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E-grāmata: Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese

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(, Professor of Icelandic Linguistics, University of Iceland)
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Phonology of Icelandic and FaroesePalielināt
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This book presents a comprehensive, contrastive account of the phonological structures and characteristics of Icelandic and Faroese. It is written for Nordic linguists and theoretical phonologists interested in what the languages reveal about phonological structure and phonological change and the relation between morphology, phonology, and phonetics. The book is divided into five parts. In the first Professor Arnason provides the theoretical and historical context of his investigation. Icelandic and Faroese originate from the West-Scandinavian or Norse spoken in Norway, Iceland and part of the Scottish Isles at the end of the Viking Age. The modern spoken languages are barely intelligible to each other and, despite many common phonological characteristics, exhibit differences that raise questions about their historical and structural relation and about phonological change more generally. Separate parts are devoted to synchronic analysis of the sounds of the languages, their phonological oppositions, syllabic structure and phonotactics, lexical morphophonemics, rhythmic structure, intonation and postlexical variation. The book draws on the author's and others' published work and presents the results of original research in Faroese and Icelandic phonology.
Acknowledgements xiii
Abbreviations xv
Part I The historical and theoretical setting
1 The Two Languages And Their Historical Relation
3(8)
1.1 The genetic relation: `Proto-West Nordic'
3(1)
1.2 West Nordic obstruents
4(2)
1.3 West Nordic sonorants
6(1)
1.4 West Nordic vowels
7(1)
1.5 Diphthongs and semivowels
8(1)
1.6 Prosodic structure
8(3)
2 The Historical Development
11(24)
2.1 Quantity and prosodic structure
12(3)
2.2 Overlong (superheavy) syllables and their development
15(2)
2.3 The components of the quantity shift
17(3)
2.4 Quality changes in the Icelandic vowel system
20(3)
2.5 Faroese vowel developments
23(2)
2.6 The short diphthongs
25(1)
2.7 The West Nordic consonant shift
26(2)
2.8 New postvocalic stops
28(3)
2.9 The skerping and hiatus
31(2)
2.10 Systemic arrangements and types of syllables
33(2)
3 Theoretical Preliminaries To The Synchronic Analysis
35(22)
3.1 Phonological levels of representation
35(4)
3.2 Alphabets for phonological representation
39(8)
3.2.1 Segments and distinctions
40(1)
3.2.2 Phonological primes
41(2)
3.2.3 Analysing diphthongization
43(4)
3.3 The representation of time and precedence
47(1)
3.4 Saturation and fission in West Nordic diphthongs
48(3)
3.5 The modern diphthongal systems
51(6)
Part II The modern sound systems
4 The Icelandic Vowel Colours And Diphthongs
57(11)
4.1 The Icelandic vowel system
57(9)
4.1.1 The monophthongal units
57(3)
4.1.2 The phonetic description of the vowel sounds
60(1)
4.1.3 Analysing the monophthongal colours
61(1)
4.1.4 The diphthongs as branching phonemic units
62(3)
4.1.5 Diphthongs and hiatus
65(1)
4.2 The vowels of non-initial syllables
66(2)
5 Faroese Vowels And Diphthongs
68(30)
5.1 An overview
68(6)
5.1.1 The inventory of vowels
68(2)
5.1.2 The `long' and `short' systems
70(4)
5.2 The phonetic and phonological analysis of the Faroese monophthongs and diphthongs
74(5)
5.2.1 The vowel qualities
74(2)
5.2.2 Analysing the Faroese diphthongs
76(3)
5.3 More on dialect variation and vowel systems
79(1)
5.4 Hiatus phenomena in Faroese
80(6)
5.4.1 Intervocalic glides
80(2)
5.4.2 Raising in hiatus
82(3)
5.4.3 One or two syllables
85(1)
5.5 The unstressed vowels of Faroese
86(12)
5.5.1 The vowel qualities
86(2)
5.5.2 The syllable types
88(2)
5.5.3 Dialects and morphology in unstressed vowel merger
90(4)
5.5.4 The postlexical reduction and syncope
94(2)
5.5.5 Coping with the variation: a folk-linguistic anecdote from Torshavn
96(2)
6 Icelandic Consonants
98(16)
6.1 An overview
98(1)
6.2 The stops
99(7)
6.2.1 Places of articulation
99(1)
6.2.2 On palatals and velars
100(3)
6.2.3 The fortis-lenis opposition
103(3)
6.3 The fricatives
106(3)
6.4 The sonorants
109(2)
6.5 Summary: the classes of consonants and their element analysis
111(3)
7 Faroese Consonant Segments
114(15)
7.1 An overview
114(4)
7.2 The fortis and lenis plosives
118(4)
7.2.1 The phonological correlation
118(1)
7.2.2 `Hard' and `soft' dialects in Faroese
118(4)
7.3 The fricatives
122(2)
7.3.1 Initial fricatives
122(1)
7.3.2 Word-internal fricatives and glides
123(1)
7.4 Sonorants
124(1)
7.5 The element analysis of the Faroese system
124(5)
Part III Systemic relations and syllabic structure
8 Systemic Relations In Vowels
129(15)
8.1 Trends towards a diasystem in Icelandic
129(6)
8.1.1 The `new' diphthongs
129(3)
8.1.2 A context-free merger in the Tong' system
132(1)
8.1.3 The interplay of merger and diphthongization
133(1)
8.1.4 The Tong/open' and `short/closed' correspondence
134(1)
8.2 The Faroese vowel systems
135(5)
8.2.1 The polysystemic structure
135(3)
8.2.2 On prominence
138(2)
8.3 The element analysis of reduction: limits on information in restricted environments
140(2)
8.4 Conclusion: systemic relations in vowel systems
142(2)
9 Syllable Structure And Phonotactics
144(41)
9.1 Syllable structure in Icelandic
144(8)
9.1.1 Motivating the syllable
144(1)
9.1.2 The subsyllabic constituents
145(3)
9.1.3 The Icelandic length rule
148(1)
9.1.4 Half length and overlength
149(2)
9.1.5 Emphatic stress on non-initial syllables
151(1)
9.2 Faroese syllables
152(8)
9.2.1 The length rule in Faroese
152(3)
9.2.2 The template for full syllables in Faroese
155(1)
9.2.3 Half length and overlength in Faroese
156(1)
9.2.4 Full syllables and restricted syllables in the phonological hierarchy
157(3)
9.3 The consonantal phonotactics of Icelandic
160(13)
9.3.1 Initial onsets in Icelandic
161(4)
9.3.2 Consonants in the Icelandic coda
165(2)
9.3.3 Internal onsets in Icelandic
167(3)
9.3.4 More complicated interludes in Icelandic
170(3)
9.4 The consonantal phonotactics of Faroese
173(7)
9.4.1 Monosegmental onsets
173(2)
9.4.2 Initial clusters in Faroese
175(1)
9.4.3 Faroese coda consonants
176(2)
9.4.4 Internal onsets in Faroese
178(2)
9.5 Gemination of glides and consonants
180(2)
9.6 Conclusion: remarks on systemic structure and prominence
182(3)
10 Length And Quantity In Accentuation And Phonotactics
185(30)
10.1 Length and quantity in Icelandic
186(17)
10.1.1 Some distinctions
186(3)
10.1.2 Segmental length and syllabic structure
189(2)
10.1.3 Length in postlexical accentuation
191(4)
10.1.4 Representing length and quantity
195(7)
Excursus: A brief comparison with Finland Swedish
202(1)
10.2 The length rule on lexical and phonological levels in Icelandic
203(5)
10.2.1 Length and syllabification
203(2)
10.2.2 Two versions of the rule
205(3)
10.3 The prosodic character of Faroese vowels
208(2)
10.4 Vowel shortness and the scale of prominence
210(5)
Part IV Segments and syllables on phonological levels
11 Aspiration In Syllabic And Segmental Structure
215(19)
11.1 Aspiration and the character of the fortis-lenis opposition
216(3)
11.1.1 Representing the opposition
216(1)
11.1.2 Phonotactic or phonetic neutralization of the fortis-lenis opposition?
217(2)
11.2 Preaspiration in Icelandic
219(9)
11.2.1 The phonetic character
219(1)
11.2.2 The distribution of preaspiration in Icelandic
220(2)
11.2.3 Phonological analysis
222(3)
11.2.4 Related phenomena
225(3)
11.3 Preaspiration in Faroese
228(2)
11.4 Representing the difference
230(1)
11.5 Preaspiration in morphophonemics
231(3)
12 Allomorphy, Morphophonemics, And Phonological Levels
234(37)
12.1 Introduction
234(1)
12.2 Lexical and postlexical relations in paradigms
235(3)
12.3 Vocalic patterns in Icelandic
238(9)
12.3.1 The ablaut series
238(1)
12.3.2 I-umlaut
239(4)
12.3.3 U-umlaut and breaking
243(3)
12.3.4 Morphology and phonotactics in vocalic alternation
246(1)
12.4 Faroese vowel morphophonemics
247(3)
12.4.1 Ablaut
247(1)
12.4.2 Umlaut
248(2)
12.5 Consonantal patterns in Icelandic morphophonemics
250(2)
12.6 Consonantal patterns in Faroese
252(1)
12.7 Vowel deletion in paradigms
253(4)
12.8 Intersyllabic glides and fricatives in allomorphy
257(2)
12.9 Morphosyntax and phonology
259(6)
12.9.1 Lexical and postlexical principles
259(4)
12.9.2 Clitics
263(1)
12.9.3 Fossilized and non-fossilized patterns in Faroese
264(1)
12.10 Conclusion
265(6)
Part V Rhythmic structure
13 Word Stress Patterns In Icelandic And Faroese
271(14)
13.1 Icelandic word stress patterns
271(4)
13.1.1 Native patterns
271(3)
13.1.2 Foreign patterns in recent loans
274(1)
13.2 Word stress patterns in Faroese
275(4)
13.2.1 Native words
275(3)
13.2.2 Loanwords in Faroese
278(1)
13.3 The accommodation of foreign stress patterns
279(3)
13.3.1 Right-strong forms in Icelandic
279(1)
13.3.2 The Faroese patterns
280(2)
13.4 Morphological considerations: Faroese pseudo-morphology?
282(3)
14 Phrasing And Postlexical Phonology
285(23)
14.1 Phonological phrasing
285(1)
14.2 Systematic exceptions
286(4)
14.2.1 Deaccenting of weak morphosyntactic categories
286(3)
14.2.2 Deaccenting in Icelandic definite noun phrases
289(1)
14.3 Pragmatically motivated exceptions
290(2)
14.3.1 Emphatic rephrasing
290(1)
14.3.2 Contrast, focus, and given information
291(1)
14.4 The phonological consequences of phrasing
292(8)
14.4.1 Cohesive laws or sandhi-rules in Icelandic
292(5)
14.4.2 Sandhi in Faroese
297(3)
14.4.3 Rhythmic rearrangement
300(1)
14.5 Demarcative signals
300(3)
14.5.1 Stress and glottal onset
301(1)
14.5.2 Right hand signals in Icelandic
302(1)
14.5.3 Demarcative signals in Faroese
302(1)
14.6 Constituency and prominence
303(5)
14.6.1 Boundaries or dependencies?
303(2)
14.6.2 Domains, directionality, and prominence
305(3)
15 Rhythm And Intonation
308(20)
15.1 Rhythm and constituency
308(5)
15.2 Icelandic intonation
313(11)
15.2.1 The tonal inventory
314(4)
15.2.2 Downstep and upstep
318(2)
15.2.3 Functional considerations
320(4)
15.3 Faroese intonation
324(2)
15.4 The absence of word tones
326(2)
A note on phonetic data 328(1)
References 329(14)
Index 343
Kristjįn Įrnason is the author of several major works on Icelandic language, including a two-volume work on Icelandic linguistics, published in 1980 and a handbook of Icelandic phonology, published in 2005. His publications in English include Quantity in Historical Phonology: Icelandic and Related Cases (CUP 1980), The Rhythm of Dróttkvaett and other Old Icelandic Metres (University of Iceland 1991), as well as articles in journals such as Journal of Linguistics, Nordic Journal Linguistics, Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Lingua.
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