesticides in Whole Fish |
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392 | (1) |
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NAS/NAE's Guidelines for Protection of Fish-Eating Wildlife |
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392 | (1) |
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New York's Fish Flesh Criteria for Piscivorous Wildlife |
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393 | (1) |
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Pesticides in Whole Fish---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Fish-Eating Wildlife |
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393 | (11) |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (4) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Effects of Chemical Mixtures |
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411 | (1) |
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Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides |
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412 | (5) |
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417 | (1) |
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Effects of Pesticide Contaminants in Aquatic Biota onHuman Health |
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418 | (49) |
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Human Exposure to Pesticides |
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419 | (1) |
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Pesticide Residues in Human Tissues |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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Sources of Human Exposure to Pesticides |
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425 | (2) |
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Dietary Intake of Pesticides |
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427 | (3) |
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Potential Toxicity to Humans |
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430 | (4) |
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Organochlorine Insecticides |
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434 | (1) |
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Organophosphate Insecticides |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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Standards and Guidelines for Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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USEPA's Guidance for Use in Fish Advisories |
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440 | (4) |
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Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Human Health |
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444 | (4) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (4) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (3) |
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Other Toxicity-Related Issues |
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456 | (1) |
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Effect of Fish Preparation and Cooking on Pesticide Residues |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (3) |
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Exposure to Multiple Contaminants |
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459 | (2) |
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Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (4) |
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467 | (400) |
Appendix A |
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Table 2.1 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers and estuaries in the United States: National and multistate monitoring studies |
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480 | (69) |
Appendix B |
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Table 2.2 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the United States: State and local monitoring studies |
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549 | (245) |
Appendix C |
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Table 2.3 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the United States: Process and matrix distribution studies |
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794 | (32) |
Appendix D |
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Common Names and Taxonomic Classifications of Aquatic Organisms Sampled in the Studies Reviewed |
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|
826 | (10) |
Appendix E |
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Glossary of Common and Chemical Names of Pesticides |
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|
836 | (31) |
References |
|
867 | (80) |
Index |
|
947 | |