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E-grāmata: Polar Environments and Global Change

(University of Colorado Boulder), (University of Colorado Boulder)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Aug-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108502436
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Aug-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108502436

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The polar regions are the 'canary in the coal mine' of climate change: they are likely to be hit the hardest and fastest. This comprehensive textbook provides an accessible introduction to the scientific study of polar environments against a backdrop of climate change and the wider global environment. The book assembles diverse information on polar environmental characteristics in terrestrial and oceanic domains, and describes the ongoing changes in climate, the oceans, and components of the cryosphere. Recent significant changes in the polar region caused by global warming are explored: shrinking Arctic sea ice, thawing permafrost, accelerating loss of mass from glaciers and ice sheets, and rising ocean temperatures. These rapidly changing conditions are discussed in the context of the paleoclimatic history of the polar regions from the Eocene to the Anthropocene. Future projections for these regions during the twenty-first century are discussed. The text is illustrated with many color figures and tables, and includes further reading lists, review questions for each chapter, and a glossary.

Recenzijas

'The volume effectively covers where we have been, where we are today, and where might we be in the future in terms of the environmental histories on these complex and varied landscapes and oceans that constitute our current day polar environments. It will serve as a significant contribution to Roger Barry's legacy of his many contributions to polar climatology and paleoclimatology. This book can serve as the textbook for a senior-level course on polar environments, and it will be an invaluable source of information for a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses.' John T. Andrews, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 'Illustrations and figures are frequent and are generally in colour and of high quality as befits a good student text. Chapters follow a user-friendly format geared towards student learning with short, two- to three page summaries at the end of each chapter along with study questions that could be used as springboards for discussion or research topics or even essay questions Polar Environments and Global Change is a highly readable, up-to-date and useful text. It will no doubt become the mainstay of undergraduate and master's courses on the topic as well as a valuable go-to source for myriad basic information on polar systems and their responses to changing climate. I see this well-written book being a permanent and frequently referred-to fixture on my desk for some time to come.' Mark F. A. Furze, The Holocene ' a comprehensive overview the text is well supported by figures (mostly in color) and tables. The references emphasize the recent work, keeping the text up-to-date, but also draw attention to seminal early work that established the basis for many of the areas of science that have become major areas of research activity today The book is well written and it presents a coherent view of the environments of the Earth's Polar regions, of the ways in which they are changing today' Martin Sharp, Environmental Earth Sciences

Papildus informācija

Surveys atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric processes, present and past conditions, and changes in polar environments.
List of Figures
xv
List of Boxes
xx
About the Authors xxi
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvi
1 The Setting, History of Studies, and the Climatic Role of the Cryosphere
1(20)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Setting
2(1)
1.3 History of Scientific Study
3(11)
1.3.1 Arctic
3(7)
1.3.2 Antarctic
10(2)
1.3.3 Central Asia
12(2)
1.4 The Role of Polar Snow and Ice in the Climate System
14(7)
2 Paleoclimatic History
21(46)
2.1 Temperatures over Geologic Time
21(1)
2.2 Geological Records
21(3)
2.2.1 Ocean Sediment Cores
21(2)
2.2.2 Ice Cores
23(1)
2.3 Climate Drivers
24(2)
2.4 Eocene
26(2)
2.5 Oligocene--Miocene--Antarctic Glaciation
28(2)
2.6 Plio-Pleistocene Glacial Cycles
30(16)
2.7 Holocene
46(3)
2.8 Anthropocene
49(18)
2.8.1 Historical Climatology
50(3)
2.8.2 Tropical-Polar Links
53(2)
2.8.3 Polar-Mid-latitude Links
55(12)
3 Observing Polar Environments
67(36)
3.1 Observing Networks
67(4)
3.2 In Situ Measurements
71(9)
3.2.1 Meteorological Observations
71(1)
3.2.2 North Pole Drifting Stations
72(3)
3.2.3 Icebreakers
75(1)
3.2.4 Oceanographic Observations
76(3)
3.2.5 Upward-Looking Sonar
79(1)
3.2.6 Traditional Knowledge and Community Science
80(1)
3.3 Remote Sensing
80(12)
3.3.1 Satellite Photography
81(2)
3.3.2 Passive Microwave
83(5)
3.3.3 Radar
88(2)
3.3.4 Altimetry and Gravity Measurement
90(1)
3.3.5 Electromagnetic Sounding of Sea Ice
91(1)
3.3.6 Global Positioning Systems
92(1)
3.3.7 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
92(1)
3.4 Reanalysis Products
92(11)
4 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation and Climate
103(62)
4.1 Atmospheric Circulation
103(15)
4.1.1 Northern Hemisphere
108(4)
4.1.2 Southern Hemisphere
112(6)
4.2 Oceanography and Water Balance
118(11)
4.2.1 Arctic
118(8)
4.2.2 Antarctic
126(3)
4.3 Climate
129(12)
4.3.1 Radiative Regimes
129(3)
4.3.2 Arctic Temperature Conditions
132(3)
4.3.3 Arctic Inversions
135(1)
4.3.4 Arctic Wind
135(1)
4.3.5 Arctic Moisture Budget Components
136(1)
4.3.6 Arctic Snow Cover
137(4)
4.4 Antarctic Climate
141(7)
4.4.1 Antarctic Temperature Conditions
141(3)
4.4.2 Antarctic Inversions
144(1)
4.4.3 Antarctic Wind
145(1)
4.4.4 Antarctic Moisture Budget
146(2)
4.5 Recent Climate Changes
148(17)
4.5.1 Arctic
148(1)
4.5.2 Antarctic
149(16)
5 Terrestrial Environments and Surface Types of the Polar Regions
165(70)
5.1 Polar Desert
165(3)
5.2 Tundra
168(7)
5.3 Permafrost
175(12)
5.3.1 Ground Ice
180(1)
5.3.2 Periglacial Regions
181(4)
5.3.3 Recent Permafrost Changes
185(2)
5.4 Lakes
187(8)
5.4.1 Proglacial Lakes
189(1)
5.4.2 Perennially Frozen Lakes
190(2)
5.4.3 Subglacial Lakes
192(1)
5.4.4 Recent Changes in Lakes
193(2)
5.5 Rivers
195(4)
5.5.1 Icings
198(1)
5.6 Glaciers and Ice Caps
199(10)
5.6.1 Glacier Changes in the Arctic
201(7)
5.6.2 Glacier Changes in the Antarctic
208(1)
5.7 Glacial Landscapes
209(26)
5.7.1 Erosional Landforms
210(2)
5.7.2 Small-Scale Features of Glaciated Bedrock
212(1)
5.7.3 Large-Scale Features of Glaciated Bedrock
213(1)
5.7.4 Glaciated Mountains
214(2)
5.7.5 Depositional Landforms
216(2)
5.7.6 Fluvioglacial Landforms
218(17)
6 Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves
235(34)
6.1 The Greenland Ice Sheet
235(14)
6.1.1 Mass Balance
242(3)
6.1.2 Energy Balance
245(4)
6.2 The Antarctic Ice Sheet
249(9)
6.2.1 Blue Ice Areas
252(3)
6.2.2 Ice Sheet Changes
255(3)
6.3 Ice Shelves
258(11)
6.3.1 Melt
260(9)
7 Oceanic Environments
269(70)
7.1 Southern Ocean
269(6)
7.2 Ross Sea
275(1)
7.3 Weddell Sea
275(2)
7.4 Arctic Ocean
277(6)
7.5 Arctic Seas
283(10)
7.5.1 Barents Sea
283(1)
7.5.2 Kara Sea
284(1)
7.5.3 Laptev Sea
285(1)
7.5.4 East Siberian Sea
286(1)
7.5.5 Chukchi Sea
287(1)
7.5.6 Beaufort Sea
287(1)
7.5.7 Lincoln Sea
288(1)
7.5.8 Greenland Sea
289(1)
7.5.9 Canadian Arctic Archipelago
290(1)
7.5.10 Adjacent Seas of the North Atlantic
291(1)
7.5.11 Marginal Seas of the North Pacific
292(1)
7.6 Global Sea Level
293(1)
7.7 Sea Ice
293(20)
7.7.1 Sea Ice Edge Location
294(2)
7.7.2 Arctic Sea Ice
296(5)
7.7.3 Landfast Ice
301(1)
7.7.4 Sea Ice Leads
302(1)
7.7.5 Arctic Sea Ice Trends
303(10)
7.8 Antarctic Sea Ice
313(5)
7.8.1 Sea Ice Trends in the Antarctic
316(2)
7.9 Polynyas
318(21)
8 The Third Pole
339(39)
8.1 Climate
341(11)
8.1.1 Circulation
341(3)
8.1.2 Energy Budget and Temperature
344(1)
8.1.3 Precipitation
344(3)
8.1.4 Climate Change
347(5)
8.2 Cryosphere
352(26)
8.2.1 Glaciers
352(3)
8.2.2 Glacier Changes
355(10)
8.2.3 Snow Cover
365(1)
8.2.4 Permafrost
366(12)
9 Future Environments in the Polar Regions
378(23)
9.1 Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcings
378(5)
9.2 Sea Ice
383(3)
9.3 The Arctic Links to Mid-Latitudes
386(2)
9.4 Snowfall
388(1)
9.5 Permafrost Thawing
388(3)
9.6 Tundra Vegetation
391(1)
9.7 Glacier and Ice Cap Recession
391(1)
9.8 The Ice Sheets, Sea Level Rise, and Coastal Erosion
392(1)
9.9 Hydrological Cycle Effects
393(1)
9.10 Future Polar Research and Development
394(7)
Appendix A Polar Institutes 401(1)
Glossary 402(10)
Index 412
Roger G. Barry is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Colorado Boulder and is the former director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center. He has published 29 textbooks, 260 research articles, and has supervised 65 graduate students. He has been a Guggenheim Fellow, Fulbright Teaching Fellow, and a visiting professor in 8 countries. Eileen A. Hall-McKim is a climatologist receiving her doctorate from the University of Colorado Boulder. Her interdisciplinary degrees include work in the geological sciences, paleoclimatology, meteorology, oceanography, and water resources. She is the co-author, with Roger G. Barry, of Essentials of the Earth's Climate System (Cambridge, 2014).