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Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience [Mīkstie vāki]

Edited by (MD, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA), Edited by (Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 656 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 1770 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128153059
  • ISBN-13: 9780128153055
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 656 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 1770 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128153059
  • ISBN-13: 9780128153055
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for future research in the area, providing the basic foundations readers need to understand photobiomodulation’s science-based evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.

  • Provides a much-needed reference on photobiomodulation with an unprecedented focus on the brain and its disorders
  • Features a body of world-renowned editors and chapter authors that promote research, policy and funding
  • Discusses the recent and rapid accumulation of literature in this area of research and the shift towards the use of non-invasive techniques in therapy
List of Contributors
xix
Preface xxv
Part I Basic considerations and in vitro
1(110)
1 Photobiomodulation therapy and the brain: an innovative tool for therapy and discovery
3(1)
Praveen R. Arany
1.1 Introduction
3(6)
1.1.1 Beyond the structure-function architecture of the human brain
3(1)
1.1.2 A bottom-up approach to brain neurosciences
4(1)
1.1.3 Modulating the "brain black box" with light
5(1)
References
6(3)
2 Theoretical neuroscience
9(1)
Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa
Marucia Chacur
Daniel Oliveira Martins
Carlo Rondinoni
2.1 Molecular and cellular neuroscience
9(2)
2.1.1 History of neuroscience discovery over the decades
9(1)
2.1.2 Molecular techniques in neuroscience research
10(1)
2.2 Translational research in neuroscience
11(1)
2.3 Approaches to simulations and computational neuroscience
11(2)
2.3.1 Neural function simulation
12(1)
2.4 Cognition and behavior
13(3)
2.5 Neural treatment simulation
16(5)
References
17(4)
3 Photobiomodulation of cultured primary neurons: role of cytochrome c oxidase
21(1)
Margaret Wong-Riley
Huan Ling Liang
3.1 Introduction
21(1)
3.2 Cytochrome c oxidase: a biological mediator of photobiomodulation
21(1)
3.3 Effect of photobiomodulaton on primary neurons exposed to tetrodotoxin
22(1)
3.4 Equilibrium constants of azide and cyanide with cytochrome c oxidase
23(1)
3.5 Effects of photobiomodulation at different wavelengths
24(2)
3.6 Optimal regimen of photobiomodulation via light-emitting diode for cultured neurons exposed to cyanide
26(2)
3.7 Photobiomodulation pretreatment has added benefits for neurons exposed to cyanide
28(1)
3.8 Therapeutic effect of photobiomodulation on primary neurons exposed to MPP+ or rotenone
29(2)
3.9 Pretreatment with photobiomodulation is beneficial for neurons exposed to MPP+ or rotenone
31(1)
3.10 Conclusions
32(3)
Acknowledgments
32(1)
References
32(3)
4 Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons
35(1)
Ying-Ying Huang
Michael R. Hamblin
4.1 Introduction
35(1)
4.2 Dose response in cultured cortical neurons
36(2)
4.3 Oxidative stress in cultured cortical neurons
38(3)
4.4 Excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons
41(8)
Conclusion
45(1)
References
46(3)
5 Safety and penetration of light into the brain
49(1)
Erica B. Wang
Ramanjot Kaur
Manuel Fierro
Evan Austin
Linda Ramball Jones
Jared Jagdeo
5.1 Introduction
49(1)
5.2 Safety
49(2)
5.2.1 Animal studies
49(2)
5.2.2 Clinical studies
51(1)
5.2.3 NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial clinical trials
51(1)
5.3 Light penetration into the brain
51(1)
5.4 Mechanism of action
52(1)
5.5 Penetration depth
53(1)
5.6 Optical properties of tissue
54(3)
5.6.1 Light-tissue interactions
54(1)
5.6.2 Melanin
54(1)
5.6.3 Water
55(1)
5.6.4 Hemoglobin
55(1)
5.6.5 Optical window
56(1)
5.7 Cerebrospinal fluid
57(1)
5.7.1 Gray and white brain matter
57(1)
5.8 Wavelength
57(2)
5.8.1 Animal studies
58(1)
5.8.2 Human studies
58(1)
5.9 Skull anatomy
59(3)
5.9.1 Animal studies
59(1)
5.9.2 Human studies
59(1)
5.9.3 Monte Carlo modeling
59(3)
5.10 Irradiance
62(1)
5.11 Coherence
62(1)
5.12 Pulsing
62(1)
5.13 Tissue storage and processing
63(1)
5.14 Conclusion
63(4)
References
64(2)
Further reading
66(1)
6 Near-infrared photonic energy penetration---principles and practice
67(1)
Theodore A. Henderson
Larry D. Monies
6.1 Introduction
67(3)
6.1.1 Understanding near-infrared light
67(3)
6.2 Light interactions with tissue
70(6)
6.2.1 Reflection and refraction
70(1)
6.2.2 Scattering
71(1)
6.2.3 Absorption
72(2)
6.2.4 Penetration
74(1)
6.2.5 Speckling
75(1)
6.3 Infrared light---on a journey to the brain
76(7)
6.3.1 Penetration of skin
76(2)
6.3.2 Penetration of skull
78(1)
6.3.3 Penetration of heterogeneous tissues
79(3)
6.3.4 A hairy problem
82(1)
6.3.5 Effectively treating the brain
83(1)
6.4 Alternative hypotheses to direct near-infrared light energy effects
83(2)
6.5 Conclusion
85(4)
Acknowledgments
86(1)
References
86(3)
7 Light sources and dosimetry for the brain and whole body
89(1)
James D. Carroll
7.1 Dose
89(1)
7.2 Irradiation parameters: wavelength (nm)
89(1)
7.3 Penetration
90(1)
7.4 Power Watts (W)
90(1)
7.5 Beam spot size (cm2)
91(1)
7.6 Irradiance (W/cm2)
91(1)
7.7 Pulses
91(1)
7.8 Coherence
92(1)
7.9 Time, energy, and fluence
92(1)
7.10 Fluence (energy density) (J/cm2)
93(1)
7.11 Irradiation time (seconds)
93(1)
7.12 Number of treatments and treatment intervals (hours, days, or weeks)
93(1)
7.13 Devices
94(3)
References
94(3)
8 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the brain
97(1)
Michael R. Hamblin
8.1 Introduction
97(1)
8.2 Molecular mechanisms of photobiomodulation
97(3)
8.2.1 Mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase
97(2)
8.2.2 Opsins, flavins, and cryptochromes
99(1)
8.2.3 Light-gated ion channels
99(1)
8.2.4 Water as a chromophore
100(1)
8.3 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation applied to the brain
100(6)
8.3.1 Metabolism
101(1)
8.3.2 Blood flow
101(1)
8.3.3 Neuroprotection
101(1)
8.3.4 Oxidative stress
102(1)
8.3.5 Antiinflammatory effects
102(1)
8.3.6 Neurogenesis
103(1)
8.3.7 Synaptogenesis
104(1)
8.3.8 Stem cells
104(1)
8.3.9 Preconditioning
105(1)
8.3.10 Systemic effects
105(1)
8.3.11 Laser acupuncture
105(1)
8.4 Conclusion
106(5)
References
106(5)
Part II Studies in animal models
111(176)
9 Transcranial photobiomodulation for stroke in animal models
113(1)
Luis De Taboada
Michael R. Hamblin
9.1 Introduction
113(2)
9.2 Animal models of stroke
115(2)
9.2.1 Middle cerebral artery occlusion
115(1)
9.2.2 Rabbit small clot embolic stroke model
116(1)
9.2.3 Photothrombotic stroke models
116(1)
9.3 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke in MCAO models
117(1)
9.4 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke using the RSCEM model
118(1)
9.5 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke in photothrombotic model
119(2)
9.6 Conclusion
121(4)
References
121(4)
10 Photobiomodulation in photothrombotic stroke
125(11)
Lorelei Tucker
Luodan Yang
Yong Li
Quanguang Zhang
References
136(3)
11 Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention --- harnessing the indirect effects of photobiomodulation
139(1)
Luke Gordon
Boaz Kim
Claudia Petrucco
Ji Yeon Kim
Patrick Benson
Jonathan Stone
Daniel M. Johnstone
11.1 Transcranial photobiomodulation
139(1)
11.2 Limitations of transcranial photobiomodulation
140(1)
11.3 Alternative photobiomodulation treatment modalities
140(1)
11.3.1 Intracranial photobiomodulation
140(1)
11.3.2 Intranasal photobiomodulation
141(1)
11.4 Introducing "remote photobiomodulation"
141(1)
11.5 Discovering the indirect effects of photobiomodulation
142(2)
11.6 The effects of photobiomodulation on stem cells
144(1)
11.7 Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention
145(2)
11.7.1 Parkinson's disease
145(1)
11.7.2 Alzheimer's disease
146(1)
11.7.3 Retinopathy
146(1)
11.8 The precedent: remote ischemic conditioning
147(1)
11.9 Peripheral tissue targets for remote photobiomodulation-induced neuroprotection
148(1)
11.10 Mechanisms underlying remote photobiomodulation-induced protection
148(2)
11.10.1 Circulating cellular mediators
148(1)
11.10.2 Circulating molecular mediators
149(1)
11.10.3 Modulation of the microbiome
149(1)
11.10.4 Neurogenic signaling
149(1)
11.11 Conclusion
150(5)
References
150(5)
12 Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in mouse models
155(1)
Michael R. Hamblin
12.1 Introduction
155(1)
12.2 Studies from other laboratories
155(1)
12.3 Studies from the Hamblin laboratory
156(1)
12.3.1 Closed-head traumatic brain injury study
156(1)
12.3.2 Pulsed versus continuous wave photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury
156(1)
12.3.3 Treatment repetition study
157(2)
12.3.4 Photobiomodulation increases neurogenesis and neuroprogenitor cells in traumatic brain injury mice
159(2)
12.3.5 Photobiomodulation increases BDNF and synaptogenesis in traumatic brain injury mice
161(2)
12.3.6 The solution to the problem of 14 daily photobiomodulation treatments
163(2)
12.4 Conclusion
165(4)
References
166(3)
13 Photobiomodulation and mitochondria for traumatic brain injury in mouse models
169(1)
Mei X. Wu
Michael R. Hamblin
13.1 Introduction
169(1)
13.2 IEX-1 in traumatic brain injury
169(1)
13.3 IEX-1 KO mice fail to fully recover from mild traumatic brain injury
170(1)
13.4 Histological alteration in IEX-1 KO mice after mild traumatic brain injury
171(2)
13.5 Inflammatory responses after mild traumatic brain injury
173(1)
13.6 Transcranial photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in IEX-1 Knockout Mice
173(4)
13.7 Combination of photobiomodulation and metabolic modulation
177(1)
13.8 Photobiomodulation assists neurons to survive hypoxia in vitro
178(1)
13.9 Photobiomodulation suppresses apoptosis induced by hypoxia
178(1)
13.10 Hypoxia accelerates, but photobiomodulation protects against secondary brain injury
178(4)
13.11 Mitochondrial functions are additively improved by the combination of photobiomodulation with lactate or pyruvate
182(1)
13.12 Photobiomodulation and lactate or pyruvate together fully protect the hippocampal tissue and its function
183(2)
13.13 Conclusion
185(4)
References
185(4)
14 Photobiomodulation for depression in animal models
189(1)
Farzad Salehpour
Javad Mahmoudi
Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
Paolo Cassano
14.1 Introduction
189(1)
14.2 Major depressive disorder
189(5)
14.2.1 The extent of the problem
189(1)
14.2.2 Pathophysiology of major depressive disorder
189(3)
14.2.3 Animal models of depression and photobiomodulation studies
192(1)
14.2.4 Behavioral tests used in depression and photobiomodulation studies
193(1)
14.3 Photobiomodulation therapy
194(5)
14.3.1 Introduction to photobiomodulation therapy
194(1)
14.3.2 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation therapy
194(3)
14.3.3 Translational photobiomodulation studies in depression animal models
197(2)
14.4 Conclusions and future outlook
199(8)
References
199(8)
15 Transcranial photobiomodulation treats Alzheimer's disease in amyloid-3 protein precursor transgenic mice
207(1)
Luis De Taboada
Michael R. Hamblin
15.1 Introduction
207(1)
15.2 Study design
208(1)
15.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation improves cognitive performance as measured by Morris Water Maze
208(1)
15.4 Transcranial photobiomodulation lowers the amyloid load in brain and reduces levels of Aβ peptides in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma
209(1)
15.5 Transcranial photobiomodulation reduces inflammation in the brain
209(1)
15.6 Transcranial photobiomodulation improves mitochondrial function in the brain
210(1)
15.7 Discussion
210(1)
15.8 Conclusion
211(2)
References
211(2)
16 Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow: a new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases
213(1)
Amir Oron
Uri Oron
Acknowledgment
216(1)
References
216(3)
17 The experimental evidence for photobiomodulation-induced cellular and behavioral changes in animal models of Parkinson's disease: a template for translation to patients
219(1)
Nabil El Massri
John Mitrofanis
17.1 Introduction
219(1)
17.2 Parkinson's disease and animal models
219(2)
17.3 Photobiomodulation
221(2)
17.4 Neuroprotection
223(2)
17.5 Gliosis
225(1)
17.6 Growth factors
226(1)
17.7 Functional activity
226(1)
17.8 Behavior
226(1)
17.9 Translation to patients
227(1)
17.10 Conclusion
228(5)
References
228(3)
Further reading
231(2)
18 Effects of near-infrared low-level laser stimulation on neuronal excitability
233(1)
Ljubica M. Konstantinovic
Sasa R. Filipovic
18.1 Introductory remarks
233(1)
18.2 Neuronal excitability---experimental results
234(2)
18.2.1 Effects on peripheral nerves
234(1)
18.2.2 Effects on brain
234(2)
18.3 Proposed mechanisms
236(3)
18.4 Future directions
239(2)
Acknowledgment
239(1)
References
239(2)
19 Photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis in animal models
241(1)
M.A. Tolentino
J.A. Lyons
19.1 Introduction
241(1)
19.2 Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
241(3)
19.3 Photobiomodulation therapy for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis/multiple sclerosis
244(5)
19.4 Conclusion and future directions
249(4)
References
249(4)
20 Hepatic encephalopathy and photobiomodulation: experimental models and clinical features
253(1)
Natalia Arias
Juan Diaz Gonzalez
Alberto Martin Pernia
Jorge L. Arias
20.1 Introduction
253(2)
20.2 What is hepatic encephalopathy?
255(4)
20.2.1 The contribution of ammonia
255(3)
20.2.2 The contribution of oxidative/nitrosative stress
258(1)
20.3 Photobiomodulation for hepatic encephalopathy
259(6)
Acknowledgment
260(1)
References
260(3)
Further reading
263(2)
21 Photobiomodulation in animal models of retinal injury and disease
265(1)
Janis T. Eells
21.1 Introduction
265(2)
21.2 Methanol intoxication
267(1)
21.3 Bright light-induced retinal damage
267(2)
21.4 Diabetic retinopathy
269(1)
21.5 Retinitis pigmentosa
269(1)
21.6 Aging and age-related macular degeneration
269(1)
21.7 Retinopathy of prematurity
270(1)
21.8 Optic nerve injury
270(1)
21.9 Glaucoma
271(1)
21.10 Conclusion and future directions
271(4)
Acknowledgment
271(1)
References
271(2)
Further reading
273(2)
22 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives
275(1)
Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa
Nathali Cordeiro Pinto
Elisabeth Mateus Yoshimura
22.1 Introduction
275(1)
22.2 Pain---a major problem for human health
276(1)
22.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy---a multidisciplinar solution for pain
277(1)
22.4 Photoneuromodulation: dosimetry, mechanisms, and therapeutics in translational research
277(6)
22.4.1 Dosimetry
277(2)
22.4.2 Mechanisms
279(2)
22.4.3 Therapeutic effects
281(1)
22.4.4 Irradiation of nervous system: peripheral versus central
281(2)
22.5 Photoneuromodulation of glutamate receptors, prostatic acid phophatase and adenosine triphosphate
283(1)
22.5.1 Behavioral evaluation of pain
283(1)
22.5.2 Neurochemical and neurobiological evidences of analgesic effect
283(1)
22.6 Future directions of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain
284(1)
22.7 Conclusion
285(2)
References
285(2)
Part III Cinical studies
287(328)
23 The challenge of effectively translating transcranial near-infrared laser therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke
289(1)
Paul A. Lapchak
23.1 Introduction
289(1)
23.2 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial (NEST): from transcranial laser therapy efficacy to NEST futility
289(4)
23.2.1 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-1
290(1)
23.2.2 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-2
291(1)
23.2.3 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-3
292(1)
23.3 Translational stroke research in the embolic stroke rabbit model
293(1)
23.3.1 Preclinical efficacy
293(1)
23.4 What went wrong in NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trials?
294(1)
23.5 Conclusions and commentary: should transcranial laser therapy be further considered as an approach to treat stroke?
294(5)
References
295(4)
24 Effects of photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury: proposed clinical assessment
299(1)
Sherry Fox
Victoria Campbell
24.1 Introduction
299(1)
24.2 Definition and statistics---traumatic brain injury
300(1)
24.3 Developmental aspects
301(1)
24.4 Physiological components
301(1)
24.5 Psychological manifestations
302(1)
24.6 Sociological implications
302(1)
24.7 Causation
302(1)
24.8 Treatment approaches
303(1)
24.9 Most common treatments recommended
303(1)
24.10 Results
304(1)
24.11 Discussion
304(1)
24.12 Future clinical trials for the treatment of traumatic brain injury
305(1)
24.13 Conclusion
305(4)
References
306(3)
25 Transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for chronic traumatic brain injury and poststroke aphasia: clinical studies
309(1)
Margaret A. Naeser
Paula I. Martin
Michael D. Ho
Maxine H. Krengel
Yelena Bogdanova
Jeffrey A. Knight
Andrea Fedoruk
Michael R. Hamblin
Bang-Bon Koo
25.1 Traumatic brain injury
309(3)
25.1.1 Introduction to traumatic brain injury
309(1)
25.1.2 Sports-related traumatic brain injury
309(1)
25.1.3 Traumatic brain injury in soldiers and veterans
309(1)
25.1.4 Diffuse axonal injury and white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging scans
310(1)
25.1.5 Development of neurodegenerative disease posttraumatic brain injury
310(1)
25.1.6 Functional brain imaging in traumatic brain injury
310(1)
25.1.7 Resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging in traumatic brain injury
310(1)
25.1.8 Cognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
311(1)
25.1.9 Sleep disturbances in traumatic brain injury
311(1)
25.1.10 Pharmacologic treatments for traumatic brain injury
311(1)
25.1.11 Cognitive rehabilitation therapies for traumatic brain injury
312(1)
25.2 Photobiomodulation for chronic traumatic brain injury
312(2)
25.2.1 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment performed at home, to improve cognition in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury---case reports
312(1)
25.2.2 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury---open protocol, group study
313(1)
25.2.3 Results
313(1)
25.3 Ongoing current studies on photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury
314(3)
25.3.1 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition and sleep in mild traumatic brain injury
314(2)
25.3.2 Intranasal (only) light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition and sleep
316(1)
25.4 Discussion, photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury
317(4)
25.4.1 Executive function, and relationship to resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging networks (default mode network and salience network)
317(1)
25.4.2 Specific transcranial light-emitting diode placements may affect specific parts of the salience network and default mode network in traumatic brain injury cases
318(1)
25.4.3 Verbal learning and memory, and relationship to resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging (central executive network)
318(1)
25.4.4 Specific transcranial light-emitting diode placements may affect specific parts of the central executive network in traumatic brain injury cases
319(1)
25.4.5 Depression
319(1)
25.4.6 Posttraumatic stress disorder relationship to intrinsic networks, default mode network and salience network
319(1)
25.4.7 Weak connections between cortical nodes within intrinsic neural networks
320(1)
25.4.8 Mechanisms and cellular effects, post-red/near-infrared transcranial light-emitting diode
320(1)
25.5 Photobiomodulation to improve language in chronic aphasia, due to hemisphere stroke
321(3)
25.5.1 Stroke-aphasia
321(1)
25.5.2 Importance of specific light-emitting diode placement areas on the scalp to treat aphasia, in chronic stroke
322(1)
25.5.3 Bilateral transcranial light-emitting diode treatment method
322(1)
25.5.4 Left hemisphere only, transcranial light-emitting diode treatment method
322(1)
25.5.5 Results
323(1)
25.5.6 Photobiomodulation to treat primary progressive aphasia, a neurodegenerative disease
323(1)
25.6 Photobiomodulation for possible chronic traumatic encephalopathy
324(2)
25.7 Conclusion
326(7)
References
326(7)
26 Photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury
333(1)
Thomas J. Covey
David W. Shucard
Melissa Meynadasy
Thomas Mang
Praveen R. Arany
26.1 Introduction
333(2)
26.2 Neuropathology of traumatic brain injury
335(1)
26.3 Putative targets of photobiomodulation therapy in traumatic brain injury
336(1)
26.4 Treatment parameters and biological targets of photobiomodulation in animal models of traumatic brain injury
336(7)
26.5 Effects of photobiomodulation on cognitive performance in animal models of traumatic brain injury
343(2)
26.6 Enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy individuals with photobiomodulation treatment
345(6)
26.7 Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on cognitive outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients
351(3)
26.8 Summary and future directions
354(2)
26.9 Conclusion
356(7)
References
357(6)
27 Advanced neuroimaging methods for assessment of low-level light therapy
363(1)
Suk-tak Chan
Maria Gabriela Longo
Eva-Maria Ratai
Rajiv Gupta
27.1 Introduction
363(1)
27.2 Known mechanisms of light therapy
363(1)
27.3 Preclinical evidence for light therapy
364(1)
27.4 Clinical evidence of light therapy efficacy
364(1)
27.5 Evidence for transcranial delivery of light
365(1)
27.6 Neuroimaging methods
365(2)
27.6.1 Computed tomography
365(1)
27.6.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
365(2)
27.7 Structural imaging
367(1)
27.8 Diffusion imaging
368(1)
27.9 Perfusion imaging
369(1)
27.10 Resting state functional connectivity imaging
370(1)
27.11 Functional imaging using hypercapnic challenges
370(1)
27.12 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
371(6)
Funding
371(1)
References
371(6)
28 Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light
377(1)
Larry D. Morries
Theodore A. Henderson
28.1 Background
377(2)
28.1.1 Definition
377(1)
28.1.2 Incidence
378(1)
28.1.3 Vulnerable populations
378(1)
28.1.4 Symptoms
379(1)
28.2 Diagnostic workup
379(7)
28.2.1 Neurological and physical evaluation
379(2)
28.2.2 Balance testing
381(1)
28.2.3 Dysautonomia
382(1)
28.2.4 Cervicogenic headaches
382(1)
28.2.5 Questionnaires and cognitive testing
382(2)
28.2.6 Neuroimaging
384(2)
28.3 Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light therapy
386(8)
28.3.1 Overview
386(1)
28.3.2 Review of the literature
387(7)
28.4 Conclusion
394(7)
Acknowledgment
395(1)
References
395(6)
29 Photobiomodulation: a novel approach to treating Alzheimer's disease
401(1)
Lew Lim
Genane Loheswaran
Reza Zomorrodi
Anita Saltmarche
Linda Chao
29.1 Introduction
401(1)
29.2 Pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease
401(1)
29.3 Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease
402(1)
29.3.1 Amyloid cascade hypothesis
402(1)
29.3.2 Neurofibrillary tangles
402(1)
29.3.3 Other protein targets
402(1)
29.4 The odds against a monotherapy
402(1)
29.5 Mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
403(1)
29.6 Photobiomodulation and mitochondrial function
403(1)
29.7 Photobiomodulation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease
404(1)
29.8 Human clinical studies of photobiomodulation on dementia and Alzheimer's
404(6)
29.8.1 Saltmarche et al. (2017)
405(1)
29.8.2 Zomorrodi et al. (2017)
405(1)
29.8.3 Ongoing study---Chao (2018)
406(3)
29.8.4 Discussion on the clinical studies
409(1)
29.9 Key parameters
410(2)
29.9.1 The default mode network
411(1)
29.9.2 Pulse rate of 40 Hz
412(1)
29.10 Proving light penetration through electroencephalography measures
412(1)
29.11 Electroencephalography as a tool for developing Alzheimer's disease therapies
412(1)
29.12 Pulsed photobiomodulation as a potential treatment modality
413(1)
29.13 The future of photobiomodulation as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease
413(6)
References
413(6)
30 Electroencephalography as the diagnostic adjunct to transcranial photobiomodulation
419(1)
Reza Zomorrodi
Genane Loheswaran
Lew Lim
30.1 Introduction
419(1)
30.2 Electroencephalography
419(1)
30.3 Brainwaves
420(1)
30.3.1 Delta oscillations
420(1)
30.3.2 Theta oscillations
420(1)
30.3.3 Alpha oscillations
420(1)
30.3.4 Beta oscillations
421(1)
30.3.5 Gamma oscillations
421(1)
30.4 Photobiomodulation as a new noninvasive brain stimulation method
421(1)
30.5 The causal link between photobiomodulation and neural oscillations
422(1)
30.5.1 Maintaining homeostasis
422(1)
30.5.2 Calcium signaling
422(1)
30.6 Evidence for transcranial photobiomodulation influences on brain oscillations
423(1)
30.7 The potential use of electroencephalography with photobiomodulation for brain disorders
424(1)
30.8 Discussion and conclusion
424(3)
References
424(3)
31 Can photobiomodulation enhance brain function in older adults?
427(1)
Agnes S. Chan
Michael K. Yeung
Tsz L. Lee
31.1 Frontal lobe deterioration and normal human aging
427(8)
31.1.1 Structural and functional deteriorations of the frontal lobe in normal human aging
427(3)
31.1.2 Cognitive declines in frontal lobe functioning in normal human aging
430(4)
31.1.3 Conventional interventions for improving frontal lobe functioning in normal older adults
434(1)
31.2 Photobiomodulation and neuroenhancement
435(5)
31.2.1 Mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation
435(1)
31.2.2 Photobiomodulation for enhancing brain functions in humans
435(5)
31.3 Photobiomodulation for normal older adults: a potential intervention for the aging brain
440(7)
Acknowledgment
440(1)
Conflict of interest
441(1)
References
441(5)
Further reading
446(1)
32 Noninvasive neurotherapeutic treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback training
447(1)
Marvin H. Berman
Trent Nichols
Jason Huang
Damir Nizamutdinov
32.1 Photobiomodulation and neurotherapy introduction
447(1)
32.2 Pathophysiology of neurodegeneration
448(2)
32.3 Photobiomodulation therapy
450(1)
32.4 Near infrared photobiomodulation decreases synaptic vulnerability to Aβ
451(1)
32.5 Early human clinical trials
452(2)
32.6 Digit span measures
454(1)
32.7 Neuropsychological testing results
454(4)
32.8 Treatment of neurodegeneration with directed energy
458(1)
32.9 Near infrared spectroscopy assessment of Alzheimer's
458(1)
32.10 Conclusion
459(4)
References
460(2)
Further reading
462(1)
33 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients
463(1)
Catherine Hamilton
David Hamilton
Frank Nicklason
John Mitrofanis
33.1 Introduction
463(1)
33.2 Case descriptions
463(6)
33.2.1 Progressive supranuclear palsy: Patient FH
463(3)
33.2.2 Parkinson's disease: Patient BS
466(1)
33.2.3 Parkinson's disease: Patient PN
467(1)
33.2.4 Parkinson's disease: Patient MH
468(1)
33.3 Discussion
469(3)
33.4 Conclusion
472(1)
Acknowledgment
472(1)
References
472(1)
34 Cerebral blood flow in the elderly: impact of photobiomodulation
473(1)
Afonso Shiguemi Inoue Salgado
Francisco Jose Cidral-Filho
Daniel Fernandes Martins
Ivo I. Kerppers
Rodolfo Borges Parreira
34.1 Introduction
473(1)
34.2 Brain hemodynamics in the elderly
473(2)
34.3 Effect of photobiomodulation of the brain in the elderly
475(4)
References
475(2)
Further reading
477(2)
35 Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive and anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder
479(1)
Marco Antonio Caldieraro
Paolo Cassano
35.1 The potential of transcranial photobiomodulation for the anxious and depressed
479(1)
35.2 Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder
480(1)
35.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation for anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder
481(3)
35.4 Safety and tolerability of transcranial photobiomodulation
484(1)
35.5 Dosing transcranial photobiomodulation for mood and anxiety disorders
484(1)
35.6 Conclusion
485(4)
References
485(4)
36 Action at a distance: laser acupuncture and the brain
489(1)
Nicholas Alexander Wise
36.1 Background
489(2)
36.1.1 Acupuncture and meridian theory
489(1)
36.1.2 Physical properties of meridians and acupoints
489(1)
36.1.3 Microsystems
490(1)
36.1.4 Acupuncture methods
490(1)
36.2 Laser acupuncture
491(1)
36.2.1 Potential mechanisms of laser acupuncture
491(1)
36.2.2 The deqi question
491(1)
36.3 Acupuncture and the brain
492(1)
36.3.1 Functional magnetic resonance imaging
492(1)
36.4 Laser acupuncture and the brain
493(4)
36.4.1 Animal studies
493(1)
36.4.2 Laser acupuncture and functional magnetic resonance imaging
494(1)
36.4.3 The frequency question
494(1)
36.4.4 Laser acupuncture and depression
494(1)
36.4.5 Laser acupuncture and cerebral blood flow
495(1)
36.4.6 Laser acupuncture and brain oscillations
496(1)
36.4.7 Laser acupuncture for stroke and neurorehabilitation
496(1)
36.4.8 The wavelength question
496(1)
36.5 Conclusion
497(6)
References
497(6)
37 Signature wounds of war: a case study
503(1)
George Louis Lindenfeld
George Rozelle
37.1 Introduction
503(3)
37.2 RESET Therapy
506(2)
37.3 Case study
508(7)
References
514(1)
38 Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in degenerative brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 1)
515(1)
Ivan V. Maksimovich
38.1 Introduction
515(2)
38.2 Materials and methods
517(3)
38.2.1 Patient selection criteria
517(1)
38.2.2 Patient examination plan
517(2)
38.2.3 Treatment methods
519(1)
38.3 Results
520(5)
38.3.1 Test group
520(4)
38.3.2 Control group
524(1)
38.4 Discussion
525(1)
38.5 Conclusion
526(1)
38.6 Conflict of interest
526(1)
38.7 Funding
526(3)
References
526(3)
39 Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in ischemic brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 2)
529(1)
Ivan V. Maksimovich
39.1 Introduction
529(2)
39.2 Materials and methods
531(4)
39.2.1 Patient selection criteria
531(1)
39.2.2 Patient screening plan
531(1)
39.2.3 Analysis of patients
531(1)
39.2.4 Selection of patients
532(1)
39.2.5 Methods of treating patients
533(2)
39.2.6 Evaluation of results
535(1)
39.3 Results
535(5)
39.3.1 Test group 1---Patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency
535(1)
39.3.2 Test group 2---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and previous ischemic stroke
536(2)
39.3.3 Control group 1---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency
538(1)
39.3.4 Control Group 2---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and previous ischemic stroke
539(1)
39.3.5 Clinical results in the long-term period
539(1)
39.4 Discussion
540(1)
39.5 Conclusion
541(4)
Conflict of interest
542(1)
Funding
542(1)
References
542(3)
40 Russian low level laser therapy techniques for brain disorders
545(1)
Sergey V. Moskvin
Andrey V. Kochetkov
40.1 Introduction
545(1)
40.2 Protocol requirements of low level laser therapy procedures in Russia, low level laser therapy techniques
545(2)
40.3 Intravenous laser blood illumination
547(2)
40.4 Noninvasive laser blood illumination
549(2)
40.5 The analysis of the literature on the use of low level laser therapy in patients with various cerebrovascular disorders
551(14)
40.6 Indications
565(1)
40.7 Contradictions
566(7)
References
569(4)
41 Laser treatment of central nervous system injuries: an update and prospects
573(1)
L. Longo
41.1 Introduction
573(1)
41.2 Clinical experience
574(8)
41.3 Mechanisms of action
582(2)
41.4 Appendix---Motor control and the Grimaldi maneuver
584(5)
References
586(3)
42 Photobiomodulation treatment for brain disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia
589(1)
Randy Lamartiniere
Rhett Bergeron
Ronald Aung-Din
Matthew Bennett
William Stephan
Louis Banas
42.1 Introduction (clinical team)
589(1)
42.2 Original concussion case
590(1)
42.3 Posttraumatic stress disorder evaluation
591(2)
42.4 Case studies for posttraumatic stress disorder
593(4)
42.4.1 Case studies for dementia
595(2)
42.5 Conclusion and future directions
597(2)
References
597(2)
43 What we don't know and what the future holds
599(1)
Michael R. Hamblin
43.1 Questions, or what we don't know
599(1)
43.2 What are the best diseases and conditions to be treated?
599(1)
43.3 How important is light penetration to the brain?
600(1)
43.4 What about systemic effects?
600(1)
43.5 What is the best way to deliver light?
601(1)
43.6 How important is pulsing?
601(3)
43.6.1 Pulse parameters and light sources
601(1)
43.6.2 Types of pulsed light sources
602(1)
43.6.3 Why could pulsing be important in photobiomodulation?
602(1)
43.6.4 Effect of pulsing photobiomodulation for the brain
603(1)
43.7 How important is the location on the head?
604(1)
43.8 How important is the biphasic dose response?
604(1)
43.9 What about cognitive enhancement and preconditioning?
605(1)
43.10 How does photobiomodulation compare with other noninvasive brain stimulation techniques?
605(3)
43.10.1 Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation
605(2)
43.10.2 Transcranial direct current stimulation
607(1)
43.10.3 Low intensity pulsed ultrasound
608(1)
43.11 Could an invasive approach be considered?
608(1)
43.12 What does the future hold?
609(6)
References
609(6)
Index 615
Michael R Hamblin Ph.D. is a Principal Investigator at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, an Associate Professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School and is a member of the affiliated faculty of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology. He was trained as a synthetic organic chemist and received his PhD from Trent University in England. His research interests lie in the areas of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for infections, cancer, and heart disease and in low-level light therapy (LLLT) for wound healing, arthritis, traumatic brain injury and hair-regrowth. He directs a laboratory of around a sixteen post-doctoral fellows, visiting scientists and graduate students. His research program is supported by NIH, CDMRP, USAFOSR and CIMIT among other funding agencies. He has published 252 peer-reviewed articles, over 150 conference proceedings, book chapters and International abstracts and holds 8 patents. He is Associate Editor for 7 journals, on the editorial board of a further 12 journals and serves on NIH Study Sections. For the past 9 years Dr Hamblin has chaired an annual conference at SPIE Photonics West entitled "Mechanisms for low level light therapy" and he has edited the 9 proceedings volumes together with four other major textbooks on PDT and photomedicine. He has several other book projects in progress at various stages of completion. In 2011 Dr Hamblin was honored by election as a Fellow of SPIE. Dr. Huang is an instructor at Harvard University. She completed her dermatology residency at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China and her postdoctoral work at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine in Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. She has years of experience in drug screening in vitro and in vivo cancer therapies and maintains research in clinical dermatology.