Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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Chapter 1 Stress Physiology |
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5 | (248) |
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1.1 Environment as Stress Factor: Stress Physiology of Plants |
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7 | (16) |
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1.1.1 Abiotic and Biotic Environments Cause Stress |
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7 | (2) |
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1.1.2 Specific and Unspecific Reactions to Stress |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.1.4 Perception of Stress and Creation of Signals |
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13 | (3) |
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1.1.5 How to Measure Stress on Plants? |
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16 | (1) |
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1.1.6 Production of Stress-Tolerant Plants by Genetic Engineering? |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (22) |
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24 | (13) |
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37 | (8) |
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45 | (54) |
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1.3.1 Temperature Ranges and Temperatures Limiting Life |
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45 | (3) |
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1.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Biochemical Processes, Q10 and Activation Energy |
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48 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Temperature and Stability/Function of Biomembranes |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (11) |
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61 | (11) |
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72 | (22) |
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1.3.7 Concluding Comments |
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94 | (5) |
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1.4 Oxygen Deficiency (Anaerobiosis and Hypoxia) |
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99 | (18) |
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1.4.1 Energy Metabolism of Plants Lacking Oxygen |
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101 | (4) |
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1.4.2 Anatomical-Morphological Changes During Hypoxia |
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105 | (9) |
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114 | (3) |
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1.5 Water Deficiency (Drought) |
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117 | (28) |
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1.5.1 Water Balance of Drought-Stressed Cells |
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119 | (4) |
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1.5.2 Cellular Reactions to Drought Stress |
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123 | (12) |
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1.5.3 CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) |
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135 | (5) |
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1.5.4 Anatomical-Morphological Adaptation to Drought |
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140 | (5) |
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1.6 Salt Stress (Osmotic Stress) |
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145 | (30) |
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1.6.1 Physiological Effects of Salt Stress (NaCl) |
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146 | (3) |
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1.6.2 Adaptive Responses of Plant Cells to Salt Stress |
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149 | (22) |
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1.6.3 Avoidance of Salt Stress |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (20) |
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1.7.1 Availability of Heavy Metals |
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176 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Heavy Metal Deficiency - Example Iron |
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176 | (6) |
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1.7.3 Stress by Heavy Metal Ion Toxicity |
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182 | (2) |
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1.7.4 Reaction of Plants to Excess Supply of Heavy Metals |
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184 | (7) |
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1.7.5 Heavy Metal Resistance (Tolerance) |
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191 | (1) |
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1.7.6 Heavy Metal Extraction and Soil Decontamination by Plants (Phytomining, Phytoremediation) |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (12) |
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1.8.1 Forms of Aluminium Available to Plants |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (4) |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (28) |
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210 | (5) |
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1.9.2 Gaseous Air Pollutants |
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215 | (20) |
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1.10 Biotic Stress: Herbivory, Infection, Allelopathy |
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235 | (18) |
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1.10.1 Signal Chain in Wounding |
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235 | (11) |
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1.10.2 Pathogen Attack and Defence |
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246 | (4) |
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250 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Autecology: Whole Plant Ecology |
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253 | (144) |
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2.1 Thermal Balance of Plants |
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255 | (22) |
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2.1.1 The Atmosphere as Habitat |
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257 | (6) |
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2.1.2 Climate of Air Near the Ground |
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263 | (6) |
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2.1.3 Energy Balance of Leaves |
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269 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Adaptation to Temperature Extremes |
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270 | (7) |
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2.2 Water Relations of Plants |
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277 | (36) |
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2.2.1 Water as an Environmental Factor |
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277 | (6) |
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2.2.2 Water Transport in the Plant |
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283 | (13) |
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2.2.3 Regulation of Stomata |
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296 | (7) |
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2.2.4 Transpiration of Leaves and Canopies |
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303 | (10) |
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2.3 Nutrient Relations of Plants |
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313 | (34) |
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2.3.1 Availability of Soil Nutrients and Ion Uptake |
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313 | (11) |
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324 | (11) |
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335 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Phosphate Nutrition |
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337 | (1) |
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2.3.5 Nutrition with Alkaline Cations |
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338 | (9) |
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347 | (50) |
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2.4.1 Net Photosynthesis: Physiological and Physical Basis |
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347 | (10) |
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2.4.2 Specific Leaf Area, Nitrogen Content and Photosynthetic Capacity |
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357 | (4) |
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2.4.3 Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Factors |
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361 | (12) |
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373 | (6) |
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2.4.5 C and N Balance in Different Types of Plants |
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379 | (18) |
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Chapter 3 Ecology of Ecosystems |
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397 | (68) |
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3.1 The Ecosystem Concept |
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399 | (4) |
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3.1.1 What is an Ecosystem? |
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400 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Boundaries of Ecosystems |
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400 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Compartmentalisation |
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401 | (1) |
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3.1.4 System Characteristics |
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401 | (2) |
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3.2 Processes in Stands and Ecosystems |
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403 | (22) |
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403 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Site Changes Related to Resource Exploitation |
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406 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Complexity and Non-linear Behaviour |
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409 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Number of Species and Habitat Partitioning |
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411 | (6) |
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417 | (8) |
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3.3 The Biogeochemical Cycles |
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425 | (24) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (11) |
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438 | (6) |
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444 | (5) |
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3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes |
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449 | (6) |
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3.5 Case Studies at the Scale of Ecosystems |
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455 | (10) |
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3.5.1 Soil Acidification and Forest Damage |
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456 | (4) |
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3.5.2 Effect of Deciduous and Coniferous Forests on Processes in Ecosystems |
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460 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Plants of Limestone and Siliceous Rocks |
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462 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Syndynamics, Synchorology, Synecology |
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465 | (158) |
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4.1 Historic-Genetic Development of Phytocenoses and Their Dynamics |
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467 | (74) |
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4.1.1 History of Vegetation to the End of the Tertiary |
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469 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Change of Climate and Vegetation in the Pleistocene |
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472 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Late and Postglacial Climate and Vegetation History |
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475 | (4) |
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4.1.4 Changes in Vegetation Because of Human Influence |
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479 | (28) |
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4.1.5 Basis of General Vegetation Dynamics |
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507 | (27) |
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4.1.6 Stability of Plant Communities |
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534 | (7) |
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4.2 Synchorology: Basis of Spatial Distribution of Plants |
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541 | (38) |
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4.2.1 Distribution of Plants |
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542 | (6) |
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4.2.2 Basis of Spatial Distribution (Phytogeography) |
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548 | (7) |
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4.2.3 Relationship Between Area and Species |
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555 | (7) |
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562 | (17) |
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4.3 Interactions Between Vegetation and Abiotic and Biotic Environments -- Synecology |
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579 | (44) |
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4.3.1 Influences of Vegetation on the Site |
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580 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Interactions Between Plants and Animals |
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585 | (17) |
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4.3.3 Interactions Between Plants |
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602 | (21) |
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Chapter 5 Global Aspects of Plant Ecology |
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623 | (56) |
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5.1 Global Change and Global Institutions |
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625 | (8) |
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5.2 Global Material Cycles |
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633 | (8) |
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633 | (2) |
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635 | (1) |
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636 | (2) |
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638 | (3) |
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5.3 Human Influence on Carbon Balance and Significance for Global Climate |
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641 | (8) |
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5.4 Significance of Changes in Land Use for Carbon Cycles |
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649 | (14) |
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5.4.1 Land Use and CO2 Emissions |
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649 | (2) |
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5.4.2 The Kyoto Protocol: Attempts To Manage the Global Carbon Cycle |
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651 | (8) |
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5.4.3 Importance of Climate Change for Europe |
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659 | (4) |
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5.5 Influence of Human Activities on Biodiversity |
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663 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Decrease in Biodiversity |
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663 | (6) |
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5.6 Socio-economic Interactions |
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669 | (10) |
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670 | (3) |
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5.6.2 Evaluation of Risks to Biodiversity in Ecosystems |
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673 | (6) |
Subject Index |
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679 | |