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E-grāmata: Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects: Methods and Implementation

(WEES Engineering Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Udaipur, Rajasthan, India), (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA), (WEES Engineering Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Udaipur, Rajasthan, India)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128118566
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Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects: Methods and ImplementationPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128118566
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Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects presents the considerations, options and factors necessary for effective implementation of irrigation strategies, and goes further to provide methods for evaluating the efficiency of systems-in-place for remedial correction as needed.

The first book to take this life-cycle approach to agricultural irrigation, the book includes real-world examples and includes not only natural resource availability concerns, but financial impacts and measurements as well. With 21 chapters divided into two sections, Planning and Evaluation, this book will be valuable for agricultural and hydrology engineers, conservation scientists and all those seeking to implement and maintain irrigation systems.

  • Uses real-world examples to present practical insights
  • Incorporates both planning and evaluation for full-scope understanding and application
  • Illustrates both potential benefits and limitations of irrigation solutions
  • Provides potential means to increase crop productivity resulting in improved farm income

Papildus informācija

Presents tactics on how to maximize agricultural water management techniques using real-world, step-by-step examples
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 Irrigation: Definition, Functions, Advantages, and Disadvantages
1(1)
1.2 Irrigation Planning
2(1)
1.3 Need of Evaluation: Benchmarking and Water Auditing
3(2)
1.4 Organization of This Book
5(2)
Chapter 2 Irrigation Project Planning
7(18)
2.1 Planning Stages
7(3)
2.1.1 Project Identification
7(1)
2.1.2 Project Preparation and Analysis
8(1)
2.1.3 Project Appraisal
9(1)
2.1.4 Project Implementation
9(1)
2.1.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
10(1)
2.2 Investigation Phases and Data Collection
10(3)
2.2.1 Data Collection
10(3)
2.3 Scope of Work for Planning or Prefeasibility Report Stage
13(1)
2.4 Scope of Work for Detailed Investigation or Detailed Project Report Stage
13(8)
2.4.1 Activities for the Preparation of Detailed Project Report
13(1)
2.4.2 Deliverables and Implementation Plan to Be Incorporated in Detailed Project Report
13(8)
2.5 Factors Affecting the Development of Irrigation Facilities
21(4)
2.5.1 Soil
21(1)
2.5.2 Climate
22(1)
2.5.3 Topography
22(1)
2.5.4 Water Source
22(1)
2.5.5 Water Quantity
22(1)
2.5.6 Water Quality
22(1)
2.5.7 Crop(s) to Be Cultivated
22(1)
2.5.8 Energy
23(1)
2.5.9 Labor
23(1)
2.5.10 Capital
23(1)
2.5.11 Economic Factor
23(1)
2.5.12 Environmental Aspects
23(1)
2.5.13 National Policy and Priority
24(1)
2.5.14 Sociocultural Aspects
24(1)
2.5.15 Institutional Infrastructure
24(1)
References
24(1)
Chapter 3 Basic Hydraulic Computations
25(58)
3.1 Basic Terminology
25(3)
3.1.1 Classification of Open Channel Flow
26(2)
3.2 Conservation Laws
28(12)
3.2.1 Law of Mass Conservation or Continuity Equation
28(1)
3.2.2 Law of Momentum Conservation
29(3)
3.2.3 Law of Energy Conservation
32(8)
3.3 Hydraulic Jump
40(12)
3.3.1 Elements of Hydraulic Jump
46(6)
3.4 Computation of Critical Depth
52(3)
3.5 Uniform Flow Computation
55(11)
3.5.1 Computation of Normal Depth
60(6)
3.6 Gradually Varied Flow
66(15)
3.6.1 Classification of Gradually Varied Flow
67(1)
3.6.2 Computation of Gradually Varied Flow or Water Level Profile
67(14)
3.7 Concluding Remarks
81(2)
References
82(1)
Further Reading
82(1)
Chapter 4 Hydrologic Computations
83(148)
4.1 Analyses of Rainfall Data
83(8)
4.1.1 Optimum Number of Rain Gauges
83(2)
4.1.2 Estimation of Average Rainfall
85(3)
4.1.3 Estimation of Rainfall Trends for Climatic Variation: The Mann--Kendall Test
88(3)
4.2 Hydrologic Cycle
91(2)
4.2.1 Components of Hydrologic Cycle and Important Terminology
91(2)
4.3 Hydrologic Equation and Water Balance
93(11)
4.3.1 Period of Water-Balance Exercise
95(1)
4.3.2 Purpose of Water Balance
96(8)
4.4 Estimation of Reservoir Inflow Using Observed Data
104(2)
4.4.1 Determination of Catchment or Reservoir Yield
105(1)
4.5 Estimate of Catchment Yield Using Rainfall--Runoff Modeling
106(19)
4.5.1 Strange Table
106(1)
4.5.2 Simple Water-Balance Model
107(11)
4.5.3 Modified SCS-CN Model
118(7)
4.6 Inflow Estimation in Multi-Reservoir Case
125(18)
4.6.1 Reservoir Routing: Storage-Indication Method
127(6)
4.6.2 Channel Routing
133(10)
4.7 Design-Flood Estimation for Fixing the Spillway Capacity
143(37)
4.7.1 Unit Hydrograph Method
143(15)
4.7.2 Synthetic Hydrograph Method
158(10)
4.7.3 Conceptual Models
168(9)
4.7.4 Design-Flood Estimation Using Flood-Frequency Analysis
177(3)
4.8 Reservoir Sizing
180(17)
4.8.1 Storage Zones in a Reservoir
182(1)
4.8.2 Area--Elevation and Capacity--Elevation Curves
183(1)
4.8.3 Determination of Reservoir Capacity
184(7)
4.8.4 Reservoir Operation
191(4)
4.8.5 Reservoir Rule Curve
195(2)
4.9 Reservoir Sedimentation
197(30)
4.9.1 Direct Measurement of Sediment Yield and Extension of Measured Data
198(4)
4.9.2 Trap Efficiency of Reservoir
202(9)
4.9.3 Sediment Distribution in Reservoir
211(16)
4.10 Concluding Remarks
227(4)
References
227(2)
Further Reading
229(2)
Chapter 5 Estimation of Lake Evaporation and Potential Evapotranspiration
231(12)
5.1 Estimation of Lake Evaporation
231(5)
5.2 Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
236(4)
5.2.1 FAO-56 and ASCE-EWRI Method
236(1)
5.2.2 Hargreaves Method
236(4)
5.3 Concluding Remarks
240(3)
References
240(3)
Chapter 6 Estimating Irrigation Design Parameters
243(40)
6.1 Estimation of Crop Water Requirement
243(2)
6.1.1 Crop Growth Stage
244(1)
6.1.2 Crop Coefficients
244(1)
6.1.3 Principal Crops and Their Water Requirement and Critical Stages
244(1)
6.2 Irrigation Water Requirement
245(6)
6.2.1 Water Required for Land Soaking, WRLS
249(1)
6.2.2 Water Required for Land Preparation, WRLP
249(1)
6.2.3 Water Required for Leaching, WRL
249(1)
6.2.4 Gross Irrigation Water Requirement, GIWR
249(2)
6.3 Irrigation Efficiency
251(2)
6.3.1 Water Conveyance Efficiency (Ec)
251(1)
6.3.2 Water Application Efficiency (Ea)
251(1)
6.3.3 Scheme Irrigation Efficiency
252(1)
6.4 Irrigation Command Area
253(6)
6.4.1 Irrigation Intensity
253(1)
6.4.2 Peak Irrigation Demand
253(1)
6.4.3 Water Allowance
254(1)
6.4.4 Duty, Delta, and Base Period
254(1)
6.4.5 Relationship Between Duty, Delta, and Base Period
254(5)
6.5 Determination of Irrigated Command Area, Project Duty, Duty at Outlet Head and Canal Head, Water Allowance, and Canal Capacity
259(24)
References
282(1)
Further Reading
282(1)
Chapter 7 Design of Irrigation Canals
283(36)
7.1 Typical Canal Geometry
283(1)
7.2 Design of Lined Canals
283(12)
7.2.1 Design of the Most Economical Section
288(7)
7.3 Design of Stable Unlined Canals Using the Regime Theory
295(3)
7.4 Design of Unlined Canal Using Tractive Force Approach
298(5)
7.4.1 Design of Unlined Canal Using Kennedy's Theory
302(1)
7.5 Determining L-Section of the Canal
303(1)
7.6 Development of Draw-Off Statement for the Canal
304(13)
7.7 Concluding Remarks
317(2)
References
318(1)
Further Reading
318(1)
Chapter 8 Design of Canal Outlets and Their Calibration
319(22)
8.1 Classification of Outlets
319(1)
8.2 Performance of Module or Outlet
320(2)
8.2.1 Flexibility
320(1)
8.2.2 Proportionality and Setting
321(1)
8.2.3 Sensitivity
322(1)
8.3 Design of Outlets: Discharge Through Outlets
322(15)
8.3.1 Nonmodular Outlet
322(2)
8.3.2 Semimodular Outlet
324(13)
8.4 Calibration of Outlet
337(1)
8.5 Concluding Remarks
337(4)
References
339(1)
Further Reading
339(2)
Chapter 9 Canal Architecture
341(12)
9.1 Canal Classification
341(5)
9.1.1 Classification According to Function of the Canal
342(1)
9.1.2 Classification According to Alignment
342(1)
9.1.3 Classification According to Nature of Source and Supply
342(3)
9.1.4 Classification According to Discharge and Relative Importance
345(1)
9.2 Command Area Survey
346(1)
9.2.1 Survey Maps for Initial Planning
346(1)
9.2.2 Survey Maps for Detailed Planning
346(1)
9.3 Canal Alignment
346(5)
9.3.1 Important Points for Canal Alignment
347(4)
9.4 Marking and Finalization of Area Proposed to Be Irrigated by Each Channel
351(1)
9.5 Design of Canal
352(1)
9.6 Concluding Remarks
352(1)
References
352(1)
Further Reading
352(1)
Chapter 10 Irrigation Methods
353(12)
10.1 Methods of Irrigation
353(4)
10.1.1 Basin Irrigation
353(1)
10.1.2 Furrow Irrigation
353(1)
10.1.3 Border Irrigation
353(1)
10.1.4 Sprinkler Irrigation
354(2)
10.1.5 Drip Irrigation
356(1)
10.2 Factors Affecting the Selection of Irrigation Method
357(1)
10.3 Layout of Basin Irrigation
357(4)
10.4 Layout for Furrow Irrigation
361(2)
10.4.1 Furrow Length
361(2)
10.5 Layout of Border Irrigation
363(1)
10.6 Concluding Remarks
363(2)
Further Reading
363(2)
Chapter 11 Optimal Cropping Pattern
365(20)
11.1 Linear Programming
366(1)
11.2 LP Formulation for Optimal Crop Planning
366(11)
11.3 LP-Based Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources
377(6)
11.3.1 Decision Variables
377(1)
11.3.2 Objective Function
377(1)
11.3.3 Constraints
377(6)
11.4 Concluding Remarks
383(2)
References
383(2)
Chapter 12 Irrigation Scheduling
385(28)
12.1 Simple Calculation of Irrigation Scheduling
385(5)
12.2 Water Balance Method
390(10)
12.2.1 Soil Moisture Terminology
391(4)
12.2.2 Rooting Depth
395(1)
12.2.3 Estimation of Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)
395(1)
12.2.4 Estimation of Effective Rainfall
396(3)
12.2.5 Upward Flux of Water to the Root Zone Depth or Capillary Rise (U)
399(1)
12.2.6 Software for Irrigation Scheduling
400(1)
12.3 Warabandi Scheduling
400(4)
12.3.1 Definition of Warabandi/Barabandi
403(1)
12.3.2 Indicators of Good Water Distribution System
403(1)
12.3.3 Water Distribution Methods
403(1)
12.3.4 Enforcement in Warabandi
404(1)
12.3.5 Systems of Warabandi
404(1)
12.3.6 Forms of Warabandi
404(1)
12.4 Process of Warabandi
404(2)
12.4.1 Data Requirement for Warabandi Roaster
405(1)
12.4.2 Formulation of Warabandi Schedule
405(1)
12.5 Concluding Remarks
406(7)
References
411(1)
Further Reading
412(1)
Chapter 13 Benchmarking of Irrigation Projects
413(12)
13.1 Benchmarking Domains
413(2)
13.2 Benchmarking Process
415(1)
13.3 Data Required for Benchmarking
415(1)
13.4 Indicators of Benchmarking
416(1)
13.5 Computational Methods for Indicators
416(1)
13.6 Concluding Remarks
416(9)
References
424(1)
Chapter 14 Performance Evaluation of Irrigation Projects
425(42)
14.1 System Delivery Performance
425(21)
14.1.1 Total Annual Volume of Irrigation Supply
425(2)
14.1.2 Reservoir Efficiency
427(2)
14.1.3 Total Annual Volume of Water Supply
429(4)
14.1.4 Annual Irrigation Supply per Unit CCA
433(1)
14.1.5 Annual Irrigation Supply per Unit Irrigated Area
434(1)
14.1.6 Annual Actual Duty and Relative Duty
435(1)
14.1.7 Annual Relative Potential Utilization
436(1)
14.1.8 Indices for Relative Water Supply and Irrigation Supply
437(9)
14.1.9 Remarks
446(1)
14.2 Productive Performance
446(11)
14.2.1 Production Relative to Area
448(2)
14.2.2 Production Relative to Water Use
450(7)
14.2.3 Remarks
457(1)
14.3 Financial Performance
457(9)
14.3.1 Estimation of MOM
459(1)
14.3.2 Cost Recovery Ratio
459(1)
14.3.3 MOM Cost per Unit Area
460(1)
14.3.4 Revenue Collection Performance
461(1)
14.3.5 Staffing per Unit Area
461(1)
14.3.6 Revenue per Unit Volume of Irrigation Supply
462(1)
14.3.7 Total MOM Cost per Unit Volume of Irrigation Supply
462(1)
14.3.8 Remarks
462(4)
14.4 Concluding Remarks
466(1)
References
466(1)
Chapter 15 Water Auditing of Irrigation Projects
467(16)
15.1 Definition of Water Auditing
467(1)
15.1.1 Objectives of Water Auditing
467(1)
15.2 Data Collection for Water Auditing
468(1)
15.3 Indicators of Water Audit
468(1)
15.4 Brief Description of Indicators
469(1)
15.5 Estimation of Water Auditing Indicators
470(10)
15.5.1 Water Availability in the Reservoir
470(4)
15.5.2 Water Use Pattern
474(1)
15.5.3 Percentage of Balanced Unutilized Water to Live Storage
474(1)
15.5.4 Percentage of Planned and Actual Nonirrigation Use
475(2)
15.5.5 Percentage of Actual Evaporation to Live Storage
477(1)
15.5.6 Target to Achieved Irrigation Potential
477(1)
15.5.7 Irrigation System Performance
477(3)
15.6 Concluding Remarks
480(3)
References
481(1)
Further Reading
481(2)
Chapter 16 Flow Measurement in Canals
483(22)
16.1 Flow Measuring Structures
483(11)
16.1.1 V-Notch Weir
484(1)
16.1.2 Broad-Crested Weir
484(1)
16.1.3 Sluice Gate With Broad-Crested Weir
485(1)
16.1.4 Sharp-Crested Weir
486(1)
16.1.5 Uncontrolled Ogee Spillways or Weir
487(1)
16.1.6 Gate-Controlled Ogee Spillways or Weir
487(2)
16.1.7 Cipoletti Weir
489(1)
16.1.8 Parshall Flume
490(1)
16.1.9 Cutthroat Flume
491(3)
16.2 Area--Velocity Method
494(8)
16.2.1 Measurement of Velocity
495(7)
16.2.2 Estimation of Discharge
502(1)
16.3 Concluding Remarks
502(3)
References
502(1)
Further Reading
503(2)
Chapter 17 Soil Analysis
505(20)
17.1 Soil and Its Physical Properties
505(7)
17.1.1 Soil Texture
506(1)
17.1.2 Soil Structure
506(2)
17.1.3 Soil Depth
508(1)
17.1.4 Other Physical Characteristics of Soil
508(4)
17.2 Soil-Water Constants
512(5)
17.2.1 Field Capacity
513(1)
17.2.2 Saturation Capacity
513(1)
17.2.3 Permanent Wilting Point
513(1)
17.2.4 Available Water Capacity
513(1)
17.2.5 Presently Available Soil Moisture
514(1)
17.2.6 Depletion of Available Soil Moisture
515(2)
17.3 Protocol for Soil Moisture Analysis Using Gravimetric Method
517(2)
17.3.1 Protocol for the Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
517(2)
17.3.2 Protocol for the Determination of Various Water Constants
519(1)
17.4 Measurement of Soil Moisture at Field
519(4)
17.5 Concluding Remarks
523(2)
Further Reading
523(2)
Chapter 18 Scheme Irrigation Efficiency
525(14)
18.1 Scheme Irrigation Efficiency
525(1)
18.2 Field Application Efficiency (Ea)
525(6)
18.2.1 Estimation of Water Application Efficiency (Ec)
526(5)
18.3 Conveyance Efficiency (Ec)
531(6)
18.3.1 Estimation of Seepage Loss
532(2)
18.3.2 Estimation of Conveyance Efficiency of Water Course, Ec,wc
534(1)
18.3.3 Estimation of Conveyance Efficiency of Main or Distributary Canals, Ec,mc
535(2)
18.3.4 Estimation of Conveyance Efficiency of System
537(1)
18.4 Concluding Remarks
537(2)
Reference
537(1)
Further Reading
537(2)
Chapter 19 Environmental Aspects of Irrigation Projects
539(30)
19.1 Environment and Ecosystem Processes
539(4)
19.1.1 Food Chain and Transfer of Energy
539(2)
19.1.2 Essential Elements of an Ecosystem and Their Importance
541(1)
19.1.3 Survival and Succession
542(1)
19.2 Biodiversity
543(2)
19.3 Environmental Aspects of Water Resources Development
545(1)
19.3.1 Types of Environmental Systems Likely to Be Affected
545(1)
19.4 Environmental Impact of Development of Irrigation Projects
546(3)
19.4.1 Impact on Hydrology
546(1)
19.4.2 Impact on Water Quality
547(1)
19.4.3 Waterlogging
547(1)
19.4.4 Impact on Salinity
548(1)
19.4.5 Impact on Sedimentation and Erosion
548(1)
19.4.6 Impact on Ecology
548(1)
19.4.7 Impact on Socioeconomics
548(1)
19.4.8 General Impact of Development
549(1)
19.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
549(4)
19.5.1 Features of Environment Impact Assessment
551(1)
19.5.2 Main Environmental Components
551(2)
19.5.3 Data Requirement
553(1)
19.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Process
553(1)
19.5.5 Questionnaire for Environmental Impact Assessment
553(1)
19.6 Policy Background
553(5)
19.6.1 Status in Developed and Developing Countries
555(1)
19.6.2 Legislation for Environmental Protection in India
555(3)
19.7 Clearances Required for River Valley or Irrigation Projects in India
558(7)
19.7.1 Clearance From Water Resources Authorities
558(6)
19.7.2 Clearance From Environmental and Conservational Authorities
564(1)
19.8 Concluding Remarks
565(4)
References
565(2)
Further Reading
567(2)
Chapter 20 Financial Appraisal of Irrigation Projects
569(36)
20.1 Benefits and Costs of the Project
569(3)
20.1.1 Fixed and Variable Costs Involved in the Irrigation Projects
570(1)
20.1.2 Tangible and Intangible Costs and Benefits
571(1)
20.2 Benefit--Cost Analysis
572(3)
20.3 Appraisal of the Project
575(27)
20.3.1 Irrigation Commission's (IC, 1972) Benefit--Cost Ratio
575(9)
20.3.2 Net Present Value
584(5)
20.3.3 Benefit--Cost Ratio of Present Values
589(3)
20.3.4 Internal Rate of Return
592(5)
20.3.5 Payback Period
597(1)
20.3.6 Cash Flow Analysis and Benefit--Cost Ratio
597(5)
20.4 Concluding Remarks
602(3)
References
603(2)
Chapter 21 Way Forward to Improve Irrigation Efficiency
605(8)
21.1 Feasible Solution to Improve System Technical Efficiency
606(2)
21.2 Feasible Solution to Improve Productive Efficiency
608(1)
21.3 Feasible Solution to Improve Financial Efficiency
609(1)
21.4 Feasible Solution to Improve Distribution Efficiency
610(1)
21.5 Concluding Remarks
610(3)
References
610(1)
Further Reading
610(3)
Appendices 613(38)
Index 651
Dr. Rai has more than fifteen years of working experience in the field of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering. His key specialty areas are: Hydrological & Hydraulic Modelling; Sediment Modelling and Management Planning, Development of Rainfall-Runoff-Erosion Models for small and mid-sized catchments; Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management; Catchment Planning, Diversion Studies; Stormwater Drainage Design and Modelling; Irrigation and Hydropower Planning; and Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Project. An academician and professional engineer in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, Prof. Singh is a distinguished professor, and Caroline and William N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering. He has more than 40 years of experience in the field of hydrology and water resources engineering Chief Environment Specialist with more than seventeen years of working experience in the field Environmental impact and management of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of water resource projects, water quality assessment and modelling, environmental flow, biodiversity analysis; integrated water resources management, decision support system for water quality and project management. Dr. Alka has been involved in various national and international consultancy projects of varying scope in different roles funded by Central and State Governments, European Union, World Bank, JICA, and Asian Development Bank.
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