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E-grāmata: Police Misconduct Complaint Investigations Manual

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"The Police Misconduct Complaint Investigations Manual provides a timely and unique, step-by-step approach to conducting or reviewing police misconduct investigations, whether a complaint involves a lower level allegation of discourtesy or more serious concerns such as excessive force or criminal behavior. Utilizing real-life examples and updated case law to illustrate points, it provides best practices for investigating police action resulting in misconduct complaints. The Manual's comprehensive approach includes detailed procedures and policy considerations from intake through case closure, and discusses data tracking, reporting on trends, selecting and training investigative staff, civilian oversight, and a host of special issues that can arise with police misconduct complaints. The Manual is suitable for both sworn personnel and civilians handling or reviewing investigations and whether working internally for a police department or externally in oversight or another capacity. The guidance provides detailed examples of witness interview questions and types of evidence to collect, with discussion on making difficult credibility determinations and approaches to analyzing the information gathered to arrive at a recommended finding. Review questions are found at the end of most chapters, for use in academic or investigative training environments. Police officers engaged in the often complex and challenging work of public safety deserve and expect objective, thorough, and timely handling of complaints. Complainants and other stakeholders seek accountability and transparency when an officer behaves in a way that raises questions about their professionalism. The Complaint Investigations Manual provides instruction on handling misconduct complaints in a manner that will ensure the goals of law enforcement and stakeholders are met. The authors intentionally use a broad approach to make the Manual relevant and easy to use by law enforcement personnel, civilians in oversight or other capacities who work on police misconduct matters, and the criminal justice academic community. It is a critical primer for internal affairs investigators, police managers, law enforcement leaders, auditing professionals, civilian oversight practitioners, government representatives, community advocates, criminal and social justice students, and all others in pursuit of fair, thorough, and timely investigations of police misconduct complaints"--

The Police Misconduct Complaint Investigations Manual provides a timely and unique, step-by-step approach to conducting or reviewing police misconduct investigations, whether a complaint involves a lower level allegation of discourtesy or more serious concerns such as excessive force or criminal behavior. Utilizing real-life examples and updated case law to illustrate points, it provides best practices for investigating police action resulting in misconduct complaints. The Manual’s comprehensive approach includes detailed procedures and policy considerations from intake through case closure, and discusses data tracking, reporting on trends, selecting and training investigative staff, civilian oversight, and a host of special issues that can arise with police misconduct complaints.

The Manual is suitable for both sworn personnel and civilians handling or reviewing investigations and whether working internally for a police department or externally in oversight or another capacity. The guidance provides detailed examples of witness interview questions and types of evidence to collect, with discussion on making difficult credibility determinations and approaches to analyzing the information gathered to arrive at a recommended finding. Review questions are found at the end of most chapters, for use in academic or investigative training environments. Police officers engaged in the often complex and challenging work of public safety deserve and expect objective, thorough, and timely handling of complaints. Complainants and other stakeholders seek accountability and transparency when an officer behaves in a way that raises questions about their professionalism. The Complaint Investigations Manual provides instruction on handling misconduct complaints in a manner that will ensure the goals of law enforcement and stakeholders are met.

The authors intentionally use a broad approach to make the Manual relevant and easy to use by law enforcement personnel, civilians in oversight or other capacities who work on police misconduct matters, and the criminal justice academic community. It is a critical primer for internal affairs investigators, police managers, law enforcement leaders, auditing professionals, civilian oversight practitioners, government representatives, community advocates, criminal and social justice students, and all others in pursuit of fair, thorough, and timely investigations of police misconduct complaints.

Acknowledgments xiv
Preface to the Second Edition xv
1 Introduction
1(3)
Textboxes
Police Killing of George Floyd--A Call For Transformation
1(1)
The Rodney King Case--the Need for Reform, Including Changes to the Complaint Investigation and Discipline Systems
2(2)
2 Complaint Intake and the Initial Assessment Process
4(15)
A Is This the Proper Place to Resolve the Complaint?
5(1)
B Administrative Complaints--Intake Process
6(8)
1 Accepting Misconduct Complaints
7(1)
2 Types of Allegations Raised in Misconduct Complaints
7(2)
3 Conducting the Intake Interview
9(2)
4 Establishing Officer Identification
11(2)
5 Developing an Investigative Plan
13(1)
6 Conducting the Preliminary Investigation
13(1)
7 Preliminary Steps for Investigating Allegations of Bodily Injury
13(1)
C Defining Allegations and Assessing the Underlying Incident for Additional Claims
14(1)
D Investigative Timelines, Communicating with Complainants and Officers, and Complaint Tracking
15(1)
1 Investigative Timelines
16(1)
2 Communicating with Complainants and Officers
16(1)
3 Tracking Systems
16(1)
E Mediation/Alternative Dispute Resolution Options
17
Textboxes
Complaint Investigation Overview
5(1)
Handling High Profile Incidents
6(1)
Complaint Verification
7(1)
Complaints That May Require Prioritization
8(1)
Pending Criminal Charges
9(1)
Retaliation Should Be Explicitly Prohibited
10(2)
Conducting an Officer Photo Lineup
12(2)
Off-Duty Conduct
14(3)
Mediation Considerations
17(2)
3 Complaint Classification and the Investigation Process
19(16)
A Complaints Classified for Investigation
22(1)
B Organizational Tools: Investigation Plan and Witness/Evidence Matrix
22(4)
1 Allegation Review
22(1)
2 Identifying Individuals to Interview
23(1)
3 Identifying and Collecting Documentary/Physical Evidence
24(1)
4 Milestones and Timelines
25(1)
C Witness Interview Strategies and Techniques
26(7)
1 Determining the Order and Timing of Interviews
26(1)
2 Interview Preparation Considerations--Documents and Topics to Cover
26(1)
3 Conducting Investigations or Interviews with a Primary and Secondary Investigator
27(1)
4 Administrative and Legal Issues Specific to Interviewing Law Enforcement Witnesses
27(1)
5 Interviewing Non-Law Enforcement Witnesses
28(1)
6 Recording the Interview
29(1)
7 Setting the Tone and Introductory Remarks
30(1)
8 Asking Proper Questions to Elicit Authentic and Complete Statements
30(1)
9 Leading versus Non-Leading Questions
31(1)
10 Establishing a Clear and Complete Record of the Interview
31(1)
11 Concluding the Interview
32(1)
D Completing the Investigation--Reviewing the Investigation Plan
33
Textboxes
Referral of Minor Complaints to Police Supervisors
21(1)
Investigative Supervision
22(1)
Witness/Evidence Matrix
23(2)
Subject Matter Experts
25(4)
Handling Conflict of Interest Situations
29(2)
Non-Leading versus Leading Questions
31(4)
4 Finalizing the Investigation: Evaluating Evidence, Determining Findings, Making Recommendations, Report Writing, and Complaint Closure
35(10)
A Standard of Review
37(1)
B Evaluating Evidence and Making Credibility Determinations
38(1)
C Investigation Findings
39(1)
D Summarizing the Evidence and Completing the Investigative Report
39(1)
E Recommendations Stemming from Issues Discovered During Complaint Investigations
40(1)
F Supervisory Review of Completed Investigations
41(1)
G Discipline and Other Corrective Action
41(1)
H Complaint Closure: File Organization Review, Notification to Parties, and Transmission of Case Records
42(1)
I Data Collection
43
Textboxes
Preponderance of the Evidence
37(3)
Changes Recommended Although Allegations Not Proven Against Officer Who Shot Michael Brown Jr
40(2)
Complaint Closure
42(3)
5 Special Issues in Investigating or Reviewing Police Misconduct Complaints
45(12)
A Concurrent Administrative Investigations
47(1)
B Complaints of Potential Civil Rights Violations or Other Claims
48(1)
C Complaints Involving Potential Criminal Misconduct
48(3)
D Complaints Involving Equal Employment Opportunity Matters
51(1)
E Complaints Alleging Biased Policing
51(1)
F Complaints Involving Social Media Postings by Officers
52(1)
G Video/Audio Complaint Evidence from In-Car and Body Cameras
52(1)
H Complaints Related to Demonstrations and Other Large Events
53(1)
I Critical Incident Roll Out
54(1)
J Regular Review of Claims and Litigation for Misconduct Issues
54(1)
K Technological Advances
54
Textboxes
Oversight Involvement in Complaint Adjudication
47(2)
Peer Intervention Can Save Lives and Careers
49(1)
Timing Discipline with the Criminal Investigation
50(2)
Police Interactions with Transgender, Non-Binary, and Gender Non-Conforming People
52(1)
The Role of Video and Audio Recordings in the Laquan McDonald Case
53(1)
Officer Identification
53(4)
6 Reporting Out--Statistics, Recommendations, and More
57(10)
A Statistical Reports
59(2)
B Examples of Data and Issues to Track
61(3)
1 Complaint Demographics and Investigation Issues
61(1)
2 Use of Force-Related Tracking Issues
61(1)
3 Search-Related Tracking Issues
62(1)
4 Additional Topics for Tracking
62(2)
C Reporting on Policy and Training Recommendations
64(1)
D Use of Reports to Illustrate the Investigation Process
65
Textboxes
Make Statistics Relevant
60(3)
Jurisdiction Specific Tracking
63(2)
Monitoring Policy and Training Changes--Lessons from Eric Garner's Death
65(2)
7 Personnel and Training Considerations
67(10)
A Investigation Skills Training
69(1)
1 Misconduct Investigation Basics
69(1)
2 Law Enforcement Department Standards and Procedures
70(1)
3 Transparency and Accountability for the Investigative Office
70(1)
B Training Resources
70(2)
C Examples of Legal Issues Relevant to Police Misconduct Investigations
72(1)
1 Use of Force
72(1)
2 Stops, Searches, and In-Custody Questioning
73(2)
3 Misconduct Complaint Investigation Procedures
75(1)
4 Disclosure of Investigation Materials for Criminal Proceedings
76
Textboxes
The Changing Legal Landscape
72(1)
The Development of Higher Use of Force Standards
73(1)
A Challenge to NYPD's Stop and Frisk Practices
74(1)
Law Enforcement Questioning of Juveniles
75(2)
8 Administrative Operations
77(8)
A Information About the Investigative Office and Accessibility
79(1)
B Stakeholder Outreach
80(1)
C Confidentiality
81(1)
D Conflict of Interest
81(1)
E Code of Ethics and Unbiased Treatment
81(1)
F Non-Retaliation
82(1)
G Organizing and Securing Complaint Files and Documentation
82(1)
H Retention and Public Disclosure of Complaint Files
82(1)
I Legal Counsel
82(1)
J Investigative Office Evaluations
83
Textbox
Develop a Mission Statement
79(6)
9 Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement
85(8)
A Oversight in the United States
87(1)
B Models and Functions of Oversight
88(1)
C Components Contributing to Successful Oversight
88(2)
1 Independent and Diverse
88(1)
2 Political Will--Support of and Access to Government Officials
89(1)
3 Ample Authority
89(1)
4 Adequate Funding
89(1)
5 Training and Qualifications for Effective Oversight
89(1)
6 Garnering Community/Stakeholder Support and Outreach
90(1)
D Research on Civilian Oversight and Complaint Investigations
90(1)
E The National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement (NACOLE)
90(1)
1 Core Competencies
90(1)
2 Code of Ethics
91(1)
3 NACOLE Credential and Qualification Standards
91
Textbox
National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement (NACOLE)
88(5)
10 Conclusion
93(2)
References 95(4)
Index 99
Barbara Attard, a police practices consultant at Accountability Associates, has held executive positions in a variety of oversight agencies conducting quality control of police misconduct investigations. Throughout her career she has developed and conducted training on investigations, oversight, ethics, report writing, and community engagement in the United States and internationally. With a focus on accountability systems that ensure fairness and transparency, Barbara's work includes consulting on development of independent oversight programs, providing expert witness testimony, and authoring publications on oversight and mediation.

Kathryn Olson, a partner in Change Integration Consulting, LLC, has deep and broad experience in law, executive leadership, and training, which combine to create a unique skill set to assess practices that impact law enforcement professionals and the communities served. She brings an extensive background in conducting investigations of complex, sensitive complaints in unionized environments, along with personnel and operations management experience, in co-authoring the Police Misconduct Complaint Investigations Manual. Kathryns diverse consulting practice includes handling complaints against police commanders, evaluating investigation systems and developing improvement strategies, and serving as an expert witness on investigation best practices and procedural justice.
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