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E-grāmata: Physical-Chemical Mechanics of Disperse Systems and Materials

, (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD)
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Physical-Chemical Mechanics of Disperse Systems and MaterialsPalielināt
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PhysicalChemical Mechanics of Disperse Systems and Materials is a novel interdisciplinary area in the science of the disperse state of matter. It covers the broad spectrum of objects and systems with dimensions ranging from nanometers to millimeters and establishes a fundamental basis for controlling and tuning the properties of these systems as well as the processes taking place in them.

Physicalchemical mechanics focuses on the analysis of the complex physicalchemical interfacial phenomena taking place both in the transition of a dispersed system into a material, such as in the course of pressing, sintering, hydration hardening, and sol-gel transitions, and in the course of the dispersion of bulk materials taking place in milling, mechanical treatment, friction and wear, and fracturing. These studies are based on thorough experimental investigation of contact interactions between particles in these processes.

The book is divided into two sections. The first section covers basic principles of the formation, stability and rupture of contacts between particles in different media and in surfactant solutions, as well as the properties of coagulation structures and their rheology. The second section covers surface phenomena taking place in solid-like structures with phase contacts and in compact bodies with an emphasis on several applications and processes as well as the special role of the Rehbinder effect.

Where appropriate and relevant, the book presents essays on specific significant and principal studies, such as the damageability of crystal and glass surfaces, the strength of industrial catalysts, the nano-mechanisms of cement hardening, the role of the structure-mechanical barrier in the stabilization of fluorinated systems, and contact interactions in papermaking. It also devotes attention to experimental methods used in physicalchemical mechanics, the direct measurement of contact strength, and relevant instrumentations.

The book utilizes the content used over many years in lecture courses and includes fundamental material on colloid and surface chemistry, the strength of materials, rheology, and tensors, which makes it well suited for novices and experts in the field.
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Authors xiii
Introduction xv
Section I Coagulation Contacts and Structures
Chapter 1 Surface Forces and Contact Interactions
3(40)
1.1 Physical-Chemical Phenomena at Interfaces
3(23)
1.1.1 Three-Phase Contact Line: Wetting
8(4)
1.1.2 Capillary Rise Method
12(1)
1.1.3 Sessile Drop Method
12(1)
1.1.4 Spinning Drop Method
13(11)
1.1.5 Molecular Dynamics of Wetting
24(2)
1.2 Thermodynamic Characteristics of a Contact between Particles
26(7)
1.3 Contact Interactions between Solid Surfaces of Different Nature in Various Liquid Media
33(7)
1.3.1 Methods Used to Measure Contact Forces
33(7)
References
40(3)
Chapter 2 Adsorption of Surfactants and Contact Interactions
43(32)
2.1 Adsorption Phenomena at Interfaces
43(12)
2.2 Mechanisms of Surfactant Behavior at Different Interfaces
55(5)
2.3 Contact Interactions in the Presence of Surfactants: The Role of Surfactant Adsorption
60(12)
2.3.1 Contacts between Cellulose Fibers: The Evaluation of Friction Forces and Contact Strength; the Effects of Common Papermaking Chemicals
64(8)
References
72(3)
Chapter 3 Coagulation Structures: Rheological Properties of Disperse Systems
75(36)
3.1 Principles of Rheology
75(9)
3.1.1 Main Rheological Models
75(5)
3.1.1.1 Elastic Behavior
75(2)
3.1.1.2 Viscous Flow
77(1)
3.1.1.3 Plastic Flow (Plasticity)
78(2)
3.1.2 Combination of Rheological Models
80(4)
3.2 Rheological Properties of Coagulation Structures
84(25)
3.2.1 Mechanism of Elastic Aftereffect in Structured Dilute Suspensions of Bentonite
97(8)
3.2.1.1 Elasticity Modulus
100(2)
3.2.1.2 Viscosity of the Elastic Aftereffect
102(3)
3.2.2 The Role of Contact Interactions in the Rheological Behavior of Fibrous Suspensions
105(4)
References
109(2)
Chapter 4 Contact Interactions and the Stability of Free-Disperse Systems
111(66)
4.1 Key Factors Governing the Stability of Free-Disperse Systems
112(6)
4.2 Rehbinder's Lyophilic Structural—Mechanical Barrier as a Factor of Strong Colloid Stability
118(25)
4.2.1 Stability of Fluorinated Systems: Strong Stabilization by the Structural—Mechanical Barrier
136(7)
4.2.1.1 Rheological Properties of Interfacial Adsorption Layers in Fluorinated Systems
138(1)
4.2.1.2 Study of the Rupture and Coalescence of Individual Droplets
139(2)
4.2.1.3 Interactions between Hydrophobized Solid Surfaces in Nonpolar Liquids
141(2)
4.3 Conditions of Spontaneous Dispersion and the Formation of Stable Colloid System
143(19)
4.3.1 Behavior of ΔF(r) at v = const
146(5)
4.3.2 Behavior of ΔF(n) at r = const
151(3)
4.3.3 Behavior of ΔF(r) when n = const
154(2)
4.3.4 Influence of the Interfacial Tension, σ, and Temperature, T, on ΔF
156(1)
4.3.5 Concluding Remarks
157(2)
4.3.6 Possibility of Obtaining Fine Disperse Structures in Melts by Hardening Melt Emulsions
159(3)
4.4 Contact Interactions and the Stability of Sols Formed with Phases of Different Nature
162(9)
References
171(6)
Section II Surface Phenomena in the Structures with Phase Contacts and in Continuous Solid Bodies
Chapter 5 Deformation and Degradation of Solid Bodies and Materials: Description and Measurements
177(46)
5.1 Forces and Deformations in a Uniform Stressed State
177(16)
5.1.1 Forces and Stresses
177(8)
5.1.2 Strain, Displacements, and Turns
185(4)
5.1.3 Elastic Deformations
189(2)
5.1.4 Elastic Anisotropic Bodies
191(2)
5.2 Heterogeneous Stressed State: Durability and Fatigue
193(10)
5.2.1 Heterogeneous Stressed State
193(6)
5.2.2 Concepts of Strength Theories
199(4)
5.3 Mechanical Testing
203(9)
5.3.1 Principles and Methods of Mechanical Testing
203(20)
5.3.1.1 Some General Remarks
203(1)
5.3.1.2 Static Testing Regime
204(5)
5.3.1.3 Cyclic Fatigue Testing
209(1)
5.3.1.4 Dynamic (Impact) Testing
210(2)
5.4 Determination of the Structure—Rheological Characteristics
212(9)
References
221(2)
Chapter 6 Structures with Phase Contacts
223(36)
6.1 Phase Contacts between Particles in Disperse Structures
223(12)
6.1.1 Effect of the Duration and Temperature of Ageing on the Size of Aluminosilicate Hydrogel Globules
232(3)
6.2 Mechanisms of the Formation of Contacts and of the Development of Internal Stresses
235(22)
6.2.1 Formation of Contacts between the Particles and the Development of Internal Stresses during the Hydration Hardening of Mineral Binders
236(24)
6.2.1.1 Formation of Phase Contacts between Crystals of Gypsum
237(4)
6.2.1.2 Effect of the Mutual Orientation of Crystals
241(1)
6.2.1.3 Influence of the Compression Force
242(2)
6.2.1.4 Bridging Crystals of Different Types
244(1)
6.2.1.5 Effect of Chemical Modifiers and the Solution Composition on Crystallization Contacts
245(2)
6.2.1.6 Bridging of Silica Particles
247(3)
6.2.1.7 Investigation of the Microstresses in Disperse Structures Using X-Ray Diffraction
250(1)
6.2.1.8 General Methodology of X-Ray Diffraction Studies
251(2)
6.2.1.9 Internal Stresses in Structures Obtained in the Course of the Hydration Hardening of Various Binders
253(1)
6.2.1.10 Stresses Formed in Structures Obtained by Pressing Powders
254(1)
6.2.1.11 Dependence of Internal Stresses on the Conditions of the Hydration Hardening
254(2)
6.2.1.12 Concluding Remarks on Hydration Hardening
256(1)
References
257(2)
Chapter 7 Interfacial Phenomena in Processes of Deformation and Failure of Solids
259(88)
7.1 Influence of an Active Medium on the Mechanical Properties of Solids: The Rehbinder Effect
260(49)
7.1.1 Universal Nature and Selectivity of the Influence of the Medium on the Strength and Ductility of Solids with Different Types of Interatomic Interactions
261(21)
7.1.1.1 Metals
264(8)
7.1.1.2 Solids with Covalent Bonds
272(2)
7.1.1.3 Solids with Ionic Bonds
274(2)
7.1.1.4 Disperse Porous Materials
276(2)
7.1.1.5 Organic Molecular Crystals
278(4)
7.1.2 Role of the Actual Structure of the Solid and Role of External Conditions in the Manifestation of the Rehbinder Effect and the Deformation of Solids
282(27)
7.1.2.1 Influence of the Real (Defect) Structure on the Adsorption-Induced Strength Lowering
283(5)
7.1.2.2 Influence of Strain and Fracturing Conditions
288(11)
7.1.2.3 Spontaneous Dispersion of Solids under Conditions of a Very Strong Reduction in the Free Interfacial Energy Facilitation of Mechanical Dispersion
299(2)
7.1.2.4 Facilitation of Plastic Deformations in Solids under the Influence of an Adsorption-Active Medium
301(3)
7.1.2.5 Numerical Modeling of the Rehbinder Effect
304(5)
7.2 Influence of a Surface-Active Medium on the Mechanical Stability of the Surface of a Solid Surface Damageability
309(12)
7.2.1 Lowering of the Strength of Glass Due to Microscopic Defects That Were Introduced to Its Surface
315(6)
7.3 Rehbinder Effect in Nature and Technology
321(20)
7.3.1 Physical-Chemical Mechanics of Catalysts: The Strength and Durability of Fine-Porous Materials in Active Media
325(16)
7.3.1.1 Influence of Adsorption on the Mechanical Properties of Solids with Fine Porosity
329(4)
7.3.1.2 The Effect of Catalysis on Mechanical Strength and Wear of Catalysts
333(8)
References
341(6)
Index 347
Eugene D. Shchukin, PhD, graduated in physics from Moscow State University and earned his PhD and doctorate of science in physics and mathematics. He is a professor emeritus at Johns Hopkins University and a distinguished professor at the Colloid Chemistry Department at MSU, Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Science. His principal research interests are physicalchemical mechanics of disperse systems and materials, colloid and interface science, surfactant effects at various interfaces, stability of disperse systems, particles interactions and structure formation, materials science and engineering, physical chemistry of solid state, stability and damageability of solids and their surfaces in active media, control and applications in technology, and environmental engineering. He is a member of various Russian, US, and other international scientific committees and advisory and editorial boards. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Pedagogical Science (recently Academy of Education), of the US National, Royal Swedish, and USSR (1990, Russian) engineering academies. He is also a founding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. He has received a number of prestigious prizes and awards, including the Lomonosov Prize from MSU, the Lenin Prize from the Soviet Union, the Rehbinders medal, the Russian Academy of Sciences medal, and a Gold Medal from the Russian Academy of Education.

Andrei S. Zelenev, PhD, is a research and development manager with Fritz Industries. He earned his PhD from Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York. Since graduation he has been pursuing a career as an industrial scientist holding a number of research and managerial positions with international chemical companies focusing on pulp and paper and more recently on oil and gas production. His professional interests include industrial applications of colloid and surface science, coagulation and flocculation, lyophobic and lyophilic colloidal systems, surfactant phase behavior, interaction of surfactants with surfaces, particle deposition and aggregation, particle and surfactant transport in porous media, wetting and spreading, development of novel experimental methods for studying colloidal systems, and physical-chemical mechanics. He is an inventor on four issued US patents and five pending patent applications, a coauthor of 22 scientific publications, and coauthor of the textbook Colloid and Surface Chemistry.
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