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Phyllanthus Species: Scientific Evaluation and Medicinal Applications [Hardback]

Edited by (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA), Edited by (Amala Cancer Research Center, Thissur Kerala, India)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 392 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 657 g, 38 Tables, black and white; 7 Illustrations, color; 41 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Aug-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439821445
  • ISBN-13: 9781439821442
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Phyllanthus Species: Scientific Evaluation and Medicinal ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 392 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 657 g, 38 Tables, black and white; 7 Illustrations, color; 41 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Aug-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439821445
  • ISBN-13: 9781439821442
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781439821442.html
Keywords:
The genus Phyllanthus has over 1,000 species distributed worldwide, many of which have been used indigenously for the treatment of a variety of ailments for generations. Researchers have developed ways to analyze the potential of these plants and demonstrated the pharmacological action and various chemical entities present in each of them. They have validated the folklore claims and used this knowledge to design cost-effective and reliable sources of medicine.

The first book to exclusively examine the genus Phyllanthus, Phyllanthus Species: Scientific Evaluation and Medicinal Applications begins with a systematic classification and identification manual for various plants in the genus, followed by the scientific evaluation of the species for modern medicinal use. This reference compiles cutting edge research from countries around the world, including the UK, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Spain, Cuba, and China. Topics covered include phylogenetic analysis of Phyllanthus, chemistry of the genus, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and chemo- protective effects, genotoxicity, clinical trials involving Phyllanthus, and various formulations containing different plants from the genus Phyllanthus.

Phyllanthus Species: Scientific Evaluation and Medicinal Applications describes in detail the taxonomy, cultivation, and marketing, identification of geographic and genetic hot spots, chemistry, scientific evaluation, and clinical trials of various species of Phyllanthus. Written for researchers and educators in academia, industry, agriculture, and the interested general public, this books up-to-date references make it a powerful resource providing first-hand information on Phyllanthus.
Series Preface ix
Preface xiii
About the Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Chapter 1 Taxonomy of the Genus Phyllanthus
1(36)
Sheeja T. Tharakan
1.1 Taxonomy of the Genus Phyllanthus
3(20)
1.1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.1.2 Botanical System of Classification
3(1)
1.1.2.1 Natural System of Classification
3(1)
1.1.2.2 APG II System
4(1)
1.1.3 General Characters of Genus Phyllanthus
4(1)
1.1.4 General Characters of Phyllanthus Species
4(1)
1.1.4.1 Phyllanthus Amarus Schum. & Thonn.
4(1)
1.1.4.2 Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica officinalis Gaertner)
5(1)
1.1.4.3 Phyllanthus acidus L.
5(1)
1.1.4.4 Phyllanthus niruri
6(2)
1.1.4.5 Phyllanthus urinaria L.
8(1)
1.1.4.6 Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd
8(1)
1.1.4.7 Phyllanthus myrtifolius Willd
9(1)
1.1.4.8 Phyllanthus kozhikodianus
9(1)
1.1.4.9 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir
9(1)
1.1.4.10 Phyllanthus rheedii Wight
9(1)
1.1.4.11 Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb
10(1)
1.1.4.12 Phyllanthus lawii Grah
10(1)
1.1.4.13 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
10(1)
1.1.4.14 Phyllanthus narayanswamii
11(1)
1.1.4.15 Phyllanthus virgatus Forster F. (P. simplex Retz.)
11(1)
1.1.4.16 Phyllanthus gardnerianus Baill
12(1)
1.1.4.17 Phyllanthus macraei Muell.
12(1)
1.1.4.18 Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein
12(1)
1.1.4.19 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd
13(1)
1.1.4.20 Phyllanthus missionis
13(1)
1.1.4.21 Phyllanthus speciosus Jacq
13(1)
1.1.4.22 Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) Webster, J.
13(1)
1.1.4.23 Phyllanthus acuminates
14(1)
1.1.4.24 Phyllanthus caroliniensis
14(1)
1.1.4.25 Phyllanthus mirabilis
14(1)
1.1.4.26 Phyllanthus caesiifolius
14(1)
1.1.4.27 Phyllanthus gentryi
14(1)
1.1.4.28 Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell
14(1)
1.1.4.29 Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. Ex Mull. Arg.
14(1)
1.1.4.30 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster
14(1)
1.1.4.31 Phyllanthus abnormis
15(1)
1.1.4.32 Phyllanthus odontadenius Mull. Arg.
15(1)
1.1.4.33 Phyllanthus muellerianus (O Ktze) Exell
15(1)
1.1.4.34 Phyllanthus capillaris Schum. & Thonn.
15(1)
1.1.4.35 Phyllanthus sublanatus Schum. & Thonn.
15(1)
1.1.4.36 Phyllanthus beillei Hutch
16(1)
1.1.4.37 Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet
16(1)
1.1.4.38 Phyllanthus scabrifolius Hook
16(1)
1.1.4.39 Phyllanthus gradyi
16(1)
1.1.4.40 Phyllanthus longipedicellatus
17(1)
1.1.4.41 Phyllanthus salesiae
18(1)
1.1.4.42 Phyllanthus gongyloides
18(1)
1.1.4.43 Phyllanthus indicus Muell.
19(1)
1.1.4.44 Phyllanthus gunnii Hook. F. (Synonym: Phyllanthus gasstroemii Muell. Arg.)
19(1)
1.1.4.45 Phyllanthus lacunarius F. Muell.
19(1)
1.1.4.46 Phyllanthus carpentariae Muell. Arg. (Synonyms: Phyllanthus hebecarpus Benth., Phyllanthus grandisepalus F. Muell.)
20(1)
1.1.4.47 Phyllanthus fuernrohrii F. Muell.
20(1)
1.1.4.48 Phyllanthus hirtellus F. Muell. Ex Muell. Arg.
20(1)
1.1.4.49 Phyllanthus subcrenulatus F. Muell.
21(1)
1.1.4.50 Phyllanthus similis Muell. Arg.
21(1)
Acknowledgments
21(1)
References
21(2)
1.2 Identification Manual for Some Species of the Genus Phyllanthus L. of Phyllanthaceae with Special Reference to the Indian Subcontinent
23(14)
1.2.1 Introduction
23(1)
1.2.1.1 The Scientific Classification
23(1)
1.2.2 The Main Characters of the Genus
23(1)
1.2.3 Synoptic Key
24(1)
1.2.3.1 Herbs
24(1)
1.2.3.2 Shrubs or Trees
25(1)
1.2.4 Descriptions
25(1)
1.2.4.1 Phyllanthus acidus L.
25(1)
1.2.4.2 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach & Thonn.
25(2)
1.2.4.3 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.
27(1)
1.2.4.4 Phyllanthus emblica L.
28(1)
1.2.4.5 Phyllanthus fraternus G. L. Webster
28(1)
1.2.4.6 Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wt.) Baill.
29(1)
1.2.4.7 Phyllanthus indo-fischeri Gamble
29(1)
1.2.4.8 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
30(1)
1.2.4.9 Phyllanthus niruri L.
31(1)
1.2.4.10 Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) G. L. Webster
31(1)
1.2.4.11 Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd
32(1)
1.2.4.12 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir
32(1)
1.2.4.13 Phyllanthus rheedii Wight
33(1)
1.2.4.14 Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Willd
33(1)
1.2.4.15 Phyllanthus urinaria L.
34(1)
1.2.4.16 Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst
34(1)
Acknowledgment
35(1)
References
35
Identification Manual for Some Species of the Genus Phyllanthus L. of Phyllanthaceae with Special Reference to the Indian Subcontinent
23(14)
A. Lalithamba
Chapter 2 Current Pharmacopoeial Status of Phyllanthus Species: P. emblica, P. amarus, and P. fraternus
37(10)
Raman Mohan Singh
Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan
2.1 Introduction
38(1)
2.2 Phyllanthus emblica
38(2)
2.2.1 Description
38(1)
2.2.2 Identifications
39(1)
2.2.2.1 Macroscopic
39(1)
2.2.2.2 Microscopic
39(1)
2.2.2.3 By Thin-Layer Chromatography
39(1)
2.2.3 Assay
39(1)
2.2.4 Pharmacopoeial Comparison
40(1)
2.3 Phyllanthus amarus
40(3)
2.3.1 Description
41(1)
2.3.2 Identifications
41(1)
2.3.2.1 Macroscopic
41(1)
2.3.2.2 Microscopic
42(1)
2.3.2.3 By Thin-Layer Chromatography
42(1)
2.3.3 Assay
42(1)
2.3.4 Pharmacopoeial Comparison
43(1)
2.4 Phyllanthus fraternus
43(2)
2.4.1 Identifications
44(1)
2.4.1.1 Macroscopic
44(1)
2.4.1.2 Microscopic
44(1)
2.5 Other Parameters
45(1)
2.6 Conclusion
45(2)
References
46(1)
Chapter 3 Cultivation, Economics, and Marketing of Phyllanthus Species
47(24)
B. R. Rajeswara Rao
3.1 Introduction
48(1)
3.2 Phyllanthus emblica L. Syn. Emblica officinalis Gaertner
49(10)
3.2.1 Origin and Distribution
49(1)
3.2.2 Botanical Classification
50(1)
3.2.2.1 Cronquist System
50(1)
3.2.2.2 APGII System (APG: Angiosperm phylogeny group)
50(1)
3.2.3 Habit
50(1)
3.2.4 Genetic Diversity and Conservation
51(1)
3.2.5 Cultivars
51(1)
3.2.6 Soil and Climate
52(1)
3.2.7 Propagation
52(1)
3.2.8 Planting
53(1)
3.2.9 Pruning
53(1)
3.2.10 Irrigation
54(1)
3.2.11 Cropping System and Weeding
54(1)
3.2.12 Manures and Fertilizers
54(1)
3.2.13 Pests and Diseases
54(1)
3.2.14 Fruit Development, Harvesting, and Yield
55(1)
3.2.15 Economics and Marketing
56(1)
3.2.16 Grading, Packing, and Storage
57(1)
3.2.17 Products from Indian Gooseberry
57(1)
3.2.18 Chemical Composition
57(1)
3.2.19 Uses
58(1)
3.2.20 Nutritive Value of the Fruits
58(1)
3.2.20.1 China
58(1)
3.2.21 Limits for Quality Parameters
59(1)
3.3 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn.
59(6)
3.3.1 Species, Origin, and Distribution
59(1)
3.3.2 Botanical Classification
60(1)
3.3.2.1 Cronquist System
60(1)
3.3.2.2 APGII System
60(1)
3.3.3 Habit
61(1)
3.3.4 Genetic Diversity and Conservation
61(1)
3.3.5 Cultivars
62(1)
3.3.6 Soil and Climate
62(1)
3.3.7 Propagation
62(1)
3.3.8 Transplanting
62(1)
3.3.9 Irrigation
63(1)
3.3.10 Weed Control
63(1)
3.3.11 Fertilizers and Manures
63(1)
3.3.12 Pests and Diseases
63(1)
3.3.13 Harvesting and Yield
63(1)
3.3.14 Economics and Marketing
64(1)
3.3.15 Chemical Composition
64(1)
3.3.16 Uses
64(1)
3.3.17 Safety Issues and Adulteration
64(1)
3.4 Cultivation of Other Phyllanthus Species
65(2)
3.4.1 Phyllanthus urinaria L. and Related Species
65(1)
3.4.2 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeel (Syn. Cicca acida (L.) Merr., Averrhoa acida L.)
65(1)
3.4.3 Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet (Syn. Emblica fischeri Gamble)
66(1)
3.4.4 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. (Syn. Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill.)
66(1)
3.4.5 Phyllanthus piscatorum Kunth
66(1)
3.4.6 Phyllanthus sellowianus Mull. Arg., Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) Webster
66(1)
3.5 Conclusions
67(4)
Acknowledgment
67(1)
References
67(4)
Chapter 4 Phylogenetic Analysis of Phyllanthus Species
71(26)
Srinivasu Tadikamalla
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 Phylogenetics
72(4)
4.2.1 Variation at the DNA Level
72(1)
4.2.2 Internal Transcribed Spacer Region
73(1)
4.2.3 Phylogenetic Tree
74(1)
4.2.4 Tree Terminology
75(1)
4.3 Materials and Methods
76(4)
4.3.1 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
77(1)
4.3.2 Procedure
77(1)
4.3.3 Gel Documentation
78(1)
4.3.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction
78(1)
4.3.5 BLAST
79(1)
4.3.5.1 Protocol
79(1)
4.3.6 FASTA
79(1)
4.3.6.1 Protocol
79(1)
4.4 Multiple-Sequence Alignment
80(1)
4.5 Clustal W
80(1)
4.5.1 Protocol
80(1)
4.6 Phylogenetic Analysis
81(1)
4.6.1 Protocol
81(1)
4.7 Results and Discussion
81(16)
4.7.1 Sequence Obtained for Phyllanthus tenellus
81(1)
4.7.2 Sequence Obtained for Phyllanthus fraternus
82(12)
References
94(3)
Chapter 5 Genetic Resources of Phyllanthus in Southern India: Identification of Geographic and Genetic Hot Spots and Its Implication for Conservation
97(22)
G. Ravikanth
R. Srirama
U. Senthilkumar
K. N. Ganeshaiah
R. Uma Shaanker
5.1 Introduction
98(6)
5.2 Distribution of Phyllanthus Species
104(3)
5.2.1 Identification of Geographic Hot Spots of Phyllanthus in South India: Contours of Species Richness
104(3)
5.3 Identification of Genetic Hot Spots of Economically Important Phyllanthus Species
107(1)
5.3.1 Phyllanthus emblica
107(1)
5.3.2 Phyllanthus amarus
108(1)
5.4 Impact of Harvesting on the Genetic Variability of P. emblica
108(2)
5.5 Phyllanthus: Taxonomic Incongruities, Species Adulteration, and DNA Bar Coding
110(1)
5.6 Implications for Utilization and Conservation
111(8)
Acknowledgments
112(1)
References
113(6)
Chapter 6 Phytochemistry of the Genus Phyllanthus
119(20)
Lutfun Nahar
Satyajit D. Sarker
Abbas Delazar
6.1 Introduction
120(1)
6.2 Phytochemicals Isolated from The Genus Phyllanthus
120(12)
6.2.1 Alkaloids
120(1)
6.2.2 Coumarins and Cinnamic Acid Derivatives
120(2)
6.2.3 Flavonoids
122(1)
6.2.3.1 Flavonols
122(2)
6.2.3.2 Flavones
124(1)
6.2.3.3 Flavanones
124(1)
6.2.4 Lignans
124(1)
6.2.4.1 Dibenzylbutanes
124(1)
6.2.4.2 Dibenzylbutyrolactones
124(1)
6.2.4.3 Epoxy and Diepoxylignans
125(1)
6.2.4.4 Aryltetralins
125(1)
6.2.4.5 Arylnapthalenes
126(1)
6.2.4.6 Neolignans
126(1)
6.2.5 Simple Lactones
126(1)
6.2.6 Simple Phenolics and Benzene Derivatives
127(1)
6.2.7 Steroidal Compounds
128(1)
6.2.8 Tannins
128(1)
6.2.9 Terpenoids
128(2)
6.2.9.1 Monoterpenes
130(1)
6.2.9.2 Sesquiterpenes
130(1)
6.2.9.3 Diterpenes
130(1)
6.2.9.4 Triterpenes
130(2)
6.2.10 Miscellaneous Compounds
132(1)
6.3 Distribution and Chemotaxonomic Significance
132(1)
6.4 Conclusion
132(7)
References
134(5)
Chapter 7 Hyphenated Techniques in the Study of the Genus Phyllanthus
139(10)
Satyajit D. Sarker
Lutfun Nahar
Abbas Delazar
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 Hyphenated Techniques
140(1)
7.3 Hyphenated Techniques and The Genus Phyllanthus
140(5)
7.3.1 Hyphenated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
140(5)
7.3.2 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
145(1)
7.3.3 Hyphenated Capillary Electrophoresis
145(1)
7.4 Conclusion
145(4)
References
146(3)
Chapter 8 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Various Species of Phyllanthus
149(8)
K. B. Harikumar
Ramadasan Kuttan
8.1 Introduction
149(1)
8.2 Phyllanthus Amarus
150(1)
8.3 Phyllanthus Emblica
151(1)
8.4 Phyllanthus Debilis
152(1)
8.5 Phyllanthus Polyphyllus
152(1)
8.6 Phyllanthus Reticulatus
153(1)
8.7 Phyllanthus Urinaria
153(1)
8.8 Phyllanthus Corcovadensis
153(1)
8.9 Phyllanthus Singampattiyana
154(1)
8.10 Phyllanthus Tenellus
154(1)
8.11 Formulations with Different Phyllanthus Sp.
154(1)
8.11.1 Entox®
154(1)
8.11.2 Septilin
154(1)
8.12 Conclusion
155(2)
References
155(2)
Chapter 9 Hepatoprotective Effects of Plants in the Family Phyllanthaceae
157(14)
V. V. Asha
9.1 Introduction
157(1)
9.2 Phyllanthaceae
158(1)
9.3 Hepatoprotection and Phyllanthaceae
159(6)
9.3.1 Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. (Syn: Phyllanthus niruri Sensu Hook F.)
159(2)
9.3.2 Phyllanthus debilis Klein Ex Willd
161(1)
9.3.3 Phyllanthus emblica L.
161(1)
9.3.4 Phyllanthus kozhikodianus Sivarajan & Manilal
162(1)
9.3.5 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
162(1)
9.3.6 Phyllanthus niruri L.
163(1)
9.3.7 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir
164(1)
9.3.8 Phyllanthus urinaria L.
164(1)
9.4 Mechanism of Antihepatotoxic Activities of Phyllanthus Species
165(1)
9.4.1 Antioxidative Stress and Hepatoprotection
165(1)
9.4.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Hepatoprotective Phyllanthus Species
166(1)
9.5 Conclusion
166(5)
Acknowledgments
167(1)
References
167(4)
Chapter 10 Anticancer Studies of Phyllanthus amarus
171(12)
K. B. Harikumar
Ramadasan Kuttan
10.1 Introduction
171(1)
10.2 Effect of P. Amarus on Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis
172(2)
10.3 Effect of P. Amarus on Transplanted Tumors
174(1)
10.4 Effect of P. Amarus on Virally Induced Cancers
174(4)
10.5 Mechanism of Action of P. Amarus Extract
178(5)
10.5.1 Inhibition of Phase I Enzymes
178(1)
10.5.2 Effect on Phase II Enzymes
178(1)
10.5.3 Inhibition of Mutagenicity
179(1)
10.5.4 Inhibition of Clastogenicity
179(1)
10.5.5 Inhibition of Adduct Formation with Cellular Macromolecules
179(1)
10.5.6 Induction of Apoptosis
179(1)
10.5.7 Effect on Transcription Factors
179(1)
10.5.8 Other Mechanisms
180(1)
Acknowledgment
180(1)
References
180(3)
Chapter 11 Anticancer Activity of Phyllanthus emblica
183(10)
Jeena Joseph
Ramadasan Kuttan
11.1 Introduction
183(1)
11.2 Inhibition of Chemical Carcinogenesis by EO
183(3)
11.3 Inhibition of Transplanted Tumors by EO
186(1)
11.4 Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation by EO
186(1)
11.5 Radioprotective Effect of EO
187(1)
11.6 Mechanism of Action of EO Against Cancer
187(2)
11.6.1 Inhibition of Carcinogen-Metabolizing Enzymes
187(1)
11.6.2 Inhibition of Mutagenesis
188(1)
11.6.3 Inhibition of DNA Adduct Formation
188(1)
11.6.4 Inhibition of Clastogenicity
189(1)
11.7 Effect of EO on Cell Growth and Multiplication
189(1)
11.8 Effect of EO on Induction of Apoptosis
190(1)
11.9 EO in Medicinal Preparations
190(3)
References
190(3)
Chapter 12 The In Vivo and In Vitro Proapoptotic and Antiangiogenic Effects of Phyllanthus urinaria
193(12)
Jong-Hwei S. Pang
Sheng-Teng Huang
Rong-Chi Yang
Hsiao-Ting Wu
12.1 Traditional Use of Phyllanthus urinaria and Related Studies
194(1)
12.2 Phyllanthus Urinaria Reduces Viability of Cancer Cells But Not Normal Cells
194(2)
12.2.1 Induction of Apoptosis---Strategy for Anticancer Drug Development
195(1)
12.3 Mechanism Underlying the Proapoptotic Effect of P. urinaria
196(1)
12.4 The In Vivo Anticancer Effect of P. urinaria
197(3)
12.4.1 Phyllanthus urinaria Decreases In Vivo Angiogenesis in Tumor and CAM Assay
198(1)
12.4.2 P. urinaria Inhibited Angiogenesis-Related Functions of Vascular Endothelial Cells
198(1)
12.4.3 Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity Inhibited by P. urinaria Both In Vivo and In Vitro
199(1)
12.5 Chemical Analysis of P. Urinaria
200(1)
12.5.1 Ellagic Acid: The Major Compound in P. urinaria Exerts Antiangiogenic Effect
201(1)
12.6 Conclusion
201(4)
Acknowledgments
202(1)
References
202(3)
Chapter 13 Phyllanthus and Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV Infections
205(14)
S. P. Thyagarajan
13.1 Historical Use of Phyllanthus Species in Jaundice
205(1)
13.2 In Vitro and In Vivo Antihepatitis Property Studies of P. Niruri (P. Amarus)
206(6)
13.2.1 Safety Studies of P. Amarus
207(1)
13.2.2 Molecular Mechanism of Anti-HBV Activity of P. amarus
208(1)
13.2.3 Clinical Trials of P. amarus in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections
208(1)
13.2.4 Clinical Efficacy of P. amarus versus Lead Optimization Challenge
209(3)
13.3 Phyllanthus Amarus and Hepatitis C
212(1)
13.4 Phyllanthus and HIV
212(2)
13.5 Conclusion
214(5)
Acknowledgments
214(1)
References
214(5)
Chapter 14 Antiviral Activities of Phyllanthus orbicularis, an Endemic Cuban Species
219(16)
Gloria del Barrio
Francisco Parra
14.1 Introduction
219(1)
14.2 Plant Description, Classification, and Properties
220(4)
14.2.1 Chemical Constituents
222(2)
14.3 Antiviral Activities
224(6)
14.3.1 Hepatitis B Virus
225(1)
14.3.2 Herpesvirus
226(4)
14.3.3 Enterovirus
230(1)
14.4 Conclusion
230(5)
Acknowledgments
230(1)
References
230(5)
Chapter 15 Diabetes and Diabetic Complications and Phyllanthus species
235(20)
Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy
Palla Suryanarayana
15.1 Diabetes
235(2)
15.1.1 Diabetic Complications
236(1)
15.1.2 Biochemical/Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiology
236(1)
15.1.3 Pharmacological Interventions and Their Limitations
237(1)
15.2 Medicinal Plants and Herbal Drugs as Antidiabetic Agents
237(1)
15.3 Antidiabetic Effect of Phyllanthus Species
238(7)
15.3.1 Hypoglycemic or Antidiabetic Effects
238(1)
15.3.1.1 Phyllanthus emblica or Emblica officinalis Gaertn
238(3)
15.3.1.2 Phyllanthus niruri Linn
241(1)
15.3.1.3 Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thunn.
242(1)
15.3.1.4 Other Species of Phyllanthus
242(2)
15.3.2 Experimental Studies with Type 2 Diabetic Models
244(1)
15.4 Human Studies
245(1)
15.5 Phyllanthus and Diabetic Complications
245(10)
15.5.1 Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by E. officinalis
246(2)
15.5.2 Effect of E. officinalis on Sorbitol Accumulation under High-Glucose Conditions
248(1)
15.5.3 Delay of STZ-Induced Diabetic Cataract in Rats by E. officinalis
248(3)
Acknowledgments
251(1)
References
251(4)
Chapter 16 Chemoprotective, Genotoxic, and Antigenotoxic Effects of Phyllanthus Sp
255(12)
Rakesh K. Johri
16.1 Introduction
255(2)
16.1.1 Background
256(1)
16.2 Effect of P. Emblica Fruit Against Known Mutagens or Genotoxic Agents
257(1)
16.3 Effect of P. Amarus Against Known Mutagens or Genotoxic Agents
257(1)
16.4 Effects of Phyllanthus Species Against Radiation-Induced Mutagenicity or Genotoxicity
258(1)
16.5 A Mechanistic Understanding of The Antimutagenic or Antigenotoxic Profile of Phyllanthus Sp.
259(2)
16.6 Concluding Remarks
261(6)
References
262(5)
Chapter 17 Antiaging Effects of Phyllanthus Species
267(12)
Vasudevan Mani
Shanmugapriya Thulasimani
17.1 Introduction
267(2)
17.2 Free Radicals and Aging
269(3)
17.3 Dementia and Phyllanthus
272(1)
17.4 Diabetes and Phyllanthus
272(1)
17.5 Cardiovascular Disease and Phyllanthus
272(1)
17.6 Conclusion
273(6)
References
274(5)
Chapter 18 Toxicity Studies of Phyllanthus Species
279(10)
K.N.S. Sirajudeen
18.1 Introduction
279(2)
18.2 Toxicity Studies of Phyllanthus SPP.
281(4)
18.2.1 Phyllanthus amarus/Phyllanthus niruri
281(2)
18.2.2 Phyllanthus urinaria
283(1)
18.2.3 Phyllanthus emblica (Emblica officinalis)
283(1)
18.2.4 Other Phyllanthus Species
284(1)
18.2.4.1 Phyllanthus reticulatus
284(1)
18.2.4.2 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
285(1)
18.2.4.3 Phyllanthus rheedii/Phyllanthus kozhikodianus
285(1)
18.2.4.4 Phyllanthus tenellus
285(1)
18.2.4.5 Phyllanthus fraternus
285(1)
18.3 Conclusion
285(4)
References
286(3)
Chapter 19 Clinical Trials Involving Phyllanthus Species
289(26)
Mulyarjo Dirjomuljono
Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
19.1 Introduction
289(1)
19.2 Immunomodulatory Effects
290(13)
19.2.1 Pulmonary Tuberculosis
290(5)
19.2.2 Vaginal Candidiasis
295(1)
19.2.3 Varicella Zoster Infection
296(1)
19.2.4 Urolithiasis
297(2)
19.2.5 Antidiabetes
299(4)
19.3 Phyllanthus in Combination with Other Herbs or Medication
303(3)
19.3.1 Tonsillopharyngitis
303(1)
19.3.2 Bronchial Asthma
304(1)
19.3.3 Others
305(1)
19.4 Safety and Tolerability
306(2)
19.5 Conclusion
308(7)
Acknowledgment
308(1)
References
308(7)
Chapter 20 Immunomodulatory Activity of Brahma Rasayana, an Herbal Preparation Containing Phyllanthus emblica as the Main Ingredient
315(10)
Praveen K. Vayalil
Ramadasan Kuttan
Girija Kuttan
20.1 Immunomodulation by Plants
316(1)
20.2 Immunomodulation in Ayurvedic Treatment
316(1)
20.3 Brahma Rasayana
317(5)
20.3.1 Immunomodulatory Activity of BR
317(1)
20.3.2 Antioxidant Activity of BR
318(1)
20.3.3 Anticlastogenic Activity of BR
319(1)
20.3.4 Potential Uses of BR in Cancer Treatment
319(1)
20.3.4.1 Antitumor Action
319(1)
20.3.4.2 Inhibition of Metastasis
320(1)
20.3.4.3 Protective Effects of BR against Radiation- and Chemotherapy-Induced Damages
321(1)
20.3.4.4 Effect in Carcinogenesis
321(1)
20.3.4.5 Clinical Studies of BR
321(1)
20.4 Conclusion
322(3)
References
322(3)
Chapter 21 Triphala: An Ayurvedic Drug Formulation
325(6)
Sandhya T. Das
K. P. Mishra
21.1 Introduction
325(1)
21.2 Beneficial Effects of Triphala
326(5)
21.2.1 Chondroprotectve and Antiarthritic Activity
326(1)
21.2.2 Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity
326(1)
21.2.3 Antidiabetic Activity
326(1)
21.2.4 Antioxidant Activity
327(1)
21.2.5 Triphala in Cancer Therapy
327(2)
References
329(2)
Chapter 22 Kalpaamruthaa: A Successful Drug against Various Ailments
331(18)
P. Sachdanandam
P. Shanthi
22.1 Introduction
332(1)
22.2 Major Ingredients of KA
332(3)
22.2.1 Semecarpus anacardium
332(1)
22.2.1.1 Uses of Semecarpus anacardium
332(1)
22.2.1.2 Phytochemical Analysis of SA
333(1)
22.2.1.3 Toxicity Studies of the Drug SA
333(1)
22.2.1.4 Therapeutic Potential of SA
333(1)
22.2.2 Emblica officinalis
334(1)
22.2.2.1 Phytochemistry of EO
334(1)
22.2.2.2 Therapeutic Potential of EO
334(1)
22.2.3 Honey
334(1)
22.2.3.1 Phytochemistry of Honey
334(1)
22.2.3.2 Therapeutic Potential of Honey
334(1)
22.2.4 Flavonoids and Ascorbic Acid
334(1)
22.2.5 Conclusion
335(1)
22.3 Kalpaamruthaa
335(14)
22.3.1 Phytochemical Analysis of the Drug KA
335(1)
22.3.1.1 HPTLC Analysis of Flavonoids
336(1)
22.3.1.2 HPTLC Analysis of Gallic Acid and Other Tannins
336(1)
22.3.2 Toxicity Studies of the Drug KA
336(4)
22.3.3 Therapeutic Potential of the Drug KA
340(1)
22.3.3.1 With Respect to Arthritis
340(2)
22.3.3.2 With Respect to Cancer
342(2)
Acknowledgments
344(1)
References
344(5)
Index 349
Ramadasan Kuttan, Ph.D., has worked at the Amala Cancer Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala, India since 1984 and presently is the Research Director of the Center. He earned his doctoral degree from the University of Madras in 1973, receiving a Gold Medal for the outstanding thesis of the year. From 1973 to 1984, he conducted research in the United States, including stints at Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey, and M. D. Anderson Hospital and Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. His major areas of research include cancer drugs from plant sources and chemoprevention, chemoprotection, radioprotection, immunomodulation, and the like. He has done extensive work on the use of Phyllanthus amarus in cancer using animal models and cell culture.

K. B. Harikumar, Ph.D., received his bachelors and masters degrees in biochemistry from Nagpur University in India. His doctoral research on cancer chemoprevention by natural products was conducted under the direction of Dr. Ramadasan Kuttan at Amala Cancer Research Center, affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University at Kottayam in India. Presently, he is a postdoctoral associate in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. He has over 40 peer-reviewed publications and several book chapters to his credit. His major research focuses are cancer chemoprevention, ubiquitination and nuclear factor kappa B signaling, and the role of bioactive lipids in cell signaling.