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E-grāmata: Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to the grammar system for intermediate to advanced learners of Polish. It presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary Polish.

The Grammar is a comprehensive work and an invaluable resource for students and anyone interested in linguistics and the way modern Polish works.

Features include:

coverage of all parts of speech

full cross referencing

well selected and illuminating examples.

The book is organised in such a way to promote a thorough understanding of Polish at all levels of structure; the sound system, formation of word and phrases and sentence construction. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, providing clear explanations and examples of each point.

Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar is the essential reference work on Polish grammar for all learners and users of the language.

List of tables
xviii
List of abbreviations
xxiii
1 Pronunciation and spelling
1(39)
1.1 Alphabet
1(3)
1.2 Vowels
4(3)
1.2.1 Oral
4(1)
1.2.2 Nasal
5(1)
1.2.3 Vowel combinations
6(1)
1.2.4 The letter i
6(1)
1.3 Consonants
7(17)
1.3.1 Single letter
7(1)
1.3.2 Combinations of letters
7(1)
1.3.3 Types of consonants
8(4)
1.3.4 Consonant shifts
12(4)
1.3.5 Palatalization
16(3)
1.3.6 Voiced and voiceless pairs
19(1)
1.3.7 Assimilation
20(1)
1.3.8 Consonant clusters
21(3)
1.4 Stress
24(4)
1.4.1 Regular word stress
24(1)
1.4.2 Irregular word stress
25(1)
1.4.3 Sentence stress
26(1)
1.4.4 With prepositions and particles
26(2)
1.5 Intonation
28(1)
1.6 Spelling rules
28(6)
1.6.1 O And U
29(1)
1.6.2 Rz And Z
30(2)
1.6.3 Ch And H
32(1)
1.6.4 S, Z, S, Wz, And Ws
33(1)
1.7 Capitalization
34(1)
1.7.1 Proper nouns
34(1)
1.8 Letter alternations
35(2)
1.9 Fleeting vowel
37(3)
2 Case usage
40(61)
2.1 Case names and order
40(1)
2.2 Cases and the process of communication
41(1)
2.3 Polish and English
42(2)
2.3.1 Word order
42(1)
2.3.2 Case usage
42(2)
2.4 Nominative
44(14)
2.4.1 Importance of nominative noun endings
44(1)
2.4.2 Generic questions
45(1)
2.4.3 Generic responses
46(1)
2.4.4 Omission of "to be" in present tense after to `this'
46(1)
2.4.5 Kto, ktos, nikt, co, cos
47(1)
2.4.6 Noun phrases
47(1)
2.4.7 Infinitives and verbal nouns as subjects
48(1)
2.4.8 Sentence structure: the subject
49(1)
2.4.9 Constructions of absence
50(1)
2.4.10 Usage
50(6)
2.4.11 Numeral governance and nominative case
56(2)
2.4.12 Translation difficulties
58(1)
2.5 Accusative
58(15)
2.5.1 Of an object
59(1)
2.5.2 As direct object
59(1)
2.5.3 Generic questions
60(1)
2.5.4 Without a preposition (transitive verbs)
60(1)
2.5.5 Accusative versus genitive as object of negation
61(1)
2.5.6 Accusative versus instrumental as object
62(1)
2.5.7 As object of directed motion
63(1)
2.5.8 Sports and games
64(1)
2.5.9 In passive construction
64(1)
2.5.10 O and na with verbs of aimed movement
65(1)
2.5.11 Przez with verbs of overt agent
66(1)
2.5.12 Governed accusative
67(3)
2.5.13 Other meanings without prepositions
70(1)
2.5.14 Time
71(1)
2.5.15 Ponad
72(1)
2.5.16 Accusative and nominative with identical case markings
72(1)
2.6 Genitive
73(12)
2.6.1 Generic questions
73(1)
2.6.2 Possession and linked nouns
74(1)
2.6.3 Negation of a direct object in accusative
75(1)
2.6.4 Constructions of absence
76(1)
2.6.5 Partitive genitive "some"
77(1)
2.6.6 Governed genitive
78(1)
2.6.7 As object of certain prepositions
79(2)
2.6.8 Full dates
81(1)
2.6.9 As object of lack, loss, deficiency, and reduction
81(1)
2.6.10 Regrets and dislikes
82(1)
2.6.11 Quantifiers
82(1)
2.6.12 Adverbs of quantity
82(1)
2.6.13 Numeral case governance and genitive
83(1)
2.6.14 As object of certain adjectives
84(1)
2.6.15 Co, cos, cokolwiek, co badz
84(1)
2.6.16 Ani..., ani...
85(1)
2.7 Dative
85(3)
2.7.1 Generic questions
86(1)
2.7.2 After certain verbs
86(1)
2.7.3 As object of certain prepositions and prepositional phrases
87(1)
2.7.4 In impersonal constructions
87(1)
2.7.5 As object of certain adjectives
88(1)
2.8 Locative
88(4)
2.8.1 Generic questions
89(1)
2.8.2 Usage
89(1)
2.8.3 Temporal prepositions po, w, o
90(1)
2.8.4 As object with instruments and equipment
91(1)
2.8.5 To mark the object of verbs
91(1)
2.9 Instrumental
92(8)
2.9.1 Generic questions
93(1)
2.9.2 Usage
94(2)
2.9.3 Z
96(1)
2.9.4 Classifying a person, animal, object or abstract
97(1)
2.9.5 As object of certain prepositions
98(1)
2.9.6 In adverbial expressions
99(1)
2.10 Vocative
100(1)
2.10.1 Written Polish
100(1)
2.10.2 Spoken Polish
100(1)
2.10.3 Exclamations
100(1)
3 Nouns
101(117)
3.1 Overview
101(5)
3.1.1 Types of nouns
101(1)
3.1.2 Main functions of nouns: case usage
102(1)
3.1.3 Nouns with verbal forms and other nominals
103(1)
3.1.4 Noun structure
103(3)
3.2 Class
106(16)
3.2.1 Why "class" and not "gender"?
106(1)
3.2.2 What is "class"?
107(1)
3.2.3 How is class assigned?
107(1)
3.2.4 The most typical endings in the nominative case
107(1)
3.2.5 Masculine and feminine nouns ending in a consonant
108(1)
3.2.6 Nouns ending in a soft or "historically" soft consonant
109(1)
3.2.7 Soft bj, pj, wj, mj
110(1)
3.2.8 Biology wins!
111(1)
3.2.9 Class of various nouns
111(4)
3.2.10 Social preference
115(1)
3.2.11 Milosc type feminine nouns
116(1)
3.2.12 Feminine suffixes -ini/-yni
116(1)
3.2.13 Indeclinable feminine nouns
117(1)
3.2.14 Class variation
117(1)
3.2.15 Class divisions
118(1)
3.2.16 Male human and no male human plural
119(2)
3.2.17 Modifiers with male human and no male human plural
121(1)
3.3 Declension patterns
122(74)
3.3.1 Nouns following masculine pattern
122(1)
3.3.2 Nouns following feminine pattern
123(1)
3.3.3 Nouns following neuter pattern
124(1)
3.3.4 Plural
124(2)
3.3.5 Masculine singular
126(23)
3.3.6 Feminine singular
149(17)
3.3.7 Neuter singular
166(13)
3.3.8 Male human plural
179(11)
3.3.9 No male human plural
190(6)
3.4 Class agreement
196(2)
3.5 Number
198(4)
3.5.1 Singular, plural, dual
198(2)
3.5.2 Singular only nouns
200(1)
3.5.3 Plural only nouns
201(1)
3.6 Types of nouns
202(7)
3.6.1 Proper
202(1)
3.6.2 Common
202(1)
3.6.3 Collective
203(1)
3.6.4 Adjectival
204(3)
3.6.5 Mixed pattern
207(1)
3.6.6 Homonyms
208(1)
3.6.7 Eponyms
209(1)
3.7 Difference between English and Polish nouns
209(2)
3.7.1 Definiteness
209(1)
3.7.2 Structure
210(1)
3.7.3 Translation difficulties
211(1)
3.7.4 Number
211(1)
3.8 Indeclinable nouns
211(3)
3.9 Declension of first and last names
214(1)
3.10 Consonant and vowel changes
215(3)
4 Adjectives
218(47)
4.1 Overview
218(4)
4.1.1 Endings in nominative singular
218(1)
4.1.2 Endings in nominative plural
219(1)
4.1.3 Adjective-noun position
220(2)
4.2 Main functions of adjectives
222(2)
4.2.1 Predicate adjectives
224(1)
4.3 Translation difficulties
224(1)
4.4 Class
225(2)
4.4.1 Plural of group entities
226(1)
4.5 Nominative endings
227(2)
4.5.1 Masculine adjectives in nominative singular
227(1)
4.5.2 Feminine adjectives in nominative singular
228(1)
4.5.3 Neuter adjectives in nominative singular
229(1)
4.6 Plural
229(3)
4.6.1 Male human plural
229(3)
4.7 Declension
232(4)
4.7.1 Shared endings in singular
232(2)
4.7.2 Shared endings in plural
234(1)
4.7.3 Patriarchy, not animacy, in plural
235(1)
4.8 Agreement
236(1)
4.8.1 Indeclinable adjectives
236(1)
4.8.2 Adjectives with ktos, nikt, wszystko, wszyscy, cos, nic
236(1)
4.9 Adjectives and collective nouns
237(1)
4.9.1 Adjective singular with collective nouns
237(1)
4.9.2 Adjective plural with collective nouns
238(1)
4.10 Short form adjectives
238(1)
4.11 Adjectives imposing a case on nouns
239(1)
4.11.1 Genitive
239(1)
4.11.2 Dative
239(1)
4.11.3 Instrumental
240(1)
4.12 Adjectival nouns
240(2)
4.12.1 Female titles
241(1)
4.13 Compound adjectives
242(1)
4.13.1 Hyphenated adjectives
243(1)
4.13.2 Adverbs with adjectives
243(1)
4.14 Negated adjectives
243(1)
4.15 Intensifiers
244(1)
4.16 Emotive adjectives
245(1)
4.17 Comparative
245(9)
4.17.1 Overview
245(1)
4.17.2 Lower and lowest degree
246(1)
4.17.3 Irregular comparatives
247(1)
4.17.4 Adjectives with no comparative or superlative
247(1)
4.17.5 -szy suffix
248(2)
4.17.6 Bardziej/mniej + adjective
250(2)
4.17.7 Comparative constructions
252(2)
4.18 Superlative
254(2)
4.18.1 Naj- Prefix
254(1)
4.18.2 Superlative constructions
255(1)
4.19 Differences between English and Polish adjectives
256(1)
4.20 Demonstrative adjectives
256(2)
4.20.1 Simple and compound forms
257(1)
4.21 Distributive adjectives
258(2)
4.21.1 Declension
259(1)
4.21.2 Use
259(1)
4.22 Niektore and inny
260(2)
4.23 Interrogative adjectives
262(1)
4.24 Relative adjectives
263(2)
4.24.1 Ktory in a clause
263(2)
5 Pronouns
265(41)
5.1 Overview
265(1)
5.2 Personal pronouns
265(11)
5.2.1 Declension
266(1)
5.2.2 Omission
267(1)
5.2.3 Third person singular
267(1)
5.2.4 Third person plural
268(1)
5.2.5 Identification of the referents je and nie
269(1)
5.2.6 Possessive and personal
270(1)
5.2.7 Short and long form
271(2)
5.2.8 N- prefix
273(1)
5.2.9 Two pronouns
274(1)
5.2.10 Multiple forms of "you"
275(1)
5.3 Reflexive pronouns
276(7)
5.3.1 Siebie
276(3)
5.3.2 Swoj
279(4)
5.4 Possessive pronouns
283(8)
5.4.1 Generic questions
284(1)
5.4.2 `My' and `mine'
284(1)
5.4.3 Forms
284(3)
5.4.4 Omission
287(1)
5.4.5 Introducing others
287(1)
5.4.6 Repetition
288(1)
5.4.7 Declension
288(2)
5.4.8 Short forms
290(1)
5.4.9 -ina
291(1)
5.5 Demonstrative pronouns
291(5)
5.5.1 Simple and compound forms
292(1)
5.5.2 Old forms
293(1)
5.5.3 Use of simple forms
293(1)
5.5.4 Declension
294(2)
5.6 Intensifying pronoun sam
296(3)
5.6.1 Usage
296(1)
5.6.2 Ten sam and taki sam
297(2)
5.6.3 Tyle samo
299(1)
5.6.4 Tak samo
299(1)
5.7 Interrogative, indefinite and negative pronouns
299(4)
5.7.1 Negative pronouns with multiple negations
300(1)
5.7.2 Declensions
300(1)
5.7.3 Kto, ktos, ktokolwiek, nikt
301(1)
5.7.4 Nic and niczego
301(1)
5.7.5 Co, cos, cokolwiek, nic
302(1)
5.7.6 Other interrogative and indefinite pronouns
302(1)
5.7.7 Exclamatory use
303(1)
5.8 Relative pronouns
303(3)
6 Verbs
306(157)
6.1 Overview
306(2)
6.2 Number and person
308(1)
6.3 Class
309(2)
6.3.1 Singular
309(1)
6.3.2 Plural
310(1)
6.4 Aspect
311(55)
6.4.1 Aspect and tenses
311(2)
6.4.2 Aspect of the main verb
313(2)
6.4.3 Choosing the aspect
315(1)
6.4.4 Imperfective
316(3)
6.4.5 Perfective
319(2)
6.4.6 Triggers
321(1)
6.4.7 Aspect and clauses
322(3)
6.4.8 Aspectual pairs of verbs
325(3)
6.4.9 Biaspectual verbs
328(1)
6.4.10 Perfective only verbs
328(1)
6.4.11 Imperfective only verbs
328(1)
6.4.12 Additional aspectual pairs
329(10)
6.4.13 Frequentative/iterative verbs
339(1)
6.4.14 Verbs of motion
340(20)
6.4.15 Verbs of placement and positioning
360(3)
6.4.16 Prefix po-
363(3)
6.5 Conjugation
366(7)
6.5.1 Infinitive
366(4)
6.5.2 Agreement
370(3)
6.6 Indicative
373(31)
6.6.1 Present
374(17)
6.6.2 Past
391(7)
6.6.3 Future
398(6)
6.7 Conditional
404(4)
6.7.1 Movable -by
405(1)
6.7.2 Use
405(2)
6.7.3 Impersonal
407(1)
6.8 Imperative
408(3)
6.8.1 Formation
408(2)
6.8.2 Using infinitive
410(1)
6.8.3 Negative commands
410(1)
6.9 Participles
411(14)
6.9.1 Negated
412(1)
6.9.2 Present active adjectival
412(3)
6.9.3 Passive
415(6)
6.9.4 Indeclinable adverbial
421(3)
6.9.5 Summary
424(1)
6.10 Impersonal voice of personal verbs
425(3)
6.10.1 Formation
427(1)
6.11 Verbal nouns
428(4)
6.11.1 Formation
431(1)
6.12 Passive voice
432(3)
6.12.1 Construction
433(2)
6.13 Transitive and intransitive verbs
435(2)
6.14 Reflexive verbs
437(2)
6.14.1 Sie in set phrases
438(1)
6.15 Byc
439(3)
6.15.1 Negated byc
440(2)
6.15.2 "To be" or "to have?"
442(1)
6.16 Miec
442(2)
6.17 Modal verbs
444(5)
6.17.1 Miec `I am/you are/he is to, to be supposed to'
445(1)
6.17.2 Musiec "to have to/must"
445(1)
6.17.3 Moc `can/be able/may/have permission'
446(1)
6.17.4 Powinien `should/ought to'
447(1)
6.17.5 Usage
447(2)
6.18 Impersonal verbs
449(2)
6.19 "There is"/"there are"
451(1)
6.19.1 Negated forms
452(1)
6.20 Subjunctive
452(3)
6.20.1 With infinitive
453(1)
6.20.2 Zeby clauses
453(2)
6.21 Expressing English tenses in Polish
455(5)
6.21.1 Present
456(1)
6.21.2 Past
456(3)
6.21.3 Future
459(1)
6.22 Reported (indirect) speech
460(3)
6.22.1 With questions
461(1)
6.22.2 With commands, wishes, requests, desires
462(1)
7 Adverbs and adverbial phrases
463(24)
7.1 Overview
463(1)
7.2 Formation
464(3)
7.2.1 Suffix -e
464(1)
7.2.2 Suffix -o
465(2)
7.2.3 Two forms
467(1)
7.3 Placement
467(1)
7.4 Adverbs of time
468(3)
7.4.1 Translating English word "time"
468(1)
7.4.2 Stages of life, periods
469(1)
7.4.3 Time now
469(1)
7.4.4 First, then, next and finally
469(1)
7.4.5 Early/late: earlier/later
469(1)
7.4.6 Time passed
470(1)
7.4.7 Time to come
470(1)
7.4.8 Duration
470(1)
7.4.9 Translation difficulties
470(1)
7.5 Age
471(1)
7.5.1 Rok---lat---lata
471(1)
7.5.2 Approximate age
472(1)
7.6 Weather
472(1)
7.7 Adverbs of place
473(2)
7.7.1 Directional adverbs
474(1)
7.8 Adverbs of manner
475(2)
7.8.1 Using a language
476(1)
7.8.2 Po...-U
476(1)
7.9 Adverbs of degree
477(1)
7.9.1 "More"
477(1)
7.10 Adverbs of frequency
478(1)
7.10.1 Adverbial phrases of frequency
478(1)
7.11 Interrogative adverbs
479(1)
7.12 Negative adverbs
479(1)
7.13 Comparative and superlative
480(3)
7.13.1 (naj)bardziej/(naj)mniej + adverb
481(1)
7.13.2 Adverbs with no comparative or superlative forms
482(1)
7.13.3 Comparative constructions
482(1)
7.13.4 Superlative constructions
483(1)
7.14 Differences between English and Polish adverbs
483(4)
7.14.1 Use of senses
483(1)
7.14.2 Empty "it"
484(1)
7.14.3 Placement
485(1)
7.14.4 Dostatecznie, tez, rowniez, takze
486(1)
8 Numerals and clock time
487(35)
8.1 Numerals
487(31)
8.1.1 Cardinal numbers
487(16)
8.1.2 Collective numbers
503(1)
8.1.3 Substantive numerals
504(2)
8.1.4 Ordinal numbers
506(3)
8.1.5 Indefinite numerals
509(3)
8.1.6 Fractions
512(2)
8.1.7 Double, triple
514(1)
8.1.8 Preposition po
514(1)
8.1.9 Deomals
515(1)
8.1.10 Measurements
515(1)
8.1.11 Liczba, numer and cyfra
516(2)
8.2 Clock time
518(4)
8.2.1 Generic questions
518(1)
8.2.2 Generic answers
518(2)
8.2.3 At what time?
520(1)
8.2.4 24-hour clock
520(1)
8.2.5 12-hour clock
520(1)
8.2.6 Translation difficulties
521(1)
9 Prepositions
522(60)
9.1 Overview
522(4)
9.1.1 General characteristics
524(1)
9.1.2 Position in a sentence
525(1)
9.2 Types
526(29)
9.2.1 Primary
527(3)
9.2.2 Compound
530(3)
9.2.3 Derived from nouns and verbs
533(1)
9.2.4 Functions of prepositions
534(2)
9.2.5 Location versus destination
536(11)
9.2.6 Temporal relations
547(8)
9.3 Governing cases
555(17)
9.3.1 One case
555(1)
9.3.2 Two cases
555(4)
9.3.3 Three cases
559(2)
9.3.4 Nominative
561(1)
9.3.5 Accusative
561(4)
9.3.6 Genitive
565(4)
9.3.7 Locative
569(2)
9.3.8 Dative
571(1)
9.3.9 Instrumental
571(1)
9.4 Idiomatic usage
572(1)
9.5 Repetition
573(1)
9.6 Paired prepositions
574(3)
9.7 Translation difficulties
577(2)
9.7.1 "With"
577(1)
9.7.2 "For"
577(2)
9.8 Buffer vowel -e
579(3)
10 Conjunctions
582(21)
10.1 Overview
582(1)
10.2 Coordinating
582(16)
10.2.1 Connective
583(6)
10.2.2 Contrastive or adversative
589(6)
10.2.3 Disjunctive
595(1)
10.2.4 Consecutive or resultative
596(1)
10.2.5 Inclusive or explanatory
597(1)
10.3 Subordinating
598(5)
10.3.1 Resultative conjunctions
600(1)
10.3.2 Conditional conjunctions
600(1)
10.3.3 Concessional conjunctions
601(1)
10.3.4 Temporal conjunctions
602(1)
10.3.5 Comparative conjunctions
602(1)
11 Interjections
603(2)
12 Gender issues of address
605(7)
12.1 Overview
605(1)
12.2 Suffixes
605(1)
12.3 Creating feminine forms
606(2)
12.4 Social preference
608(1)
12.5 Addressing a woman
609(1)
12.6 Female titles
610(2)
Notes 612(2)
Bibliography 614(6)
Index 620
Iwona Sadowska teaches Polish and Russian language, literature, and film studies at Georgetown University.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97811366193736e.html
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