Preface |
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xi | |
About the Author |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Photoacoustic Tomography |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (4) |
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1.1.1 Empirical Description |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Image Reconstruction Methods |
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5 | (8) |
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1.2.1 Delay-and-Sum Beam Forming Algorithm |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Iterative Nonlinear Algorithm |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.2.1 Frequency-Domain FE-Based Algorithm |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.2.2 Time-Domain FE-Based Algorithm |
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8 | (3) |
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1.2.3 A-Line/B-Mode Image Formation Method |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Quantitative Photoacoustic Tomography |
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15 | (32) |
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2.1 Recovery of Optical Absorption Coefficient: Method 1 |
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15 | (5) |
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2.2 Recovery of Optical Absorption Coefficient: Method 2 |
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20 | (4) |
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2.3 Recovery of Optical Absorption Coefficient: Method 3 |
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24 | (5) |
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2.4 Recovery of Optical Absorption Coefficient: Method 4 |
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29 | (5) |
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2.5 Simultaneous Recovery of Optical Absorption Coefficient and Acoustic Velocity |
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34 | (7) |
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41 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Image Enhancement Software and Hardware Approaches |
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47 | (62) |
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47 | (2) |
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3.2 Adjoint Sensitivity Method |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3 Total-Variation-Minimization Scheme |
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50 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Mathematical Derivations |
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51 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Examples: Reduction of Noise Effect |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (5) |
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3.3.2.2 Phantom Experiments |
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58 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Examples: Image Reconstruction from Few-Detector and Limited-Angle Data |
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62 | (5) |
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3.4 Radiative Transfer Equation |
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67 | (16) |
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3.4.1 The RTE and Its Finite Element Discretization |
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69 | (3) |
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3.4.2 The RTE-Based Quantitative PAT |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Results and Discussion |
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73 | (1) |
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3.4.3.1 Comparison of the Transport and Diffusion Calculations |
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73 | (2) |
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3.4.3.2 Comparison of the DE- and RTE-Based qPAT |
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75 | (8) |
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83 | (2) |
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3.6 Variable-Thickness Multilayered Polyvinylidene Fluoride Transducer |
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85 | (6) |
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3.7 AlN-Based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer |
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91 | (6) |
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97 | (6) |
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3.9 Microelectromechanical Systems Scanning Mirror |
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103 | (6) |
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3.9.1 Photoacoustic Imaging System |
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103 | (2) |
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3.9.2 Results and Discussion |
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105 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Transducer Array-Based Photoacoustic Tomography: 2D, 3D, and 4-D Photoacoustic Imaging |
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109 | (22) |
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4.1 Array-Based PAT System and 2D Imaging |
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109 | (10) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Full-Ring Ultrasound Transducer Array |
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112 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Control Electronics and Data Acquisition |
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112 | (2) |
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4.1.4 System Evaluation and Experimental Studies |
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114 | (1) |
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4.1.4.1 System Calibration |
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114 | (2) |
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4.1.4.2 Spatial Resolution |
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116 | (1) |
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4.1.4.3 Phantom Evaluation |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (5) |
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119 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Phantom Experiments |
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121 | (2) |
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4.2.3 In Vivo Experiments |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Drug Delivery Monitoring |
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126 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Tumor Therapy Monitoring |
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126 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Photoacoustic Microscopy and Photoacoustic Computed Microscopy |
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131 | (38) |
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5.1 Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy |
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131 | (1) |
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5.2 Acoustic-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy |
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132 | (3) |
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5.3 C-Scan Photoacoustic Microscopy |
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135 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Materials and Methods |
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135 | (1) |
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5.3.1.1 Experimental Setup |
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135 | (1) |
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5.3.1.2 Image Reconstruction Method |
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136 | (1) |
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5.3.1.3 Phantom Preparation |
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136 | (1) |
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5.3.1.4 Animal Preparation and Histological Sectioning |
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136 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Results and Discussion |
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137 | (1) |
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5.3.2.1 Phantom Experiments |
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137 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 In Vivo Experiments |
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138 | (2) |
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5.4 Photoacoustic Computed Microscopy |
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140 | (15) |
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141 | (1) |
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5.4.1.1 PAM Imaging System |
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141 | (1) |
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5.4.1.2 Phantom Experiments |
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142 | (1) |
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5.4.1.3 Animal Experiments |
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142 | (1) |
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5.4.1.4 Image Reconstruction |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (6) |
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5.5 Photoacoustic Microscopy Based on Acoustic Lens with Variable Focal Length |
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155 | (5) |
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5.6 Confocal Photoacoustic Microscopy Using a Single Multifunctional Lens |
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160 | (9) |
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Chapter 6 Multimodal Approaches |
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169 | (24) |
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169 | (10) |
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6.1.1 Material and Methods |
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169 | (1) |
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6.1.1.1 System Description |
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169 | (3) |
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6.1.1.2 Quantitative Reconstruction Algorithms |
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172 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Results and Discussion |
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172 | (1) |
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6.1.2.1 Spatial Resolution of the System |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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6.1.2.3 PAT and DOT Comparison |
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175 | (2) |
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6.1.2.4 Ex Vivo Experiment |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (7) |
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180 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Results and Discussion |
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182 | (1) |
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6.2.2.1 Comparison of Image Pattern |
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183 | (1) |
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6.2.2.2 Comparison of Spatial Resolution |
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184 | (1) |
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6.2.2.3 Comparison of Sensitivity |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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6.4 Optical-Resolution PAM/OCT |
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188 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Materials and Methods |
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188 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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191 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Contrast Agents-Based Molecular Photoacoustic Tomography |
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193 | (30) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (2) |
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7.3 Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR)-Targeted Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (NIR830-ATF-IONP) |
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198 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Material and Methods |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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7.3.1.2 Preparation of NIR830-ATF-IONP and Control NIR830-Bovine Serum Albumin-IONP (NIR830-BSA-IONP) |
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198 | (2) |
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7.3.1.3 Animal Tumor Model |
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200 | (1) |
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7.3.1.4 Photoacoustic Microscopy Imaging System |
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200 | (1) |
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7.3.1.5 Near-Infrared Planar Fluorescence Imaging System |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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7.3.1.7 Histological Analysis |
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201 | (1) |
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7.3.1.8 Statistical Analysis |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (2) |
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7.4 HER-2/neu Targeted Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual-Modal Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (PAT/FMT) of Ovarian Cancer |
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207 | (16) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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7.4.1.2 HER-2/neu Specific Affibody Conjugation to IONP |
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208 | (2) |
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7.4.1.3 Preparation of NIR-Bovine Serum Albumin-IONP (NIR-830-BSA-IONPs) |
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210 | (1) |
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7.4.1.4 Evaluation of Labeling Efficiency by Prussian Blue Staining |
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210 | (1) |
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7.4.1.5 Orthotopic Human Ovarian Cancer Xenograft Model |
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210 | (1) |
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7.4.1.6 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography Imaging System |
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211 | (1) |
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7.4.1.7 Photoacoustic Imaging System |
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211 | (1) |
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7.4.1.8 In Vivo Planar Fluorescence Imaging |
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212 | (1) |
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7.4.1.9 In Vivo Imaging in Animal Tumor Models |
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212 | (1) |
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7.4.1.10 Histology Analysis |
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212 | (1) |
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7.4.1.11 Statistical Analysis |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
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219 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Clinical Applications and Animal Studies |
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223 | (50) |
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223 | (19) |
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8.1.1 2D Single-Spectral Quantitative PAT |
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224 | (1) |
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8.1.1.1 Materials and Methods |
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224 | (2) |
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8.1.1.2 Results and Discussion |
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226 | (2) |
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8.1.2 2D Multispectral Quantitative PAT |
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228 | (1) |
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8.1.2.1 Materials and Methods |
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228 | (1) |
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8.1.2.2 Results and Discussion |
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228 | (5) |
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8.1.3 3D Single-Spectral Quantitative PAT |
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233 | (1) |
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8.1.3.1 Materials and Methods |
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233 | (1) |
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8.1.3.2 Results and Discussion |
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234 | (3) |
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8.1.4 3D Multispectral Quantitative PAT |
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237 | (1) |
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8.1.4.1 Materials and Methods |
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237 | (1) |
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8.1.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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237 | (5) |
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8.2 Intraoperative Imaging |
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242 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Intraoperative Photoacoutc Tomography (iPAT) System |
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243 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Results and Discussion |
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244 | (4) |
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248 | (10) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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8.3.1.3 Electrode Implantation Surgery |
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250 | (1) |
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8.3.1.4 Induction of Seizures |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Results and Discussion |
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251 | (1) |
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8.3.2.1 Noninvasive Epileptic Foci Localization |
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251 | (1) |
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8.3.2.2 Real-Time Monitoring of Epileptic Events |
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252 | (4) |
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8.3.2.3 Dynamical Changes of Vasculature during Interictal Discharges |
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256 | (2) |
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8.4 Imaging of Tumor Vasculature Development |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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8.4.1.1 Photoacoustic Imaging System |
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258 | (1) |
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8.4.1.2 Mouse Breast Cancer Xenograft Models |
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258 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Results and Discussion |
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259 | (3) |
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8.5 Intravascular Imaging |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (9) |
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8.6.1 Photoacoustic Tomography System |
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266 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Clinical Experiments |
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267 | (1) |
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8.6.2.1 PAT for Breast Cancer Detection |
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267 | (2) |
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8.6.2.2 PAT for Neoadjuvant Monitoring |
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269 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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273 | (10) |
Index |
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283 | |