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E-grāmata: Plastics and the Environment

Edited by R M Harrison (University of Birmingham, UK), Edited by R E Hester (University of York, UK)

Formāts: 192 pages
Sērija : Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Volume 47
Izdošanas datums: 19-Nov-2018
Izdevniecība: Royal Society of Chemistry
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781788016605

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Formāts: 192 pages
Sērija : Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Volume 47
Izdošanas datums: 19-Nov-2018
Izdevniecība: Royal Society of Chemistry
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781788016605

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

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Plastic has become a ubiquitous part of modern life. A cheap, lightweight material, it is used in everything from food packaging to consumer electronics and microbeads in cosmetic products. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the problems our reliance on plastic is causing in the environment. For example, recent campaigns have highlighted the build-up of microbeads in the marine environment and the damage this is doing to wildlife, and the problem of marine litter, often in very remote locations. There are also concerns over exposure to plasticisers and their possible consequences for health.

The plastics industry is under increasing pressure, not only from the government and environmental groups, but also from consumers, to improve the environmental impact of their products.

This book presents an introduction to the uses of plastics and an overview of how they interact with the environment. It is a valuable resource for students studying environmental science as well as researchers working in the plastics industry, and policy makers and regulators concerned with waste disposal and environmental planning and conservation.

Editors

xiii

List of Contributors

The Nature of Plastics and Their Societal Usage

(20)

Herve Millet

Patricia Vangheluwe

Christian Block

Arjen Sevenster

Leonor Garcia

Romanos Antonopoulos

1 Plastics in a Nutshell

(4)

1.1 The History of Plastics

(3)

2 How Is Plastic Made?

(5)

2.1 The Different Kinds of Plastics

(4)

3 Usage of Plastics in Our Daily Lives

(11)

3.1 Packaging

(3)

3.2 Building and Construction

(1)

3.3 Transportation

(1)

3.4 Electrical and Electronic

(1)

3.5 Agriculture

(1)

3.6 Medical and Health

(1)

3.7 Sport, Leisure and Design

(2)

3.8 Renewable Energies

(1)

References

(2)

Plastic in Marine Litter

(39)

Li Wai Chin

Tse Hin Fung

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Plastic in Marine Litter

(2)

3 Sources of Plastic

(2)

3.1 Sources of Macroplastics

(1)

3.2 Sources of Microplastics

(1)

4 Occurrence of Plastics in the Marine Environment

(5)

4.1 Water Bodies

(3)

4.2 Beaches, Sediments and Shorelines

(2)

5 Fate of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment

(2)

6 Physical Effects on Organisms

(6)

6.1 Plastic Ingestion

(3)

6.2 Plastic Entanglement

(3)

7 Chemical Effects on Organisms

(1)

8 Recommendations

(2)

9 Conclusion

(18)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(17)

Microplastics in the Environment

(22)

Richard C. Thompson

Imogen E. Napper

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Size Classifications of Plastic

(1)

3 Sources of Microplastics

(3)

4 Distribution and Abundance

(3)

5 Impacts

(5)

6 Solutions

(2)

7 Conclusions

(7)

References

(7)

Nanoplastics in the Environment

(24)

Jodo Pinto da Costa

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Defining Nanoplastics and Ascertaining Their Sources

(1)

3 Fate of Nanoplastics

(8)

4 Effects of Nanoplastics

(4)

5 Challenges

(1)

6 Conclusions

(7)

Acknowledgements

100

(1)

References

100

(6)

Plasticisers and Their Impact on Wildlife

106

(25)

Charles R. Tyler

Aoife Parsons

Nicola J. Rogers

Anke Lange

A. Ross Brown

1 Introduction

107

(4)

1.1 Plasticisers

107

(4)

2 Environmental Exposures

111

(4)

2.1 Phthalates

111

(3)

2.2 Bisphenol A and PBDEs

114

(1)

3 Effects in Wildlife

115

(6)

3.1 Phthalates

115

(5)

3.2 Bisphenol A and PBDEs

120

(1)

4 Conclusions

121

(10)

References

122

(9)

Plastics Additives and Human Health: A Case Study of Bisphenol A (BPA)

131

(25)

T. S. Galloway

B. P. Lee

I. Buric

A. M. Steele

A. L. Kocur

A. George Pandeth

L. W. Harries

1 Introduction

132

(5)

1.1 Plastics and Their Additives

133

(1)

1.2 Migration of Chemical Substances Out of Plastics

133

(2)

1.3 Hazard Versus Risk

135

(1)

1.4 Human Biomonitoring

136

(1)

2 A Case Study of BPA

137

(11)

2.1 BPA: an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

137

(1)

2.2 Routes of Exposure and Potential Interventions

138

(1)

2.3 Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Effect

139

(1)

2.4 ESRRA and BPA

140

(1)

2.5 Expression of ESRRA In Vitro Following Exposure to BPA

141

(1)

2.6 Expression of ESRRA In Vivo Following Dietary Intervention to Reduce BPA Exposure

142

(3)

2.7 Are There Physiological Implications for Changes in the Expression of ESSRA Isoforms?

145

(3)

3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

148

(8)

Acknowledgements

149

(1)

References

149

(7)

Plastics Recycling

156

(21)

Edward Kosior

Jonathan Mitchell

Irene Crescenzi

1 Plastic Production, Recycling and Other Methods of Disposal

157

(6)

2 Challenges in the Recycling of Plastics

163

(3)

3 Recycling Post-consumer High Density Polyethylene to Meet Food Grade Applications

166

(1)

4 Recycling Post-consumer PP to Meet Food Grade Applications

166

(5)

5 Black Plastics

171

(1)

6 Fluorescent Markers for Sorting Packaging

172

(5)

References

175

(2)

Plastics, the Environment and Society: Current Consensus and Future Directions

177

(11)

Richard C. Thompson

Sabine Pahl

1 Plastics as Materials

178

(1)

2 Plastics as Waste and Litter

178

(1)

3 Environmental Impacts of Plastics

179

(1)

4 Socio-economic Impacts of Plastics

180

(1)

5 Solutions and Remaining Challenges

181

(7)

References

185

(3)

Subject Index

188

Roy Harrison OBE is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Centenary Professor of Environmental Health at the University of Birmingham. In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science. Professor Harrisons research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy. Ron Hester is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of York. In addition to his research work on a wide range of applications of vibrational spectroscopy, he has been actively involved in environmental chemistry and was a founder member of the Royal Society of Chemistrys Environment Group. His current activities are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor on courses, individual promotions, and departmental/subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

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