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Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
Introduction |
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1 | (26) |
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1 Socrates and the inception of philosophy as a way of life |
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27 | (24) |
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1.1 The atopia of Socrates |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (3) |
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1.3 Socrates contra the Sophists |
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33 | (3) |
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1.4 The elenchus as spiritual exercise |
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36 | (6) |
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42 | (2) |
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1.6 The sage and the Socratic paradoxes |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (3) |
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2 Epicureanism: Philosophy as a divine way of life |
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51 | (24) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.2 Epicureanism as way of life, therapy and of writing |
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52 | (3) |
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2.3 The turn inwards: against empty opinions, unnatural and unnecessary desires |
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55 | (3) |
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2.4 Epicurus's revaluation of happiness, pleasure and the good |
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58 | (3) |
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2.5 The gods and the figure of the sage |
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61 | (3) |
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2.6 The fourfold cure, and physics as spiritual exercise |
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64 | (4) |
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2.7 Spiritual exercises within the garden |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (4) |
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3 The Stoic art of living |
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75 | (26) |
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3.1 Wisdom, knowledge of things human and divine, and an art of living |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2 The Socratic lineage: dialectic, the emotions and the sufficiency of virtue |
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76 | (4) |
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3.3 From Musonius Rufus to Seneca |
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80 | (7) |
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3.4 Epictetus's paranetic discourses, and his handbook |
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87 | (7) |
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3.5 Marcus Aurelius's Meditations {Ta Eis Heauton) |
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94 | (7) |
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4 Platonisms as ways of life |
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101 | (26) |
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4.1 Introduction: Platonisms |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2 From Arcesilaus to Pyrrhonism: scepticism as a way life |
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102 | (5) |
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4.3 Cicero: the philosopher as rhetorician and physician of the soul |
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107 | (6) |
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4.4 Plotinuss philosophical mysticism |
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113 | (7) |
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4.5 Boethius and the end of ancient philosophy |
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120 | (7) |
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Part II Medievals and early moderns |
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5 Philosophy as a way of life in the Middle Ages |
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127 | (24) |
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5.1 On Christianity as philosophy' |
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127 | (4) |
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5.2 Monastic philosophia, and the Christianization of spiritual exercises |
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131 | (7) |
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5.3 Scholasticism, the theoreticization of philosophia, and the ascendancy of dialectic |
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138 | (7) |
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5.4 Counter-strains: from Abelard to Dante's il convito |
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145 | (6) |
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6 The renaissance of philosophy as a way of life |
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151 | (28) |
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6.1 Philosophy, the humanisti and the ascendancy of rhetoric |
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151 | (4) |
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6.2 Petrarch's Christian-Stoic medicines of the mind |
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155 | (8) |
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6.3 Montaigne: the essayist as philosopher |
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163 | (9) |
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6.4 Justus Lipsius's Neostoicism |
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172 | (7) |
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7 Cultura animi in early modern philosophy |
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179 | (26) |
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7.1 The end of PWL (again)? |
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179 | (3) |
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7.2 Francis Bacon: the Idols and the Georgics of the mind |
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182 | (9) |
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7.3 On Descartes, method and meditations |
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191 | (11) |
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7.4 Conclusion: from experimental philosophy to the enlightenment |
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202 | (3) |
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8 Figures of the philosophe in the French enlightenment |
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205 | (24) |
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205 | (8) |
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8.2 Voltaire and the view from Sirius |
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213 | (6) |
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8.3 Diderot and his Seneca |
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219 | (10) |
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Interlude: the nineteenth-century conflict between PWL and university philosophy |
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229 | (84) |
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9 Schopenhauer: Philosophy as the way out of life |
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237 | (28) |
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237 | (1) |
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9.2 Philosophy against sophistry (again) |
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238 | (7) |
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9.3 Two cheers for Stoicism |
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245 | (6) |
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9.4 The saint versus the sage |
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251 | (5) |
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9.5 Schopenhauerian salvation |
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256 | (9) |
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10 Nietzsche: Philosophy as the return to life |
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265 | (28) |
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265 | (1) |
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10.2 Nietzsche's metaphilosophical meditations |
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266 | (8) |
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10.3 Nietzsche's philosophy as a spiritual exercise |
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274 | (9) |
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10.4 Nietzsche's spiritual exercise: Eternal recurrence |
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283 | (8) |
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291 | (2) |
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11 Foucault's reinvention of philosophy as a way of life |
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293 | (20) |
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11.1 Philosophical Heroism: Foucault's Cynics |
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294 | (7) |
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11.2 Foucault's reinvention of PWL |
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301 | (2) |
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11.3 Genealogy as a spiritual exercise |
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303 | (8) |
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311 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Philosophy as a way of life today and in the future |
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313 | (25) |
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313 | (2) |
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2 History, declines and rebirths |
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315 | (5) |
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320 | (14) |
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334 | (4) |
Appendix |
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338 | (8) |
Notes |
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346 | (34) |
Bibliography |
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380 | (23) |
Index of Proper names of primary sources |
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403 | (3) |
Index of concepts |
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406 | |