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Planning Gain providing infrastructure & affordable housing [Other digital carrier]

(Department of Economics, London School of Economics, UK), , (Professor of Housing Studies, University of Sheffield)
  • Formāts: Other digital carrier, 328 pages, height x width x depth: 229x152x15 mm, weight: 666 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Nov-2015
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119075106
  • ISBN-13: 9781119075103
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  • Other digital carrier
  • Cena: 119,67 €
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  • Formāts: Other digital carrier, 328 pages, height x width x depth: 229x152x15 mm, weight: 666 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Nov-2015
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119075106
  • ISBN-13: 9781119075103
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Winner of the Royal Town Planning Institute award for research excellence

This critical examination of the development and implementation of planning gain is timely given recent changes to the economic and policy environment.

The book looks both at the British context as well as experience in other developed economies and takes stock of how the policy has evolved. It examines the rationale for planning gain, how it has delivered substantial funds for infrastructure and affordable housing and, in the light of this, how it might continue to play a role in the funding of these.  It also draws on overseas experience, for example on impact fees and public sector land assembly.  It looks at lessons from the past for future policy, both for Britain and for countries overseas.

Mechanisms to tap development value are also a global phenomenon in developed market economies - whether through formal taxation or negotiated contributions.  As fiscal austerity becomes an increasingly challenging issue, ‘planning gain’ has grown in importance as a potential source of funding for infrastructure and new affordable housing, with many countries keen to examine, learn from, and adapt the experience of others.

  • a critical commentary of planning gain as a policy
  • timely post credit crunch analysis
  • addresses recent planning policy changes







Recenzijas

Staff from the Department of Urban Studies and Planning have won this year s coveted Excellence in Planning Research Award for their text on Planning Gain. The award is made annually by the Royal Town Planning Institute, the global learned society and professional institute of chartered planners, following peer review of the best of the year s planning research by leading academics and practitioners. The award recognises the high quality and policy relevance of the work on planning obligations led by Emeritus Professor Tony Crook, Professor John Henneberry and Professor Christine Whitehead (at LSE) in collaboration with colleagues in the department, at the University of Cambridge and at the London School of Economics. The work was commissioned by a wide range of organisations, including research councils and charities, government departments, and trade and professional bodies. Practitioners and policy makers helped design the research to secure its policy relevance. The work has led to many research reports, articles in research and professional journals, papers at professional and academic conferences, submissions to government consultations and parliamentary select committees inquiries, and briefings for the policy and practice communities (local and central government and the legal, planning and property professions). The researchers regularly provided independent evidence on how planning obligations worked, critically commenting both on their effectiveness and on the policy changes regularly proposed. All this work was brought together in Planning Gain authored by the award winners and published in 2016. The book tells the story of how planning obligations became an effective means of capturing development value and of securing affordable housing and infrastructure funding from developers, in a way that is accessible both to other researchers and to policy professionals.' The University of Sheffield, press release (9/9/2016)

Acknowledgements xiii Foreword by Dame Kate Barker xv Preface xvii Notes
on Contributors xxi 1 Introduction 1 Tony Crook, John Henneberry and
Christine Whitehead Purpose of the book 1 The development process and the
creation of development value 2 The taxation of development value 4 Factors
affecting effective development value capture 6 Property rights and ownership
7 The need for finance 8 The ownership of development rights 9 Taxing value
or raising charges 9 Rules versus discretion? 9 Fixed taxes, tariffs and
negotiated contributions 10 Hypothecation and contract 11 Key factors behind
the development of planning gain policy in England 11 Political economy 12
The planning system 12 Central local relations: Local discretion, innovation
and adoption 14 Definitions 15 The structure of the book 16 2 The Economics
of Development Value and Planning Gain 20 Christine Whitehead Introduction 20
Why is land and its value special? 21 The potential to tax increasing land
values without generating inefficiency 22 The impact of planning on
development values the creation of planning gain 25 How are these values
achieved? 25 Planning affects land supply 26 Planning affects demand 27
Planning affects density of construction and use 28 Planning affects prices
and quantities 29 Bringing together the possibilities 29 Instruments
available to capture planning gain 32 Overview 34 3 Capturing Development
Value Through de jure National Taxation: The English Experience 37 Tony Crook
Introduction 37 Betterment and development value defined 39 Compensation and
betterment: the Uthwatt principles 43 Taxing development value: post-war
national schemes 46 1947: The development charge and the central land
tribunal 48 1967: Betterment levy and land commission 51 1974, 1975 and 1976:
Development Gains Tax, the Community Land Scheme and Development Land Tax 54
Lessons learned 59 4 Planning Obligations Policy in England: de facto
Taxation of Development Value 63 Tony Crook Introduction 63 Planning
obligations: the key principles 65 Using planning obligations to secure land
and funding for affordable housing 74 The overall framework 74 Detailed
requirements 79 Recent policy initiatives 83 Tariffs 85 Optional planning
charge 86 Planning gain supplement 88 Community infrastructure levy 93
Changes to CIL and new LPA incentives 97 Viability and S106 99 CIL policy:
concluding comments 100 Conclusions 101 5 Development Viability 115 John
Henneberry Introduction 115 Development viability 117 Threshold land value
120 Table of Contents ix Development appraisal 121 Property development
within the wider property market 121 Development appraisal 123 Estimating the
residual value of a residential development site 124 Assessing the impact of
planning obligations and developer s contributions on the viability of
development proposals 130 Accounting for spatial and temporal variations in
the development market 133 Conclusion: addressing the viability dilemma? 136
6 The Incidence and Value of Planning Obligations 140 Steven Rowley and Tony
Crook Introduction 140 The growth of obligations 140 Methods for measuring
the incidence and calculating the value of planning obligations in England
145 The number of obligations in England 151 Affordable housing obligations
in England 155 The total value of planning obligations agreed in England 160
Planning obligations in Scotland and Wales 162 Rural exceptions schemes 163
Who pays for the obligations? 164 Conclusions 171 7 Spatial Variation in the
Incidence and Value of Planning Obligations 175 Richard Dunning, Ed Ferrari,
and Craig Watkins Introduction 175 Defining and disseminating good practice
in planning obligations 177 Review of earlier evidence 177 Good practice
research and advice 178 Implications of evidence and good practice guides 184
A note on Scotland and Wales 185 Regional variations in the value of planning
obligations 185 Quantitative analysis of the drivers of the incidence and
value of planning obligations 187 Qualitative explanations for spatial
variations in planning obligations 192 The changing practice context 192
Stretching the rational nexus 195 Delivery 196 Conclusions 197 8 Delivering
Planning Obligations Are Agreements Successfully Delivered? 201 Gemma Burgess
and Sarah Monk Introduction 201 Why consider delivery of planning
obligations? 202 Types of planning obligations 203 Case-study evidence of
successful delivery of planning obligations 204 Quantitative evidence on the
delivery of obligations 207 The factors affecting the delivery of affordable
housing obligations 210 Trends in the delivery of affordable housing 211 The
impact of the economic downturn on delivery 216 Implementing the community
infrastructure levy 220 Conclusions 224 9 International Experience 227 Sarah
Monk and Tony Crook Introduction: making comparisons and transferring
experience 227 Australia 231 Planning policy, planning legislation and its
administration 231 Developer contributions to infrastructure 233 Developer
contributions to affordable housing 236 Germany 239 Planning authorities and
the planning system 239 Special mechanisms for controlling growth 241 Land
readjustment 242 Provision of housing and related infrastructure 243 The
Netherlands 244 Planning institutions and planning policies 244 Changing
housing policies 247 Providing land and related infrastructure 248 United
States 250 The constitution, planning and its administration 250 Developer
contributions to infrastructure: impact fees 252 The impact of fees on prices
and land values 255 Developer contributions to affordable housing:
inclusionary zoning and linkage fees 256 Linkage fees 258 Summary and
conclusions: comparing the English and international experience 258 Table of
Contents xi 10 Summary and Conclusions 269 Tony Crook, John Henneberry, and
Christine Whitehead Introduction 269 Policies for capturing development value
270 National approaches 270 Locally based approaches 271 International
experience 274 Overview 275 The economics of planning obligations 276 The
sources and measurement of value 276 The complexities in assessing
development gain 277 Planning constraints 279 Approaches to capturing gains
280 The financial aspects of planning obligations 281 Conclusions 285 Looking
forward: England 286 Looking forward: international experience 288 Index 291.