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E-grāmata: Playing Discourse Games: The Political TV Interview in Great Britain and Poland

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The primary objective of this study is to propose a comparative analysis of the political TV interview with reference to two distinct approaches: the theory of discourse (dialogue) games (Carlson 1983), an extension of game-theoretical semantics (GTS) and the strategic perspective.

The primary objective of this study is to propose a comparative analysis of the political TV interview with reference to two distinct approaches: the theory of discourse (dialogue) games (Carlson 1983), an extension of game-theoretical semantics (GTS) as proposed by Jaakko Hintikka, specifically his strategic paradigm (1973, 1979, 2000), and the strategic perspective adopted by Avinash K. Dixit and Barry J. Nalebuff (1991, 2010 for business games with roots in the mathematical theory of games). Text-forming strategies utilised by the selected British and Polish political figures have been presented and the strategic repertoire of politicians have been systematised following the five master strategies of: cooperation, co-opetition, conflict/competition, manipulation and persuasion.

Abbreviations 19(4)
List of Figures and Tables
21(2)
Introduction 23(6)
PART I THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 1 Discourse Analysis - Political Discourse - Political Interview
29(54)
1.1 Discourse and discourse analysis - introduction
29(4)
1.2 Michel Foucault - critical philosophical ponderings on discourse
33(15)
1.2.1 Michel Foucault's archaeology and genealogy of texts/discourses
33(1)
1.2.2 Discourse vs. language? Discourse and its rules
34(2)
1.2.3 The "archaeological" period
36(1)
1.2.4 The dis/continuities of discourse. The unities of discourse
37(3)
1.2.5 The unities of discourse and discursive formations
40(4)
1.2.6 The statement
44(2)
1.2.7 The positivity of discourse
46(1)
1.2.8 Foucault and power
46(2)
1.2.9 Foucault and the political
48(1)
1.3 Various approaches to discourse analysis - an overview
48(24)
1.3.1 Discourse analysis and its forerunners
48(2)
1.3.2 The model of strategic processing
50(1)
1.3.3 The meaning of discourse in text studies
51(1)
1.3.4 Discourse and the social sciences
52(4)
1.3.5 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
56(1)
1.3.5.1 Forerunners of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
57(4)
1.3.5.2 A three-dimensional conception of discourse by Fairclough
61(1)
1.3.5.3 A framework for textual analysis
62(3)
1.3.5.4 Discourse vs. ideology
65(2)
1.3.5.5 Discourse vs. hegemony
67(1)
1.3.5.6 Interdiscursivity
68(1)
1.3.5.7 CDA recapitulated
69(1)
1.3.5.8 Fairclough and political discourse
70(2)
1.4 Political discourse
72(1)
1.5 The political interview as a genre
73(9)
1.5.1 The interview
73(1)
1.5.2 The interview as a journalistic genre
74(1)
1.5.3 The hierarchical organisation of the interview
75(1)
1.5.4 The political interview
76(1)
1.5.5 The news interview
77(1)
1.5.6 News interviews vs. political interviews: conventional, adversarial or hybrid
78(3)
1.5.7 The tabloidisation or conversationalisation of the news interviews
81(1)
1.6 The approach to discourse applied in this study
82(1)
Chapter 2 Games in Language - Definition, Types, Rules
83(48)
2.1 The "game" perspective - overview
83(6)
2.2 A philosophical treatment of language and game
89(30)
2.2.1 De Saussure and Wittgenstein in dispute
89(4)
2.2.2 Wittgenstein's reflection on language-games
93(4)
2.2.3 Lyotard's language-games
97(4)
2.2.4 A modicum of the mathematical theory of games
101(3)
2.2.5 The ins and outs of Hintikka's game-theoretical semantics
104(6)
2.2.5.1 The concept of subgame
110(1)
2.2.6 Dialogue games - a refinement of GTS?
111(4)
2.2.7 Games of perfect and imperfect information
115(2)
2.2.8 Language-games revisited - the Middle Path
117(2)
2.3 Typology and rules
119(12)
2.3.1 Typology of games
119(5)
2.3.2 Rules of the game
124(1)
2.3.2.1 Dialogue game rules
125(6)
Chapter 3 The Strategic Foundation Of Language-Games
131(38)
3.1 Game theoretical-semantics as a strategic perspective
131(2)
3.2 Dialogic strategy and/or move
133(4)
3.3 Questions as strategies in dialogue games
137(6)
3.4 Strategic manoeuvring in discourse dialectic
143(7)
3.5 A game of strategy
150(12)
3.5.1 An overview
150(1)
3.5.2 Sequential vs. simultaneous strategic approaches
151(3)
3.5.3 Master strategies in the game of strategy
154(2)
3.5.4 The mixed strategy as the tool to outdo the opponent
156(1)
3.5.5 Moves in the Game of Strategy
156(2)
3.5.6 The strategy of conflict
158(3)
3.5.7 Information asymmetry in strategic thinking
161(1)
3.6 A game of strategy and politics
162(7)
PART II STRATEGIES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 4 Methodological Considerations And The Data
169(8)
4.1 Research Objectives
169(1)
4.2 Research Questions
170(1)
4.3 Data presentation
171(4)
4.4 Methodological Considerations
175(2)
Chapter 5 British Political Interviews
177(84)
5.1 The master strategy of cooperation
177(6)
5.1.1 A contingent strategy: tit for tat
177(1)
5.1.2 Look forward and reason backward
178(1)
5.1.3 Follow the leader
179(1)
5.1.4 The infotainment of political talk as the choice of style
179(4)
5.2 The master strategy of co-opetition
183(13)
5.2.1 Signalling: The Controlled Release of Information
183(2)
5.2.2 Look forward and reason backward
185(1)
5.2.3 The metadiscoursal inclination
186(1)
5.2.4 Staying implicit
187(2)
5.2.5 The on record strategy with redressive action as a defence mechanism
189(2)
5.2.6 Overt disagreement with mitigation devices
191(1)
5.2.7 Calling by name
191(1)
5.2.8 Humour as a defence mechanism
192(2)
5.2.9 Figurative-rhetorical means: irony
194(2)
5.3 The master strategy of conflict/competition
196(18)
5.3.1 Conflict-based questioning
196(1)
5.3.2 Accusation against the neutrality of the IR
197(1)
5.3.3 The avoidance strategy
198(3)
5.3.4 Negation as the strategy of conflict
201(2)
5.3.5 Reformulation as a defence mechanism
203(2)
5.3.6 The attack as a strategy of defence
205(1)
5.3.7 Overt disagreement without mitigation devices
206(1)
5.3.8 On record strategy without redressive action
206(1)
5.3.9 In-group distinctiveness
207(4)
5.3.10 Calling by name
211(1)
5.3.11 Countering a quasi-humorous remark
212(1)
5.3.12 Figurative-rhetorical means: the metaphor of WAR
213(1)
5.4 The master strategy of persuasion
214(26)
5.4.1 Implicit threat
214(1)
5.4.2 The argument from authority
215(1)
5.4.3 The inductive argument as a tool of rational persuasion
216(2)
5.4.4 Concept-aimed argumentation
218(1)
5.4.5 A game of novelty
218(1)
5.4.6 Ostensible objectivity as a means of persuasion
219(1)
5.4.7 Polarisation US and THEM / US vs. THEM
220(2)
5.4.8 Election pledges as persuasive tools
222(2)
5.4.9 The audience as final arbiter
224(1)
5.4.10 The leitmotif as a persuasive mechanism
225(2)
5.4.11 A sound bite as a persuasive tool
227(2)
5.4.12 Ideological commitment
229(1)
5.4.13 Figurative-rhetorical means
230(1)
5.4.13.1 The game of metaphor
230(4)
5.4.13.2 The game of metonymy
234(1)
5.4.13.3 The game of synecdoche
234(1)
5.4.13.4 The game of epanaphora
235(1)
5.4.13.5 The game of style
236(1)
5.4.14 Cohesive devices
237(2)
5.4.15 Emphatic assertions
239(1)
5.4.16 Deictic pronouns
239(1)
5.5 The master strategy of manipulation
240(21)
5.5.1 The gamification of political parlance
240(3)
5.5.2 The controlled release of information as a means of achieving one's aim
243(1)
5.5.3 The "straw man" fallacy
244(1)
5.5.4 The number game - rough approximation
245(1)
5.5.5 An ad rem argument
245(1)
5.5.6 Populist argumentation
246(1)
5.5.7 Towards the role of a super-sender
247(1)
5.5.8 Optimistic vs. pessimistic projection
247(1)
5.5.9 A vision of success
248(2)
5.5.10 On behalf of the audience
250(1)
5.5.11 The opposition - a whipping boy
251(2)
5.5.12 Conversion from negative into positive
253(1)
5.5.13 Machiavellian manipulation
253(1)
5.5.14 Non-sequitur as a strategy of defence
254(1)
5.5.15 Internationalism as a means of legitimisation
255(1)
5.5.16 The metadiscoursal strategy
256(1)
5.5.17 The strategy of heterogeneity
257(1)
5.5.18 Rhetorical means: playing on high values
258(1)
5.5.19 Figurative-rhetorical means: hyperboles
258(1)
5.5.20 Modality as a marker of coherence
259(2)
Chapter 6 Polish Political Interviews
261(116)
6.1 The master strategy of cooperation
261(5)
6.1.1 The strategy of independence as expressed by the strategies of cooperation, co-opetition and conflict
261(3)
6.1.2 Humour as a strategy of positive self-presentation
264(2)
6.2 The master strategy of co-opetition
266(11)
6.2.1 Towards the role of a super-sender
266(3)
6.2.2 A play on independence
269(2)
6.2.3 Diplomacy as a strategic ploy
271(2)
6.2.4 The strategy of dissociation
273(3)
6.2.5 Call a spade a spade - the exposure of the intention of the IR
276(1)
6.2.6 Figurative-rhetorical means: irony
276(1)
6.3 The master strategy of conflict/competition
277(23)
6.3.1 Verbal duelling
277(7)
6.3.2 Provocative parlance by the IR
284(2)
6.3.3 The gamification of political parlance
286(1)
6.3.4 A bidding war as a strategy of conflict
287(4)
6.3.5 Look forward and reason backward
291(1)
6.3.6 Reprimanding the interlocutor
291(4)
6.3.7 Repetition as an emphatic device
295(1)
6.3.8 A semantic battle between the IR and the IE
296(1)
6.3.9 A defence mechanism - open irritation
297(1)
6.3.10 The application of implied pragmatic meanings (implicatures)
298(2)
6.4 The master strategy of persuasion
300(55)
6.4.1 Persuasion expressed by fallacious or not fully justified argument
300(1)
6.4.2 The strategic bias of the IE
301(1)
6.4.3 Backward induction and forward looking
302(1)
6.4.4 The argument from authority
303(3)
6.4.5 Polarisation US and THEM
306(3)
6.4.6 Promises/pledges
309(1)
6.4.7 The sound bite as a marker of cohesion and coherence
309(2)
6.4.8 From specific to general
311(1)
6.4.9 From general to specific
312(1)
6.4.10 Actions speak louder than words
313(1)
6.4.11 The strategy of positive self-presentation enacted in the role of a reviewer / commentator
314(10)
6.4.12 A play on independence as a strategy of positive self-presentation
324(3)
6.4.13 Constitutionality as a legitimisation strategy
327(1)
6.4.14 Reference to age and experience - to wisdom by implication
328(1)
6.4.15 Pragmatic persuasive argument - a dubious strategy on the part of the IE?
329(3)
6.4.16 The didactic strategy
332(2)
6.4.17 The discourse-pragmatic strategy of rationality
334(2)
6.4.18 Overconfidence as a strategy of persuasion
336(1)
6.4.19 Exemplification as a manifestation of persuasion
337(2)
6.4.20 The conventionalisation of political discourse
339(2)
6.4.21 The heterogeneity of discourse
341(1)
6.4.22 The strategy of intertextuality
342(4)
6.4.23 Elaboration as a strategy of cohesion
346(1)
6.4.24 Enhancement as a strategy of cohesion
347(2)
6.4.25 Coherent narrative as a persuasive tool
349(4)
6.4.26 "Heart and reason" as markers of coherence
353(1)
6.4.27 The audience as final arbiter
354(1)
6.5 The master strategy of manipulation
355(22)
6.5.1 The gamification of political discourse
355(2)
6.5.2 Positive self-presentation
357(4)
6.5.3 Failure into success
361(2)
6.5.4 A defence mechanism - downplaying party failures
363(1)
6.5.5 Lopic Change/Shirt as an instance of the avoidance strategy
364(1)
6.5.6 Role shifting as a determinant of opinion
365(1)
6.5.7 Repetition as a stalling tactic
366(2)
6.5.8 A strategy of fear as a means of manipulation
368(1)
6.5.9 An appeal to the audience
368(1)
6.5.10 The soliloquy as a macro-strategy of the IE
369(3)
6.5.11 Hybridisation of interviews as a strategy of manipulation
372(5)
Chapter 7 Conclusions
377(16)
7.1 General conclusions - master strategies compared
377(8)
7.2 Supplementary conclusions - argumentation in the political interviews and their reflection in language
385(8)
References 393(30)
Index of Names 423
Joanna Szczepaska-Woch, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in the Institute of English Studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. Her research interests centre on political discourse, media discourse and language games, with a particular regard for text-forming strategies employed by political actors.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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