Preface to the fourth edition |
|
xx | |
Preface to the first edition |
|
xxi | |
Foreword to the third edition |
|
xxiii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxiv | |
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|
xxv | |
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|
xl | |
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Table of statutory instruments |
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|
lvi | |
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Table of European legislation |
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|
lx | |
1 Treaties and conventions |
|
lx | |
2 Secondary legislation |
|
lx | |
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Part I Foundation and theory |
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1 | (86) |
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1 The nature of company law |
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3 | (29) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Rationale, abstract and agenda |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 The genesis of company law |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 The present companies legislation |
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10 | (1) |
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1.6 European community legislation |
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11 | (4) |
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A The harmonisation programme |
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11 | (1) |
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B The company law programme: UK implementation |
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11 | (3) |
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C The EC Commission's company law action plan |
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14 | (1) |
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1.7 Company law, corporate law or corporations law? |
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15 | (1) |
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1.8 Focus - the main business vehicle |
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15 | (3) |
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A Company limited by shares |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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C Small closely-held and dispersed-ownership companies |
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17 | (1) |
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D The Company Law Review and law reform |
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18 | (1) |
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1.9 Other business vehicles |
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18 | (5) |
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A Other types of companies |
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18 | (2) |
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B Other organisations and bodies |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (9) |
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23 | (1) |
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B The agencies of company law reform |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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2 Corporate entity, limited liability and incorporation |
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32 | (25) |
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32 | (8) |
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32 | (1) |
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B Piercing the corporate veil |
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33 | (3) |
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C Corporate liability for torts and crimes |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (6) |
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A The meaning of limited liability |
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40 | (1) |
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B The continuing debate about the desirability of limited liability |
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41 | (1) |
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C Fraudulent trading and wrongful trading |
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42 | (4) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (9) |
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48 | (4) |
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B Certificate of incorporation |
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52 | (1) |
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C Publicity and the continuing role of the Registrar |
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52 | (1) |
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D Promoters and pre-incorporation contracts |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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3 Legal theory and company law |
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57 | (30) |
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3.1 The role of theory in company law |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 The nature and origins of the corporation |
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58 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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B Rationale and application of the theories |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (4) |
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63 | (1) |
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B The Cadbury Report and self-regulation |
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64 | (1) |
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C Global convergence in corporate governance |
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64 | (3) |
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3.5 Stakeholder company law |
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67 | (7) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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C Stakeholder company law |
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70 | (3) |
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D The Company Law Review and stakeholders |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (10) |
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A Efficiency as a moral value |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (8) |
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84 | (3) |
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Part II The constitution of the company |
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87 | (52) |
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89 | (23) |
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4.1 Entrenchment of expectation versus flexibility |
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89 | (1) |
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4.2 Articles of association |
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89 | (6) |
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90 | (5) |
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4.3 Shareholder agreements |
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95 | (3) |
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4.4 Changing the constitution and reconstruction |
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98 | (14) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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D Entrenchment provisions in the articles |
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101 | (1) |
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E Variation of class rights |
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102 | (4) |
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F Compromises and arrangements under s. 895 |
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106 | (4) |
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G Other methods of reconstruction |
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110 | (2) |
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5 Organisation of functions and corporate powers |
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112 | (15) |
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112 | (1) |
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5.2 The institutions of the company: the board and the shareholders |
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112 | (2) |
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5.3 The ultra vires doctrine |
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114 | (13) |
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114 | (1) |
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B Reforming the rule: a historical overview |
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115 | (7) |
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C Core provisions of the 2006 reforms: a company's capacity and related matters |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (2) |
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6 Relations with third parties: agency and constitutional limitations |
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127 | (12) |
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6.1 Contractual relations with third parties |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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6.3 The Turquand doctrine |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4 The `relationship' between Turquand and agency |
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131 | (3) |
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6.5 Section 40 of the Companies Act 2006 |
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134 | (5) |
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Part III Corporate governance |
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139 | (172) |
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7 The governance problem and the mechanisms of meetings |
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141 | (16) |
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7.1 Alignment of managerial and shareholder interests |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2 The role and functioning of the board of directors |
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142 | (4) |
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A Directors as managers and `alter ego' |
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142 | (1) |
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B Appointment and retirement of directors |
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143 | (1) |
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C Proceedings at directors' meetings |
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144 | (1) |
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D Remuneration of directors |
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|
145 | (1) |
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7.3 The role and functioning of the shareholders in general meeting |
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146 | (6) |
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A The general meeting as the residual authority of the company |
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146 | (1) |
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B Resolutions at meetings |
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147 | (1) |
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C The shareholders' general meetings |
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148 | (1) |
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D Convening of meetings and notice |
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|
149 | (1) |
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E Shareholder independence - meetings and resolutions |
|
|
150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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7.4 Problems with the meeting concept |
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152 | (2) |
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7.5 Meetings in small closely-held companies |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (50) |
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157 | (3) |
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8.2 The duties of directors under Part 10 |
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|
160 | (24) |
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A The duty to act within powers |
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160 | (1) |
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B Duty to promote the success of the company |
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|
161 | (5) |
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C Duty to exercise independent judgment |
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166 | (2) |
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D Duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence |
|
|
168 | (2) |
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E Duty to avoid conflicts of interest |
|
|
170 | (11) |
|
F Duty not to accept benefits from third parties |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
G Duty to declare interest in a proposed or existing transaction or arrangement |
|
|
181 | (2) |
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H Ratification of acts giving rise to liability |
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183 | (1) |
|
I Remedies for breach of duty |
|
|
183 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
|
A Ought fairly to be excused |
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|
184 | (1) |
|
B Exemption and insurance |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.4 Duty not to commit an unfair prejudice |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.5 Other legal constraints on directors' powers |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.6 Statutory controls affecting directors |
|
|
186 | (7) |
|
A Regulating specific conflict-transactions |
|
|
186 | (4) |
|
B Controls over issue of shares |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
C Statutory provisions in terrorem |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
8.7 Monitoring of directors |
|
|
193 | (12) |
|
A The policy of disclosure of the financial affairs of the company |
|
|
193 | (1) |
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|
194 | (4) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
E The role of the auditors |
|
|
199 | (3) |
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|
202 | (1) |
|
G Government and other agencies |
|
|
203 | (2) |
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|
205 | (2) |
|
9 Role of self-regulation |
|
|
207 | (30) |
|
9.1 Reliance on self-regulation |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
9.2 Techniques of Cadbury |
|
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209 | (2) |
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|
209 | (1) |
|
B Structural and functional alterations |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
C Assumptions of responsibility |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
D Enhanced quality of disclosure |
|
|
210 | (1) |
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|
211 | (1) |
|
9.4 The Hampel Report: evolution of the Combined Code 1998 |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
9.5 The Higgs Review and the Combined Code 2003 |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
9.6 The Combined Code (2006 and June 2008) |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
9.7 The UK Corporate Governance Code (June 2010) |
|
|
215 | (10) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
B Disclosure of corporate governance arrangements and listing rules |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
C Excerpts and summary of the main provisions |
|
|
217 | (8) |
|
9.8 The UK Stewardship Code (July 2010) |
|
|
225 | (8) |
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|
225 | (2) |
|
B The FRC consultation on the UK Stewardship Code principles |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
C Responses to the FRC consultation on the UK Stewardship Code principles |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
D The UK Stewardship Code principles and guidance |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
E The scope and application of the UK Stewardship Code |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
F What is not addressed in the UK Stewardship Code |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
G Adherence to the Stewardship Code |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
9.9 The EU corporate governance Green Paper |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
9.10 The `profession' of director? |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
10 Shareholder litigation: the derivative claim |
|
|
237 | (46) |
|
10.1 Introduction: shareholder litigation generally |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (9) |
|
A Doctrine of Foss v Harbottle |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
B The principle of majority rule |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
C The `exceptions' to Foss v Harbottle |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
D The striking out of derivative actions |
|
|
242 | (5) |
|
10.3 Deficiencies in the common law and the approach to reform |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
10.4 The derivative claim under the Companies Act 2006 |
|
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249 | (22) |
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|
249 | (1) |
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|
250 | (1) |
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|
251 | (6) |
|
D Procedural requirements |
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
E Criteria for the grant of leave |
|
|
260 | (11) |
|
10.5 An assessment of Part 11 |
|
|
271 | (4) |
|
10.6 The new derivative claim procedure in action: shadows of the past? |
|
|
275 | (6) |
|
10.7 The future of derivative claims: much ado about nothing? |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
11 Shareholder litigation: winding up on just and equitable grounds and the unfair prejudice remedy |
|
|
283 | (28) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
11.2 Winding up on just and equitable grounds |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (26) |
|
A The alternative remedy failure |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (26) |
|
Part IV Corporate finance law |
|
|
311 | (70) |
|
12 Techniques of corporate finance |
|
|
313 | (24) |
|
12.1 Some basic concepts of corporate finance |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
B The aims of the company |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
C Cash flows and capital raising |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
12.2 Financing the company |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
B Venture capital financing |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
C Raising capital through debt |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
12.3 The law relating to shares |
|
|
319 | (10) |
|
A Definitions of share capital |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
B Authority to issue share capital |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
C Preferential subscription rights |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
D Nature of shares and membership |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
E Classes and types of shares |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
F Transfer of and transactions in shares |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
12.4 The legal nature of debentures (and bonds) |
|
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329 | (8) |
|
A The definition of a debenture and the distinction between a fixed and a floating charge |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
B Registration requirements for charges |
|
|
332 | (5) |
|
13 Raising and maintenance of capital |
|
|
337 | (23) |
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|
337 | (1) |
|
13.2 The raising of capital - discounts and premiums |
|
|
337 | (4) |
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|
337 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
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|
339 | (2) |
|
13.3 The maintenance of capital |
|
|
341 | (19) |
|
A The meaning of the doctrine |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
B The Company Law Review and the reforms of the Companies Act 2006 |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (5) |
|
E Company purchase of own shares |
|
|
351 | (4) |
|
F Dividends and distributions |
|
|
355 | (5) |
|
14 Financial assistance for the acquisition of shares |
|
|
360 | (21) |
|
14.1 Background and development of the present law |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
14.2 The modern scope of the prohibitions |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
14.3 Meaning of financial assistance |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
14.4 Principal/larger purpose exceptions |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
14.5 Private company exception |
|
|
373 | (1) |
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|
374 | (2) |
|
14.7 The consequences of breach |
|
|
376 | (5) |
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|
376 | (1) |
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|
376 | (5) |
|
Part V Securities regulation |
|
|
381 | (164) |
|
15 Policy and theory in securities regulation/capital markets law |
|
|
383 | (33) |
|
15.1 The relationship between traditional company law and securities regulation |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
15.2 The birth of securities regulation |
|
|
384 | (2) |
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|
386 | (3) |
|
15.4 From the Financial Services Authority to the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority |
|
|
389 | (8) |
|
A The self-regulation era - the SIB and FSA |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
B Statutory securities regulation: accountability issues |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
C The Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
15.5 Legal theory in securities regulation |
|
|
397 | (19) |
|
A Aims of securities regulation |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
B Techniques of securities regulation |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
C The statutory objectives of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and the FSA's and FCA's duties |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
D IOSCO and global convergence |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
E Financial market integration in the EU |
|
|
404 | (12) |
|
16 Credit rating agencies and their role in capital markets |
|
|
416 | (36) |
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|
416 | (1) |
|
16.2 Credit rating agencies: the basics |
|
|
417 | (6) |
|
A The credit rating agencies industry |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
B Defining credit ratings |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
C The use of credit ratings made by market participants |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
E Distinguishing credit rating agencies from other rating agencies |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
16.3 The criticisms advanced against credit rating agencies |
|
|
423 | (5) |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
B Criticisms in light of the financial crisis |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
16.4 The relationship between CRAs and the structured finance market |
|
|
428 | (5) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
C Collateralised debt obligations |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
16.5 Regulating credit rating agencies and proposals for reform |
|
|
433 | (9) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
C The Financial Stability Forum |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
E The Turner Review in the UK |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
F The EU regulation on CRAs |
|
|
438 | (4) |
|
16.6 Towards liability for credit rating agencies |
|
|
442 | (6) |
|
A Credit ratings: just an opinion? |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
B The traditional approach on liability in the US, EU and the UK |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
D Is imposing liability on credit rating agencies just a matter of time? |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
17 The regulatory machinery of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 |
|
|
452 | (27) |
|
17.1 Introduction and assumptions |
|
|
452 | (1) |
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|
452 | (5) |
|
A The general prohibition |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
C Examples of prescribed `activities' and `investments' |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
D Territorial scope of the general prohibition |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
E The financial promotion regime |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
17.3 Authorisation and exemption |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
A Methods of authorisation |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
17.4 Exempt persons and exemption of appointed representatives |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (5) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
B The FSA Handbook of Rules and Guidance |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
C The FSA Principles for Businesses |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
17.6 Collective investment schemes |
|
|
465 | (5) |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
B The basic regulatory position under FSMA 2000 |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
C The marketing of collective investment schemes: restricted |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
D Authorised unit trust schemes |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
E Open-ended investment companies |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
F Overseas collective investment schemes |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (5) |
|
A `Policing the perimeter' |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
C Restitution, private actions for damages and insolvency |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
17.8 Investor compensation |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
17.9 Financial ombudsman service |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
17.10 Regulation of investment exchanges and clearing houses |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
18 The regulation of public offerings of shares |
|
|
479 | (28) |
|
18.1 Migration into capital markets law |
|
|
479 | (6) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
B Public offerings of securities |
|
|
479 | (6) |
|
18.2 Before the EC Directives |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
18.3 The Listing Directives and the Prospectus Directive |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
A The `competent authority' |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
B Prospectuses and listing particulars |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (5) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
E Contents of the prospectus |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
A The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
18.7 The Prospectus Directive |
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
B The new format of prospectuses |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
18.8 Remedies for investors |
|
|
498 | (9) |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
B A new statutory liability regime for periodic financial information |
|
|
500 | (7) |
|
19 The regulation of insider dealing and market abuse |
|
|
507 | (22) |
|
19.1 Regulation of market conduct |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
19.2 Insider dealing and market egalitarianism |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
19.3 Development of regulation against insider dealing |
|
|
508 | (7) |
|
A The cradle: SEC r. 10b-5 |
|
|
508 | (3) |
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|
511 | (4) |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
19.5 UK regulation against market abuse |
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
A The criminal law background |
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|
519 | (1) |
|
B Civil penalties for market abuse |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
19.6 The new EC Market Abuse Directive |
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|
522 | (5) |
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|
522 | (1) |
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B Implementation of the Directive in the UK |
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|
523 | (3) |
|
C The European Commission review of MAD |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
19.7 The new regulatory system in the UK: responsibility of FCA for market abuse |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
20 The regulation of takeovers |
|
|
529 | (16) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
20.2 Disciplining management - the market for corporate control |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
20.3 Goals of takeover regulation |
|
|
530 | (4) |
|
A The struggle for a Europe-wide regulatory policy |
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|
530 | (2) |
|
B The ideas in the new Directive |
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|
532 | (2) |
|
|
534 | (8) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
B The Panel's main powers |
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|
534 | (2) |
|
C The operation of the City Code |
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|
536 | (1) |
|
D Other provisions applying to takeovers |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
F The aftermath of the Kraft takeover and the government's consultation: A long-term focus for corporate Britain |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
20.5 The future in Europe under the Directive |
|
|
542 | (3) |
|
Part VI Insolvency and liquidation |
|
|
545 | (31) |
|
21 Insolvency and liquidation procedures |
|
|
547 | (16) |
|
21.1 The development of corporate insolvency law |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
21.2 Pre-insolvency remedies |
|
|
548 | (6) |
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|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
C Pre-pack administration |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
D Administrative receivers |
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|
552 | (1) |
|
E Company voluntary arrangement or other reconstruction |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
21.3 Types of winding up and grounds |
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|
554 | (2) |
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|
554 | (1) |
|
B Winding up by the court |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
21.4 Effects of winding up, purpose and procedure |
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|
556 | (7) |
|
A Immediate effects of winding up |
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|
556 | (1) |
|
B Aims and purpose of liquidation |
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|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
D Misconduct, malpractice and adjustment of pre-liquidation (or pre-administration) transactions |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
22 Disqualification of directors |
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|
563 | (13) |
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|
563 | (1) |
|
22.2 The disqualification order |
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|
563 | (2) |
|
22.3 Grounds - unfitness and insolvency |
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|
565 | (6) |
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|
565 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (5) |
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|
571 | (2) |
|
A Disqualification after investigation |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
B Disqualification on conviction of an indictable offence |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
C Disqualification for persistent breaches of the companies legislation |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
D Disqualification for fraud in a winding up |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
E Disqualification on summary conviction |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
F Disqualification for fraudulent or wrongful trading |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
G Disqualification for breach of competition law |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
22.5 Human rights challenges |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (2) |
Index |
|
576 | |