Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Introduction |
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xvii | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EPIDEMIOLOGY |
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1 | (78) |
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1 Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology |
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3 | (14) |
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Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health |
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4 | (2) |
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Modern History of Physical Activity and Health |
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6 | (4) |
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Physical Activity for Health Promotion in the United States and the World |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (3) |
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2 Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology |
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17 | (24) |
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18 | (1) |
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Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates |
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19 | (1) |
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Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies |
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20 | (5) |
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Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies |
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25 | (6) |
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Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology |
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31 | (2) |
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Inferring Cause in Epidemiologic Studies |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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3 Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness |
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41 | (38) |
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Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important? |
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42 | (1) |
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What Is Physical Activity? |
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42 | (3) |
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Measures of Physical Activity |
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45 | (10) |
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What Is Sedentary Behavior? |
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55 | (1) |
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What Is Physical Fitness? |
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56 | (6) |
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Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity |
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62 | (10) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (6) |
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PART II PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DISEASE MORTALITY |
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79 | (76) |
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81 | (22) |
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81 | (1) |
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Major Causes of Mortality |
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81 | (3) |
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Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality |
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84 | (1) |
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Leisure-Time Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality: Exemplar Cohort Studies |
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85 | (3) |
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Resistance (Strengthening) Exercise and All-Cause Mortality |
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88 | (1) |
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Device-Measured Physical Activity |
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88 | (1) |
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Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality |
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89 | (2) |
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Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality |
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91 | (2) |
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Changes in Physical Activity or Fitness and All-Cause Mortality |
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93 | (2) |
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Are the Associations Real? |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Risk of Premature Mortality? |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (28) |
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History and Magnitude of the Problem |
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103 | (1) |
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Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors |
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104 | (1) |
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Coronary Heart Disease Etiology |
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104 | (4) |
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Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease |
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108 | (6) |
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Sedentary Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease Risk |
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114 | (1) |
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Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk |
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115 | (1) |
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Individuals With Other Risk Factors or Existing Coronary Heart Disease |
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116 | (1) |
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Physical Inactivity Compared With Other Risk Factors |
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117 | (1) |
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Are the Associations Real? |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Coronary Heart Disease Risk? |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (6) |
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6 Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke |
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131 | (24) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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Treatment of Ischemic Stroke |
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136 | (2) |
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Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence |
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138 | (8) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (8) |
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PART III PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HYPERTENSION |
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155 | (106) |
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7 Magnitude of the Problem |
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156 | (21) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence |
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161 | (5) |
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Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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8 Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia |
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177 | (36) |
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179 | (5) |
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184 | (6) |
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Dyslipidemia Etiology and Physical Activity |
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190 | (2) |
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Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence |
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192 | (11) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (8) |
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9 Physical Activity and Obesity |
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213 | (48) |
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216 | (2) |
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Treatment of Overweight and Obesity |
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218 | (1) |
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Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity |
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219 | (4) |
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Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point? |
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223 | (2) |
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Physical Activity and Fitness and the Health Risks of Obesity: The Evidence |
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225 | (5) |
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Physical Activity and Prevention of Excess Weight Gain: The Evidence |
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230 | (5) |
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Physical Activity and Weight Loss: The Evidence |
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235 | (8) |
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Physical Activity and Weight Maintenance: The Evidence |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (3) |
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The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction? |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (12) |
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PART IV A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIABETES |
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261 | (72) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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Health Burden of Diabetes |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Insulin and Glucose Transport |
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267 | (2) |
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Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes |
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269 | (5) |
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Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence |
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274 | (10) |
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284 | (4) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (9) |
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11 Physical Activity and Osteoporosis |
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297 | (36) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis |
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301 | (5) |
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Bone Measurement Techniques |
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306 | (1) |
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Risk Factors and Prevention |
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307 | (3) |
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Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis |
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310 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence |
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311 | (8) |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (9) |
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PART V PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, CANCER, AND IMMUNITY |
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333 | (88) |
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12 Physical Activity and Cancer |
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335 | (46) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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The Evidence for Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection? |
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341 | (5) |
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346 | (6) |
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352 | (12) |
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364 | (5) |
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369 | (3) |
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Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (7) |
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13 Physical Activity and the Immune System |
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381 | (40) |
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An Abridged History of Immunology |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (11) |
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Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence |
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399 | (11) |
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Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (7) |
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PART VI PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPECIAL CONCERNS |
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421 | (200) |
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14 Physical Activity and Mental Health |
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423 | (70) |
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428 | (28) |
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456 | (12) |
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Cognitive Function and Dementia |
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468 | (8) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (16) |
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15 Physical Activity and Special Populations |
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493 | (32) |
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Physical Activity Among Diverse Racial-Ethnic Populations |
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494 | (7) |
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Physical Activity and Disability |
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501 | (7) |
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508 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Long-Term Health Among People With Disabilities |
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509 | (3) |
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Role of Physical Activity in the Promotion of Health |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (10) |
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16 Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity |
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525 | (38) |
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526 | (7) |
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533 | (10) |
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543 | (2) |
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Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (3) |
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550 | (1) |
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Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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552 | (3) |
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555 | (1) |
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555 | (8) |
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17 Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle |
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563 | (58) |
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Individual Barriers to Physical Activity |
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567 | (3) |
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How Do People Decide to Be Active? |
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570 | (4) |
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Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity |
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574 | (8) |
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Genetics of Physical Activity |
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582 | (2) |
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Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation |
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584 | (4) |
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Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions |
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588 | (2) |
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Types of Interventions to Increase Physical Activity |
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590 | (12) |
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Mediators and Moderators of Physical Activity Change and Interventions |
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602 | (3) |
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Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance |
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605 | (3) |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (12) |
Glossary |
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621 | (10) |
Index |
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631 | (14) |
About the Authors |
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645 | |