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Photovoltaic Sources: Modeling and Emulation 2013 ed. [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 299 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 5974 g, XVII, 299 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Green Energy and Technology
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Oct-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1447143779
  • ISBN-13: 9781447143772
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Photovoltaic Sources: Modeling and Emulation 2013 ed.Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 299 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 5974 g, XVII, 299 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Green Energy and Technology
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Oct-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1447143779
  • ISBN-13: 9781447143772
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781447143772.html
Keywords:
This book offers an extensive introduction to the modeling of photovoltaic generators and their emulation by means of power electronic converters will aid in understanding and improving design and setup of new PV plants.

Modeling of photovoltaic sources and their emulation by means of power electronic converters are challenging issues. The former is tied to the knowledge of the electrical behavior of the PV generator; the latter consists in its realization by a suitable power amplifier. This extensive introduction to the modeling of PV generators and their emulation by means of power electronic converters will aid in understanding and improving design and set up of new PV plants. The main benefit of reading Photovoltaic Sources is the ability to face the emulation of photovoltaic generators obtained by the design of a suitable equipment in which voltage and current are the same as in a real source. This is achieved according to the following steps: the source electrical behavior modeling, the power converter design, including its control, for the laboratory emulator. This approach allows the reader to cope with the creation of an indoor virtual photovoltaic plant, in which the environmental conditions can be imposed by the user, for testing real operation including maximum power point tracking, partial shading, control for the grid or load interfacing, etc.Photovoltaic Sources is intended to meet the demands of postgraduate level students, and should prove useful to professional engineers and researchers dealing with the problems associated with modeling and emulation of photovoltaic sources.
Part I
1 From the Nuclear Fusion to the Radiated Energy on the Earth
3(16)
1.1 Inside the Universe
3(2)
1.2 The Sun
5(4)
1.2.1 Inside the Sun
5(4)
1.3 From the Sun to the Earth
9(3)
1.3.1 Finding One's Bearings on the Earth
11(1)
1.3.2 The Greenhouse Effect
12(1)
1.4 Tracking the Sun
12(3)
1.5 Measuring Sunlight
15(1)
1.6 Sunlight Emulation
16(1)
1.7 Collecting Sunlight
17(1)
1.8 Conclusions
17(2)
Bibliography
18(1)
2 From Radiated Energy to Electrical Energy: Physics of Photovoltaic Cells
19(36)
2.1 Prologue: The Photoelectric Effect
19(2)
2.2 Metals, Semiconductors, Insulators
21(1)
2.3 Inside the Band Structure of a Semiconductor
22(1)
2.4 Absorption of Light
23(2)
2.5 Allowable States for Holes and Electrons
25(1)
2.6 Energy Distribution for Holes and Electrons
25(2)
2.7 Doping
27(2)
2.8 Carrier Transport
29(5)
2.8.1 Drift Current
30(2)
2.8.2 Diffusion Current
32(1)
2.8.3 Semiconductor Resistivity
33(1)
2.9 Semiconductor Fundamental Equations
34(2)
2.9.1 The Poisson's Equation
34(1)
2.9.2 Continuity Equation
34(2)
2.10 Minority Carrier Diffusion Equations
36(1)
2.11 P-N Junction
37(4)
2.12 P-N Junction Capacitance
41(4)
2.13 The PV Cell
45(3)
2.13.1 Minority Carriers Current Density
46(1)
2.13.2 Optical Generation Rate
47(1)
2.13.3 Recombination Rate
47(1)
2.13.4 Current Versus Voltage Law of Photovoltaic Cell
47(1)
2.14 Physical Model of a PV Cell
48(1)
2.15 Semiconductor Types
49(3)
2.15.1 Crystalline Silicon
50(1)
2.15.2 Multicrystalline
50(1)
2.15.3 Amorphous
50(1)
2.15.4 Thin Film
51(1)
2.15.5 Polymer Solar Cell
51(1)
2.16 Conclusions
52(3)
Bibliography
53(2)
3 Photovoltaic Source Models
55(28)
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Static Model
56(15)
3.2.1 Circuit Model of a PV Cell
56(5)
3.2.2 Diffusion Diode Non-Ideality
61(1)
3.2.3 Parasitic Resistance Effects
61(2)
3.2.4 Generalized Double Diode Model
63(1)
3.2.5 Simplified Single Diode Model
63(8)
3.3 Cell-Module/Field
71(2)
3.4 Dynamic Model
73(2)
3.4.1 Parallel Capacitance
73(2)
3.4.2 Series Inductance
75(1)
3.5 Modeling PV Fields under Nonuniform Illuminating Conditions
75(6)
3.6 Conclusions
81(2)
Bibliography
81(2)
4 Parameter Identification for Photovoltaic Source Models
83(48)
4.1 Introduction
83(1)
4.2 Five-Parameter PV Model Formulation
84(1)
4.3 Four-Parameter PV Model Formulation
85(1)
4.4 Methods for the Parameter Extraction
86(18)
4.4.1 Analytical Solution
86(7)
4.4.2 Numerical Solution
93(9)
4.4.3 Heuristic Methods-Based Solution
102(2)
4.5 Parameters Dependence on Temperature and Solar Irradiance
104(3)
4.6 Identification of PV Model Parameters by Linear Regression Methods
107(5)
4.7 PV Characteristic Representation Through Mapping Techniques
112(3)
4.7.1 Look-Up-Table Approach
113(1)
4.7.2 Neural Approach
113(2)
4.8 Examples of Matlab/Simulink® Simulation of PV Electrical Characteristics
115(12)
4.8.1 PV Field Array Model Identified by the Discrete Approach
117(1)
4.8.2 PV Field Array Model Identified by the Regression Approach
118(2)
4.8.3 PV Source Model Under Non-Uniform Irradiance
120(7)
4.9 Conclusions
127(4)
Bibliography
127(4)
5 Photovoltaic Source Dynamic Modeling Issues
131(42)
5.1 Introduction
131(1)
5.2 Dynamic PV Model Formulation
132(5)
5.3 Parameters Identification
137(5)
5.4 Matlab/Simulink® Simulation of PV Electrical Characteristics
142(26)
5.4.1 V = f(I) Static Model Formulation
142(1)
5.4.2 I = f(V) Static Model Formulation
143(2)
5.4.3 S-Domain Dynamic Model
145(1)
5.4.4 Nonlinear Junction Capacitance Implementation
146(2)
5.4.5 PV Model Including Nonlinear Junction Capacitance
148(3)
5.4.6 Circuit Implementation Using PLECS®
151(17)
5.5 Conclusions
168(5)
Bibliography
168(5)
Part II
6 Photovoltaic Source Emulation
173(30)
6.1 Introduction
173(2)
6.2 PV Emulators: Concepts and Realization
175(16)
6.2.1 Power Stage: A Survey of Proposed Solutions
175(12)
6.2.2 Control Stage: PV Behavior Implementation
187(4)
6.3 Dynamics and the Arbitrary Load Problem
191(3)
6.4 Non-Ideal Operating Conditions
194(2)
6.5 Rated Power
196(1)
6.6 Modularity
196(1)
6.7 Examples of Solutions Available on the Market
197(3)
6.8 Conclusions
200(3)
Bibliography
201(2)
7 DC/DC Power Converters
203(50)
7.1 Introduction
203(1)
7.2 Linear Conversion
204(2)
7.2.1 Linear Conversion by Voltage Divider
204(1)
7.2.2 Linear Conversion by Series Regulator
205(1)
7.3 Switching Conversion
206(1)
7.4 Buck Converter
207(10)
7.4.1 Continuous Operating Mode
207(3)
7.4.2 Discontinuous Operating Mode
210(6)
7.4.3 Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters
216(1)
7.5 Boost Converter
217(8)
7.5.1 Continuous Operating Mode
218(3)
7.5.2 Discontinuous Operating Mode
221(3)
7.5.3 Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters
224(1)
7.6 Buck-Boost Converter
225(4)
7.6.1 Continuous Operating Mode
226(1)
7.6.2 Discontinuous Operating Mode
227(1)
7.6.3 Continuous Operating Mode Including Parasitic Parameters
228(1)
7.7 Comparison Among Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost Topologies
229(1)
7.8 Non-Ideal Behavior of Devices and Their Influence on the DC/DC Converter Operation
230(7)
7.8.1 Inductor
230(1)
7.8.2 Capacitor
231(1)
7.8.3 Diode
232(2)
7.8.4 Power Switch
234(3)
7.9 State Space Representation
237(1)
7.10 State Space Averaging
237(3)
7.11 State Space Averaging of Buck Converter
240(2)
7.12 State Space Averaging of Boost Converter
242(4)
7.13 State Space Averaging of Buck-Boost Converter
246(4)
7.14 Synopsis
250(1)
7.15 Conclusions
250(3)
Bibliography
251(2)
8 Feedback Control of the DC/DC Converters for PV Source Emulation
253
8.1 Negative Feedback Classical Control
253(6)
8.1.1 Closed-Loop Gain
253(1)
8.1.2 Stability Analysis
254(5)
8.2 Feedback Structure of a DC/DC Converter
259(5)
8.2.1 Feedback Network Transfer Function
259(1)
8.2.2 Pulse Width Modulator Transfer Function
259(1)
8.2.3 Compensation Networks
260(4)
8.3 Complete State Feedback (Pole Placement Technique)
264(2)
8.4 Enhanced Pole Placement for Buck Converter
266(6)
8.4.1 Simulink® Implementation
270(2)
8.5 DC/DC Converter-Based Emulation of a PV Source
272(3)
8.5.1 DC/DC Power Converter Design Constraints
273(1)
8.5.2 Selection of the Best Topology
274(1)
8.6 Example of a PV Source Emulator Design
275(3)
8.6.1 Power Stage Design
276(1)
8.6.2 Pole Placement Voltage Controller
277(1)
8.7 PLECS-Based Simulation of PV Source Emulator
278(7)
8.8 Experimental Implementation of the PV Source Emulator
285(6)
8.8.1 DC/DC Buck Converter
285(1)
8.8.2 Control Board
286(3)
8.8.3 DC/DC Boost Converter for the MPPT
289(2)
8.9 Experimental Results
291(4)
8.10 Conclusions
295
Bibliography
296
Maria Carmela Di Piazza received her MS with honors and PhD from the University of Palermo, Italy, in 1997 and 2001, respectively, in Electrical Engineering. Between 1999 and 2000 she was a visiting scholar at the University of Nottingham, UK. Since 2001 she has been a permanent researcher with the National Research Council (CNR) at the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation (ISSIA). She has been a participant of several research programs on renewable energy sources, power electronics and electromagnetic compatibility and she is currently leading, within the CNR-ISSIA, a research project on new technologies for the electrical efficiency in smart grids and smart buildings, sponsored by Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR). She is the principal author and co-author of about 70 ISI journal and conference papers. She is a member of IEEE and she serves as reviewer for several journals and conferences. Her main research interests include electric power generation by renewable sources, power electronics and EMI issues in power converters and drives.

 

Gianpaolo Vitale received his MS with honors in Electronic Engineering from the University of Palermo, Italy in 1988. From 1994 to 2001 he has been a researcher and since 2002 he has been a senior researcher with the National Research Council (CNR) at the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation (ISSIA). He has been professor of Power Electronics and Applied Electronics at the Engineering Faculty of Palermo from 1999 to 2007. He has been the supervisor of a research project on electromagnetic compatibility of electric drives and of a research project on intelligent management of electric energy supplied by renewable sources. He is the principal author and co-author of about 100 ISI journal and conference papers. He is co-author of a book on power electronics and drives management by neural networks. He is a member of IEEE and he serves as reviewer for several journals and conferences. Hiscurrent research interests include power electronics, electric power generation by renewable sources and related problems of electromagnetic compatibility.