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Pharma-Ecology: The Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 328 pages, height x width x depth: 239x150x18 mm, weight: 567 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Sep-2008
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470046309
  • ISBN-13: 9780470046302
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Pharma-Ecology: The Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the EnvironmentPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 328 pages, height x width x depth: 239x150x18 mm, weight: 567 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Sep-2008
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470046309
  • ISBN-13: 9780470046302
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780470046302.html
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Now affiliated with a water utility, Jjemba was in academia (civil and environmental engineering, U. of Cincinnati) when he began this reference to link health and environmental scientists. He begins by surveying the environmental destiny of types of products and drugs by their purpose--for example detergents, diuretics and electrolytes, and hematological drugs. He then discusses their detection and occurrence in the environment, eco-pharmacokinetics and eco-pharmocodynamics, and eco-toxicity; technologies for removing them; and future needs. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products—we can't live without them. Can the environment survive with them?

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are increasingly being recognized as micropollutants. In this context, pharmaceutical products encompass a diverse range of drugs used to treat various illnesses, and personal care products include everyday items such as soaps, fragrances, cleaning agents, disinfectants, and similar products. Written for professionals from different backgrounds, Pharma-Ecology bridges the knowledge and language gap and critically examines the issue of PPCP micropollutants and how to best minimize their impact on the environment. Organized systematically, it:

  • Presents a range of pharmaceutical compounds categorized by mode of action and common usage, displaying the volumes (or number of prescriptions) that are dispersed
  • Discusses the detection of PPCPs in the environment using instrumentation and bioassay techniques, including microarrays
  • Covers the occurrences of PPCPs in aquatic systems, sediments, soil, and aerial environments
  • Considers the persistence and degradation of PPCPs in the environment, and links pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics with the kinetics of PPCPs in the environment
  • Explores engineering and treatment techniques that could minimize the impact of PPCPs in the environment
  • Includes numerous tables and figures that illustrate information
This is an enlightening reference for engineers, toxicologists, ecologists, micro-biologists, and chemists involved in pollution and environmental analysis; policy-makers; professionals in federal and state regulatory agencies; and pharmaceutical professionals. It is also an excellent text for undergraduate and graduate students in related fields.

Recenzijas

This book will be a valuable resource to an academic library, either graduate or undergraduate, and provides numerous examples for instructors of environmental chemistry and health-related chemistry courses. (Journal of Chemical Education, February 2010) "How is this book different from others on the topic? Jjemba is the sole author, providing comprehensive coverage of the various PPCP aspects in a logical order and in a consistent style of presentation." (Environmental Health Perspectives, April 2009)

"I am pleased to recommend most heartily, Jjemba's unique, valuable reference source to a broad audience of ecologists, engineers, microbiologists, pharmacists, toxicologists, chemists, physicians, and veterinarians involved in pollution and environmental analysis as well as workers in agriculture and health care. Policymakers and professionals in federal and state regulatory agencies will also find it useful. It may also serve as a textbook or as supplementary reading for undergraduate and graduate students in related fields ... he has eminently succeeded in achieving his goal." (Chemical & Engineering News, December 15, 2008)

Preface ix
Chapter 1 Usage of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products for Different Therapeutic End Points in Relation to Environment 1
1.1 Personal Care Products
8
1.1.1 Fragrances and Musks
9
1.1.2 Detergents
12
1.1.3 Disinfectants
15
1.2 Pharmaceutical Compounds
16
1.2.1 Antihypertensive and Cardiovascular Medications
16
1.2.2 Anxiolytic Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Antipsychotics
21
1.2.3 Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
28
1.2.4 Antimicrobial Compounds
32
1.2.5 Gastrointestinal Drugs
57
1.2.6 Antidiabetic Drugs
59
1.2.7 Diuretics and Electrolytes
60
1.2.8 Thyroid System Medication
62
1.2.9 Respiratory Drugs
63
1.2.10 Oral Contraceptive and Reproductive Therapeutics
65
1.2.11 Biophosphonates and Other Skeletal Ailment Drugs
70
1.2.12 Steroids
72
1.2.13 Hematologic Drugs
74
1.2.14 Nutritional Drugs
75
1.2.15 Triptans
76
1.2.16 Anesthetics
76
1.2.17 Antineoplast and Immunosuppressants
77
1.3 Conclusion
78
Chapter 2 Detection and Occurrence of PPCPs in the Environment 81
2.1 Detection of PPCPs in the Environment
83
2.1.1 Detection Using Instrumentation
87
2.1.2 Detection Using Bioassays
87
2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Various Environments
92
2.2.1 Aquatic Systems
93
2.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Sediments
109
2.2.3 Occurrence of PPCPs in Soil
109
2.2.4 Aerial Environments
112
2.3 Excretion as a Driver of Pharmaceutical Occurrence in the Environment
112
Chapter 3 Ecopharmacokinetics and Ecopharmacodynamics 117
3.1 Overview of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
118
3.1.1 Sorption and Bioavailability of PPCPs in the Environment
127
3.1.2 Compound Half-life and Clearance
131
3.2 Degradation of PPCPs in the Environment
135
3.2.1 Degradation of Antibiotics in the Environment
136
3.2.2 Degradation of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
142
3.2.3 Degradation of Estrogens and Other Reproductive Hormones in the Environment
144
3.2.4 Degradation of Other Important Pharmaceuticals
147
3.2.5 Degradation of Surfactants
149
3.3 Role of Physicochemical Factors in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment
149
3.3.1 Molecular Size as an Attribute to Absorption and Persistence
150
3.3.2 Solubility and Hydrolysis
150
3.3.3 Effects of Chemical Dissociation, Partitioning, and Lipophilicity on PPCP Degradability
152
3.3.4 Effects of Moisture and Oxygen in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment
155
3.3.5 Effects of Temperature in PPCP Dynamics and Degradation in the Environment
155
3.3.6 Other Factors That Determine PPCP Fate and Persistence in the Environment
157
3.4 Conclusion
161
Chapter 4 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs 163
4.1 Conventional Assessment of the Risk
168
4.2 Ecological Impact of PPCPs on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes
171
4.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance
171
4.2.2 Biogeochemical Perturbations
179
4.3 Effects of PPCPs on Invertebrates
180
4.4 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Aquatic Organisms
183
4.4.1 Endocrine Disrupters in the Aquatic System
185
4.4.2 Effects of Antibiotic Resistance to Aquatic Organisms
188
4.4.3 Ecotoxicological Effects of Cosmetics on Aquatic Organisms
189
4.4.4 Ecotoxicity of Other PPCPs in Aquatic Organisms
190
4.5 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Terrestrial Wildlife
192
4.6 Livestock and Human Health
196
4.6.1 Clinical Antibiotic Resistance Cases
197
4.6.2 Allergic Reactions Related to PPCPs
203
4.6.3 Endocrine Disruption in Humans and Livestock
203
4.6.4 Association Between PPCPs in the Environment and Some Cancers
204
4.6.5 Other PPCPs of Major Concern to Humans and Livestock in the Environment
206
4.7 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Vegetation
207
4.8 General Considerations in Long-Term PPCP Toxicity
208
Chapter 5 Technologies for Removing PPCPs 211
5.1 Conventional Treatment Systems
214
5.1.1 Primary Treatment
214
5.1.2 Secondary Treatment
215
5.2 Advanced Treatment Processes
218
5.2.1 Advanced Filtration Systems
218
5.2.2 Oxidation Processes
230
5.2.3 Ultraviolet Treatment
234
5.2.4 Electrolysis
234
5.2.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes
236
Chapter 6 Future Needs 239
6.1 Improving Assessment of the Risks from PPCPs in the Environment
241
6.2 Effect of Mixtures
241
6.3 Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low PPCP Doses
242
6.4 Formulation and Regimen Design Affecting PPCP Bioavailability, Excretion, and Sorption
243
6.5 Use of Quantitative Structural Activity Relationships in Ecotoxicology
243
6.6 Use of Genomics in Bioassay Studies
244
6.7 Social Responsibility, Legislation, and Policy
246
6.8 Need to Revisit the Drug Approval and Advertising Process
248
6.9 Use of Prescription Records for Mapping PPCPs
250
References 251
Index 295
Patrick K. Jjemba, PhD, is a Senior Research Analyst for Innovation and Technology with American Water. Previously, he was a research associate in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Jjemba has received grants from the NIEHS, World Bank, and IAEA and has authored several peer-reviewed papers, including two reviews covering pharmaceuticals as environmental pollutants.