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xv | |
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xx | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvi | |
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1 The Setting, History of Studies, and the Climatic Role of the Cryosphere |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 History of Scientific Study |
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3 | (11) |
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3 | (7) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.4 The Role of Polar Snow and Ice in the Climate System |
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14 | (7) |
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21 | (46) |
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2.1 Temperatures over Geologic Time |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Ocean Sediment Cores |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (2) |
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2.5 Oligocene--Miocene--Antarctic Glaciation |
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28 | (2) |
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2.6 Plio-Pleistocene Glacial Cycles |
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30 | (16) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (18) |
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2.8.1 Historical Climatology |
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50 | (3) |
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2.8.2 Tropical-Polar Links |
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53 | (2) |
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2.8.3 Polar-Mid-latitude Links |
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55 | (12) |
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3 Observing Polar Environments |
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67 | (36) |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (9) |
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3.2.1 Meteorological Observations |
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71 | (1) |
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3.2.2 North Pole Drifting Stations |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Oceanographic Observations |
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76 | (3) |
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3.2.5 Upward-Looking Sonar |
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79 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Traditional Knowledge and Community Science |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (12) |
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3.3.1 Satellite Photography |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (5) |
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88 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Altimetry and Gravity Measurement |
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90 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Electromagnetic Sounding of Sea Ice |
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91 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Global Positioning Systems |
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92 | (1) |
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3.3.7 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (11) |
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4 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation and Climate |
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103 | (62) |
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4.1 Atmospheric Circulation |
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103 | (15) |
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4.1.1 Northern Hemisphere |
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108 | (4) |
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4.1.2 Southern Hemisphere |
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112 | (6) |
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4.2 Oceanography and Water Balance |
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118 | (11) |
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118 | (8) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (12) |
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129 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Arctic Temperature Conditions |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Arctic Moisture Budget Components |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Antarctic Temperature Conditions |
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141 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Antarctic Inversions |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Antarctic Moisture Budget |
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146 | (2) |
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4.5 Recent Climate Changes |
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148 | (17) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (16) |
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5 Terrestrial Environments and Surface Types of the Polar Regions |
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165 | (70) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (7) |
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175 | (12) |
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180 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Periglacial Regions |
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181 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Recent Permafrost Changes |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (8) |
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189 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Perennially Frozen Lakes |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Recent Changes in Lakes |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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5.6 Glaciers and Ice Caps |
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199 | (10) |
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5.6.1 Glacier Changes in the Arctic |
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201 | (7) |
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5.6.2 Glacier Changes in the Antarctic |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (26) |
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5.7.1 Erosional Landforms |
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210 | (2) |
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5.7.2 Small-Scale Features of Glaciated Bedrock |
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212 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Large-Scale Features of Glaciated Bedrock |
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213 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Glaciated Mountains |
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214 | (2) |
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5.7.5 Depositional Landforms |
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216 | (2) |
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5.7.6 Fluvioglacial Landforms |
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218 | (17) |
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6 Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves |
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235 | (34) |
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6.1 The Greenland Ice Sheet |
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235 | (14) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (4) |
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6.2 The Antarctic Ice Sheet |
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249 | (9) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (11) |
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260 | (9) |
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269 | (70) |
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269 | (6) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (6) |
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283 | (10) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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7.5.9 Canadian Arctic Archipelago |
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290 | (1) |
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7.5.10 Adjacent Seas of the North Atlantic |
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291 | (1) |
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7.5.11 Marginal Seas of the North Pacific |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (20) |
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7.7.1 Sea Ice Edge Location |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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7.7.5 Arctic Sea Ice Trends |
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303 | (10) |
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313 | (5) |
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7.8.1 Sea Ice Trends in the Antarctic |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (21) |
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339 | (39) |
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341 | (11) |
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341 | (3) |
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8.1.2 Energy Budget and Temperature |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (5) |
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352 | (26) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (10) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (12) |
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9 Future Environments in the Polar Regions |
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378 | (23) |
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9.1 Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcings |
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378 | (5) |
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383 | (3) |
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9.3 The Arctic Links to Mid-Latitudes |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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9.7 Glacier and Ice Cap Recession |
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391 | (1) |
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9.8 The Ice Sheets, Sea Level Rise, and Coastal Erosion |
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392 | (1) |
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9.9 Hydrological Cycle Effects |
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393 | (1) |
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9.10 Future Polar Research and Development |
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394 | (7) |
Appendix A Polar Institutes |
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401 | (1) |
Glossary |
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402 | (10) |
Index |
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412 | |