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xix | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
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Part I Basic considerations and in vitro |
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1 | (110) |
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1 Photobiomodulation therapy and the brain: an innovative tool for therapy and discovery |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (6) |
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1.1.1 Beyond the structure-function architecture of the human brain |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.2 A bottom-up approach to brain neurosciences |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Modulating the "brain black box" with light |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Theoretical neuroscience |
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9 | (1) |
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Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa |
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2.1 Molecular and cellular neuroscience |
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9 | (2) |
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2.1.1 History of neuroscience discovery over the decades |
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9 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Molecular techniques in neuroscience research |
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10 | (1) |
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2.2 Translational research in neuroscience |
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11 | (1) |
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2.3 Approaches to simulations and computational neuroscience |
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11 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Neural function simulation |
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12 | (1) |
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2.4 Cognition and behavior |
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13 | (3) |
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2.5 Neural treatment simulation |
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16 | (5) |
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17 | (4) |
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3 Photobiomodulation of cultured primary neurons: role of cytochrome c oxidase |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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3.2 Cytochrome c oxidase: a biological mediator of photobiomodulation |
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21 | (1) |
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3.3 Effect of photobiomodulaton on primary neurons exposed to tetrodotoxin |
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22 | (1) |
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3.4 Equilibrium constants of azide and cyanide with cytochrome c oxidase |
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23 | (1) |
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3.5 Effects of photobiomodulation at different wavelengths |
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24 | (2) |
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3.6 Optimal regimen of photobiomodulation via light-emitting diode for cultured neurons exposed to cyanide |
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26 | (2) |
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3.7 Photobiomodulation pretreatment has added benefits for neurons exposed to cyanide |
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28 | (1) |
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3.8 Therapeutic effect of photobiomodulation on primary neurons exposed to MPP+ or rotenone |
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29 | (2) |
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3.9 Pretreatment with photobiomodulation is beneficial for neurons exposed to MPP+ or rotenone |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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4 Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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4.2 Dose response in cultured cortical neurons |
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36 | (2) |
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4.3 Oxidative stress in cultured cortical neurons |
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38 | (3) |
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4.4 Excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons |
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41 | (8) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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5 Safety and penetration of light into the brain |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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5.2.3 NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial clinical trials |
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51 | (1) |
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5.3 Light penetration into the brain |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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5.6 Optical properties of tissue |
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54 | (3) |
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5.6.1 Light-tissue interactions |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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5.7.1 Gray and white brain matter |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Monte Carlo modeling |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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5.13 Tissue storage and processing |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (4) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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6 Near-infrared photonic energy penetration---principles and practice |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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6.1.1 Understanding near-infrared light |
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67 | (3) |
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6.2 Light interactions with tissue |
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70 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Reflection and refraction |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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6.3 Infrared light---on a journey to the brain |
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76 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Penetration of skin |
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76 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Penetration of skull |
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78 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Penetration of heterogeneous tissues |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Effectively treating the brain |
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83 | (1) |
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6.4 Alternative hypotheses to direct near-infrared light energy effects |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (4) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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7 Light sources and dosimetry for the brain and whole body |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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7.2 Irradiation parameters: wavelength (nm) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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7.9 Time, energy, and fluence |
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92 | (1) |
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7.10 Fluence (energy density) (J/cm2) |
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93 | (1) |
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7.11 Irradiation time (seconds) |
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93 | (1) |
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7.12 Number of treatments and treatment intervals (hours, days, or weeks) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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94 | (3) |
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8 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the brain |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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8.2 Molecular mechanisms of photobiomodulation |
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97 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase |
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97 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Opsins, flavins, and cryptochromes |
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99 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Light-gated ion channels |
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99 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Water as a chromophore |
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100 | (1) |
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8.3 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation applied to the brain |
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100 | (6) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Antiinflammatory effects |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (5) |
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106 | (5) |
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Part II Studies in animal models |
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111 | (176) |
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9 Transcranial photobiomodulation for stroke in animal models |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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9.2 Animal models of stroke |
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115 | (2) |
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9.2.1 Middle cerebral artery occlusion |
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115 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Rabbit small clot embolic stroke model |
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116 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Photothrombotic stroke models |
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116 | (1) |
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9.3 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke in MCAO models |
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117 | (1) |
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9.4 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke using the RSCEM model |
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118 | (1) |
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9.5 Photobiomodulation for ischemic stroke in photothrombotic model |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
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121 | (4) |
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10 Photobiomodulation in photothrombotic stroke |
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125 | (11) |
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136 | (3) |
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11 Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention --- harnessing the indirect effects of photobiomodulation |
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139 | (1) |
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11.1 Transcranial photobiomodulation |
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139 | (1) |
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11.2 Limitations of transcranial photobiomodulation |
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140 | (1) |
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11.3 Alternative photobiomodulation treatment modalities |
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140 | (1) |
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11.3.1 Intracranial photobiomodulation |
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140 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Intranasal photobiomodulation |
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141 | (1) |
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11.4 Introducing "remote photobiomodulation" |
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141 | (1) |
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11.5 Discovering the indirect effects of photobiomodulation |
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142 | (2) |
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11.6 The effects of photobiomodulation on stem cells |
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144 | (1) |
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11.7 Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention |
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145 | (2) |
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11.7.1 Parkinson's disease |
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145 | (1) |
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11.7.2 Alzheimer's disease |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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11.8 The precedent: remote ischemic conditioning |
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147 | (1) |
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11.9 Peripheral tissue targets for remote photobiomodulation-induced neuroprotection |
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148 | (1) |
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11.10 Mechanisms underlying remote photobiomodulation-induced protection |
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148 | (2) |
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11.10.1 Circulating cellular mediators |
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148 | (1) |
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11.10.2 Circulating molecular mediators |
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149 | (1) |
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11.10.3 Modulation of the microbiome |
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149 | (1) |
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11.10.4 Neurogenic signaling |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (5) |
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150 | (5) |
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12 Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in mouse models |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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12.2 Studies from other laboratories |
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155 | (1) |
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12.3 Studies from the Hamblin laboratory |
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156 | (1) |
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12.3.1 Closed-head traumatic brain injury study |
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156 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Pulsed versus continuous wave photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury |
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156 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Treatment repetition study |
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157 | (2) |
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12.3.4 Photobiomodulation increases neurogenesis and neuroprogenitor cells in traumatic brain injury mice |
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159 | (2) |
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12.3.5 Photobiomodulation increases BDNF and synaptogenesis in traumatic brain injury mice |
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161 | (2) |
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12.3.6 The solution to the problem of 14 daily photobiomodulation treatments |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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166 | (3) |
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13 Photobiomodulation and mitochondria for traumatic brain injury in mouse models |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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13.2 IEX-1 in traumatic brain injury |
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169 | (1) |
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13.3 IEX-1 KO mice fail to fully recover from mild traumatic brain injury |
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170 | (1) |
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13.4 Histological alteration in IEX-1 KO mice after mild traumatic brain injury |
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171 | (2) |
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13.5 Inflammatory responses after mild traumatic brain injury |
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173 | (1) |
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13.6 Transcranial photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in IEX-1 Knockout Mice |
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173 | (4) |
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13.7 Combination of photobiomodulation and metabolic modulation |
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177 | (1) |
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13.8 Photobiomodulation assists neurons to survive hypoxia in vitro |
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178 | (1) |
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13.9 Photobiomodulation suppresses apoptosis induced by hypoxia |
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178 | (1) |
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13.10 Hypoxia accelerates, but photobiomodulation protects against secondary brain injury |
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178 | (4) |
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13.11 Mitochondrial functions are additively improved by the combination of photobiomodulation with lactate or pyruvate |
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182 | (1) |
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13.12 Photobiomodulation and lactate or pyruvate together fully protect the hippocampal tissue and its function |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (4) |
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185 | (4) |
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14 Photobiomodulation for depression in animal models |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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14.2 Major depressive disorder |
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189 | (5) |
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14.2.1 The extent of the problem |
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189 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Pathophysiology of major depressive disorder |
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189 | (3) |
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14.2.3 Animal models of depression and photobiomodulation studies |
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192 | (1) |
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14.2.4 Behavioral tests used in depression and photobiomodulation studies |
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193 | (1) |
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14.3 Photobiomodulation therapy |
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194 | (5) |
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14.3.1 Introduction to photobiomodulation therapy |
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194 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Mechanisms of photobiomodulation therapy |
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194 | (3) |
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14.3.3 Translational photobiomodulation studies in depression animal models |
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197 | (2) |
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14.4 Conclusions and future outlook |
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199 | (8) |
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199 | (8) |
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15 Transcranial photobiomodulation treats Alzheimer's disease in amyloid-3 protein precursor transgenic mice |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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15.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation improves cognitive performance as measured by Morris Water Maze |
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208 | (1) |
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15.4 Transcranial photobiomodulation lowers the amyloid load in brain and reduces levels of Aβ peptides in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma |
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209 | (1) |
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15.5 Transcranial photobiomodulation reduces inflammation in the brain |
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209 | (1) |
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15.6 Transcranial photobiomodulation improves mitochondrial function in the brain |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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211 | (2) |
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16 Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow: a new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases |
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213 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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17 The experimental evidence for photobiomodulation-induced cellular and behavioral changes in animal models of Parkinson's disease: a template for translation to patients |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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17.2 Parkinson's disease and animal models |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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17.9 Translation to patients |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (5) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (2) |
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18 Effects of near-infrared low-level laser stimulation on neuronal excitability |
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233 | (1) |
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Ljubica M. Konstantinovic |
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18.1 Introductory remarks |
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233 | (1) |
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18.2 Neuronal excitability---experimental results |
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234 | (2) |
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18.2.1 Effects on peripheral nerves |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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19 Photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis in animal models |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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19.2 Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis |
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241 | (3) |
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19.3 Photobiomodulation therapy for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis/multiple sclerosis |
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244 | (5) |
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19.4 Conclusion and future directions |
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249 | (4) |
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249 | (4) |
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20 Hepatic encephalopathy and photobiomodulation: experimental models and clinical features |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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20.2 What is hepatic encephalopathy? |
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255 | (4) |
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20.2.1 The contribution of ammonia |
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255 | (3) |
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20.2.2 The contribution of oxidative/nitrosative stress |
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258 | (1) |
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20.3 Photobiomodulation for hepatic encephalopathy |
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259 | (6) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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21 Photobiomodulation in animal models of retinal injury and disease |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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21.2 Methanol intoxication |
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267 | (1) |
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21.3 Bright light-induced retinal damage |
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267 | (2) |
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21.4 Diabetic retinopathy |
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269 | (1) |
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21.5 Retinitis pigmentosa |
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269 | (1) |
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21.6 Aging and age-related macular degeneration |
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269 | (1) |
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21.7 Retinopathy of prematurity |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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21.10 Conclusion and future directions |
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271 | (4) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (2) |
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22 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives |
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275 | (1) |
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Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa |
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Elisabeth Mateus Yoshimura |
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275 | (1) |
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22.2 Pain---a major problem for human health |
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276 | (1) |
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22.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy---a multidisciplinar solution for pain |
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277 | (1) |
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22.4 Photoneuromodulation: dosimetry, mechanisms, and therapeutics in translational research |
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277 | (6) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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22.4.3 Therapeutic effects |
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281 | (1) |
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22.4.4 Irradiation of nervous system: peripheral versus central |
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281 | (2) |
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22.5 Photoneuromodulation of glutamate receptors, prostatic acid phophatase and adenosine triphosphate |
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283 | (1) |
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22.5.1 Behavioral evaluation of pain |
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283 | (1) |
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22.5.2 Neurochemical and neurobiological evidences of analgesic effect |
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283 | (1) |
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22.6 Future directions of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (328) |
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23 The challenge of effectively translating transcranial near-infrared laser therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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23.2 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial (NEST): from transcranial laser therapy efficacy to NEST futility |
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289 | (4) |
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23.2.1 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-1 |
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290 | (1) |
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23.2.2 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-2 |
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291 | (1) |
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23.2.3 NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trial-3 |
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292 | (1) |
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23.3 Translational stroke research in the embolic stroke rabbit model |
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293 | (1) |
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23.3.1 Preclinical efficacy |
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293 | (1) |
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23.4 What went wrong in NeuroThera effectiveness and safety trials? |
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294 | (1) |
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23.5 Conclusions and commentary: should transcranial laser therapy be further considered as an approach to treat stroke? |
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294 | (5) |
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295 | (4) |
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24 Effects of photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury: proposed clinical assessment |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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24.2 Definition and statistics---traumatic brain injury |
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300 | (1) |
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24.3 Developmental aspects |
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301 | (1) |
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24.4 Physiological components |
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301 | (1) |
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24.5 Psychological manifestations |
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302 | (1) |
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24.6 Sociological implications |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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24.8 Treatment approaches |
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303 | (1) |
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24.9 Most common treatments recommended |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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24.12 Future clinical trials for the treatment of traumatic brain injury |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
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306 | (3) |
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25 Transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for chronic traumatic brain injury and poststroke aphasia: clinical studies |
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309 | (1) |
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25.1 Traumatic brain injury |
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309 | (3) |
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25.1.1 Introduction to traumatic brain injury |
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309 | (1) |
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25.1.2 Sports-related traumatic brain injury |
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309 | (1) |
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25.1.3 Traumatic brain injury in soldiers and veterans |
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309 | (1) |
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25.1.4 Diffuse axonal injury and white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging scans |
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310 | (1) |
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25.1.5 Development of neurodegenerative disease posttraumatic brain injury |
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310 | (1) |
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25.1.6 Functional brain imaging in traumatic brain injury |
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310 | (1) |
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25.1.7 Resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging in traumatic brain injury |
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|
310 | (1) |
|
25.1.8 Cognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
25.1.9 Sleep disturbances in traumatic brain injury |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
25.1.10 Pharmacologic treatments for traumatic brain injury |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
25.1.11 Cognitive rehabilitation therapies for traumatic brain injury |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
25.2 Photobiomodulation for chronic traumatic brain injury |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
25.2.1 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment performed at home, to improve cognition in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury---case reports |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
25.2.2 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury---open protocol, group study |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
25.3 Ongoing current studies on photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
25.3.1 Transcranial light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition and sleep in mild traumatic brain injury |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
25.3.2 Intranasal (only) light-emitting diode treatment to improve cognition and sleep |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
25.4 Discussion, photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
25.4.1 Executive function, and relationship to resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging networks (default mode network and salience network) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
25.4.2 Specific transcranial light-emitting diode placements may affect specific parts of the salience network and default mode network in traumatic brain injury cases |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
25.4.3 Verbal learning and memory, and relationship to resting-state, functional-connectivity magenetic resonance imaging (central executive network) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
25.4.4 Specific transcranial light-emitting diode placements may affect specific parts of the central executive network in traumatic brain injury cases |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
25.4.6 Posttraumatic stress disorder relationship to intrinsic networks, default mode network and salience network |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
25.4.7 Weak connections between cortical nodes within intrinsic neural networks |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
25.4.8 Mechanisms and cellular effects, post-red/near-infrared transcranial light-emitting diode |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
25.5 Photobiomodulation to improve language in chronic aphasia, due to hemisphere stroke |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
25.5.2 Importance of specific light-emitting diode placement areas on the scalp to treat aphasia, in chronic stroke |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
25.5.3 Bilateral transcranial light-emitting diode treatment method |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
25.5.4 Left hemisphere only, transcranial light-emitting diode treatment method |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
25.5.6 Photobiomodulation to treat primary progressive aphasia, a neurodegenerative disease |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
25.6 Photobiomodulation for possible chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
326 | (7) |
|
|
326 | (7) |
|
26 Photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
26.2 Neuropathology of traumatic brain injury |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
26.3 Putative targets of photobiomodulation therapy in traumatic brain injury |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
26.4 Treatment parameters and biological targets of photobiomodulation in animal models of traumatic brain injury |
|
|
336 | (7) |
|
26.5 Effects of photobiomodulation on cognitive performance in animal models of traumatic brain injury |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
26.6 Enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy individuals with photobiomodulation treatment |
|
|
345 | (6) |
|
26.7 Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on cognitive outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
26.8 Summary and future directions |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
|
356 | (7) |
|
|
357 | (6) |
|
27 Advanced neuroimaging methods for assessment of low-level light therapy |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
27.2 Known mechanisms of light therapy |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
27.3 Preclinical evidence for light therapy |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
27.4 Clinical evidence of light therapy efficacy |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
27.5 Evidence for transcranial delivery of light |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
27.6 Neuroimaging methods |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
27.6.1 Computed tomography |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
27.6.2 Magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
27.10 Resting state functional connectivity imaging |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
27.11 Functional imaging using hypercapnic challenges |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
27.12 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
|
|
371 | (6) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (6) |
|
28 Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
28.1.3 Vulnerable populations |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (7) |
|
28.2.1 Neurological and physical evaluation |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
28.2.4 Cervicogenic headaches |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
28.2.5 Questionnaires and cognitive testing |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
28.3 Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light therapy |
|
|
386 | (8) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
28.3.2 Review of the literature |
|
|
387 | (7) |
|
|
394 | (7) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (6) |
|
29 Photobiomodulation: a novel approach to treating Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
29.2 Pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
29.3 Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
29.3.1 Amyloid cascade hypothesis |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
29.3.2 Neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
29.3.3 Other protein targets |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
29.4 The odds against a monotherapy |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
29.5 Mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
29.6 Photobiomodulation and mitochondrial function |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
29.7 Photobiomodulation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
29.8 Human clinical studies of photobiomodulation on dementia and Alzheimer's |
|
|
404 | (6) |
|
29.8.1 Saltmarche et al. (2017) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
29.8.2 Zomorrodi et al. (2017) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
29.8.3 Ongoing study---Chao (2018) |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
29.8.4 Discussion on the clinical studies |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
29.9.1 The default mode network |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
29.9.2 Pulse rate of 40 Hz |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
29.10 Proving light penetration through electroencephalography measures |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
29.11 Electroencephalography as a tool for developing Alzheimer's disease therapies |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
29.12 Pulsed photobiomodulation as a potential treatment modality |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
29.13 The future of photobiomodulation as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
413 | (6) |
|
|
413 | (6) |
|
30 Electroencephalography as the diagnostic adjunct to transcranial photobiomodulation |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
30.2 Electroencephalography |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
30.3.1 Delta oscillations |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
30.3.2 Theta oscillations |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
30.3.3 Alpha oscillations |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
30.3.5 Gamma oscillations |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
30.4 Photobiomodulation as a new noninvasive brain stimulation method |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
30.5 The causal link between photobiomodulation and neural oscillations |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
30.5.1 Maintaining homeostasis |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
30.6 Evidence for transcranial photobiomodulation influences on brain oscillations |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
30.7 The potential use of electroencephalography with photobiomodulation for brain disorders |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
30.8 Discussion and conclusion |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
31 Can photobiomodulation enhance brain function in older adults? |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
31.1 Frontal lobe deterioration and normal human aging |
|
|
427 | (8) |
|
31.1.1 Structural and functional deteriorations of the frontal lobe in normal human aging |
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
31.1.2 Cognitive declines in frontal lobe functioning in normal human aging |
|
|
430 | (4) |
|
31.1.3 Conventional interventions for improving frontal lobe functioning in normal older adults |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
31.2 Photobiomodulation and neuroenhancement |
|
|
435 | (5) |
|
31.2.1 Mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
31.2.2 Photobiomodulation for enhancing brain functions in humans |
|
|
435 | (5) |
|
31.3 Photobiomodulation for normal older adults: a potential intervention for the aging brain |
|
|
440 | (7) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (5) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
32 Noninvasive neurotherapeutic treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback training |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
32.1 Photobiomodulation and neurotherapy introduction |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
32.2 Pathophysiology of neurodegeneration |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
32.3 Photobiomodulation therapy |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
32.4 Near infrared photobiomodulation decreases synaptic vulnerability to Aβ |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
32.5 Early human clinical trials |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
32.7 Neuropsychological testing results |
|
|
454 | (4) |
|
32.8 Treatment of neurodegeneration with directed energy |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
32.9 Near infrared spectroscopy assessment of Alzheimer's |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
33 Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
33.2.1 Progressive supranuclear palsy: Patient FH |
|
|
463 | (3) |
|
33.2.2 Parkinson's disease: Patient BS |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
33.2.3 Parkinson's disease: Patient PN |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
33.2.4 Parkinson's disease: Patient MH |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
34 Cerebral blood flow in the elderly: impact of photobiomodulation |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Afonso Shiguemi Inoue Salgado |
|
|
Francisco Jose Cidral-Filho |
|
|
|
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
34.2 Brain hemodynamics in the elderly |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
34.3 Effect of photobiomodulation of the brain in the elderly |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
35 Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive and anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
35.1 The potential of transcranial photobiomodulation for the anxious and depressed |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
35.2 Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
35.3 Transcranial photobiomodulation for anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
35.4 Safety and tolerability of transcranial photobiomodulation |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
35.5 Dosing transcranial photobiomodulation for mood and anxiety disorders |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (4) |
|
|
485 | (4) |
|
36 Action at a distance: laser acupuncture and the brain |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
36.1.1 Acupuncture and meridian theory |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
36.1.2 Physical properties of meridians and acupoints |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
36.1.4 Acupuncture methods |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
36.2.1 Potential mechanisms of laser acupuncture |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
36.3 Acupuncture and the brain |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
36.3.1 Functional magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
36.4 Laser acupuncture and the brain |
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
36.4.2 Laser acupuncture and functional magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
36.4.3 The frequency question |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
36.4.4 Laser acupuncture and depression |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
36.4.5 Laser acupuncture and cerebral blood flow |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
36.4.6 Laser acupuncture and brain oscillations |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
36.4.7 Laser acupuncture for stroke and neurorehabilitation |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
36.4.8 The wavelength question |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (6) |
|
|
497 | (6) |
|
37 Signature wounds of war: a case study |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
|
508 | (7) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
38 Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in degenerative brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
38.2 Materials and methods |
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
38.2.1 Patient selection criteria |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
38.2.2 Patient examination plan |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (5) |
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
38.6 Conflict of interest |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
39 Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in ischemic brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 2) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
39.2 Materials and methods |
|
|
531 | (4) |
|
39.2.1 Patient selection criteria |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
39.2.2 Patient screening plan |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
39.2.3 Analysis of patients |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
39.2.4 Selection of patients |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
39.2.5 Methods of treating patients |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
39.2.6 Evaluation of results |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (5) |
|
39.3.1 Test group 1---Patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
39.3.2 Test group 2---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and previous ischemic stroke |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
39.3.3 Control group 1---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
39.3.4 Control Group 2---patients with intracerebral atherosclerosis and previous ischemic stroke |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
39.3.5 Clinical results in the long-term period |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (3) |
|
40 Russian low level laser therapy techniques for brain disorders |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
40.2 Protocol requirements of low level laser therapy procedures in Russia, low level laser therapy techniques |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
40.3 Intravenous laser blood illumination |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
40.4 Noninvasive laser blood illumination |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
40.5 The analysis of the literature on the use of low level laser therapy in patients with various cerebrovascular disorders |
|
|
551 | (14) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (7) |
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
41 Laser treatment of central nervous system injuries: an update and prospects |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (8) |
|
41.3 Mechanisms of action |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
41.4 Appendix---Motor control and the Grimaldi maneuver |
|
|
584 | (5) |
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
42 Photobiomodulation treatment for brain disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42.1 Introduction (clinical team) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
42.2 Original concussion case |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
42.3 Posttraumatic stress disorder evaluation |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
42.4 Case studies for posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
|
593 | (4) |
|
42.4.1 Case studies for dementia |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
42.5 Conclusion and future directions |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
43 What we don't know and what the future holds |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
43.1 Questions, or what we don't know |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
43.2 What are the best diseases and conditions to be treated? |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
43.3 How important is light penetration to the brain? |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
43.4 What about systemic effects? |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
43.5 What is the best way to deliver light? |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
43.6 How important is pulsing? |
|
|
601 | (3) |
|
43.6.1 Pulse parameters and light sources |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
43.6.2 Types of pulsed light sources |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
43.6.3 Why could pulsing be important in photobiomodulation? |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
43.6.4 Effect of pulsing photobiomodulation for the brain |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
43.7 How important is the location on the head? |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
43.8 How important is the biphasic dose response? |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
43.9 What about cognitive enhancement and preconditioning? |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
43.10 How does photobiomodulation compare with other noninvasive brain stimulation techniques? |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
43.10.1 Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
43.10.2 Transcranial direct current stimulation |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
43.10.3 Low intensity pulsed ultrasound |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
43.11 Could an invasive approach be considered? |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
43.12 What does the future hold? |
|
|
609 | (6) |
|
|
609 | (6) |
Index |
|
615 | |