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E-grāmata: Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites: Fundamentals and Applications

(Faculty Member, Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : Plastics Design Library
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: William Andrew Publishing
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128132951
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Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites: Fundamentals and ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : Plastics Design Library
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: William Andrew Publishing
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128132951
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Polymer Hybrid Materials and Composites is an introduction to the principles behind polymeric hybrid materials, and provides both theoretical and practical information in relation to the synthesis and application of these materials. It documents the latest innovations, ranging from materials development and characterization of properties, to applications.

The book covers the broad principles of synthesis and characterization of polymer hybrids and nanocomposites, for academics and professionals looking to produce and utilize these materials. It then The thoroughly discusses the route from laboratory to industry, providing practical, actionable guidance to assist the scaling up process.

A wide range of application areas are covered, including energy technology such as solar cells, water purification, medical devices, optical and electrical devices, and more. It is an essential introduction to the emerging technologies that are made possible by these advanced materials.

  • A detailed introduction to the technology of polymer hybrids and nanocomposites, covering theoretical and practical aspects of synthesis and characterization of polymer hybrids
  • Documents the latest innovations in the technology enabling researchers to stay up to date
  • Provides significant and detailed information on the engineering and applications of hybrid materials for a wide range of areas, including energy, medical and electronics, among others
Preface xi
Acknowledgment xiii
1 Introduction to materials: fundamentals and interactions
1 Introduction
1(5)
1.1 Elements and compounds
1(2)
1.2 Mixtures
3(3)
2 Chemistry
6(4)
3 Why bonds form?
10(1)
4 Types of chemical bonds
10(5)
4.1 Ionic bonds
10(1)
4.2 Covalent bonds
10(1)
4.3 Metallic bonds
11(2)
4.4 Coordinate bond
13(1)
4.5 Hydrogen bond
14(1)
4.6 van der Waals forces
14(1)
5 Chemical reactions
15(6)
5.1 Synthesis reaction or direct combination
15(3)
5.2 Precipitation reaction
18(1)
5.3 Acid---base (neutralization) reactions
18(1)
5.4 Redox chemical reactions
18(1)
5.5 Decomposition chemical reactions
18(1)
5.6 Substitution chemical reaction (single displacement)
19(1)
5.7 Double displacement reaction (metathesis reaction)
19(1)
5.8 Combustion chemical reactions
20(1)
5.9 Isomerization reactions
20(1)
5.10 Hydrolysis chemical reactions
20(1)
5.11 Polymerization reactions
20(1)
5.12 General notes on chemical reactions
21(1)
6 Intramolecular bonds and intermolecular forces
21(2)
7 Materials science, technology, and engineering
23(2)
7.1 Materials science
23(1)
7.2 Materials engineering
23(2)
References
25(2)
2 Materials: types and general classifications
1 Introduction
27(1)
2 Materials classification
27(1)
3 Metals and alloys
28(6)
3.1 Common mechanical properties of metallic materials
33(1)
3.2 Chemical properties
33(1)
4 Polymers
34(5)
4.1 General mechanical properties
34(1)
4.2 Plastics
34(3)
4.3 Elastomers
37(1)
4.4 Sponges
37(2)
4.5 Foam
39(1)
5 Ceramics
39(6)
5.1 Traditional ceramics
39(3)
5.2 Mechanical properties of ceramics
42(1)
5.3 Advanced ceramics
43(1)
5.4 Advantages of ceramics
44(1)
5.5 Disadvantages of ceramics
45(1)
6 Composites
45(4)
6.1 Advantages of composites
45(3)
6.2 Disadvantages of composites
48(1)
6.3 Fiberglass
49(1)
7 Advanced materials
49(5)
7.1 Nanoengineered
49(3)
7.2 Semiconductors
52(1)
7.3 What are hybrid bonding and direct bonding?
52(1)
7.4 Biomaterials
53(1)
7.5 Intelligent (smart) materials
53(1)
7.6 Types of smart materials
54(1)
8 Development of a product
54(1)
9 Material selection
55(2)
References
57(2)
3 Polymer science and polymerization methods toward hybrid materials
1 Polymer science
59(1)
2 Monomers, oligomers, and polymers
59(6)
2.1 Similarities and differences between oligomers and polymers
63(2)
3 Classification of polymers
65(32)
3.1 Classification of polymers based on their source of origin
65(4)
3.2 Classification of polymers based on their shape
69(3)
3.3 Classification of polymers based on chemical structure
72(5)
3.4 Classification of polymers based on molecular structure
77(1)
3.5 Classification of polymers based on the arrangement of monomers
77(3)
3.6 Classification of polymers based on tacticity
80(4)
3.7 Classification of polymers based on molecular forces
84(2)
3.8 Classification of polymers based on thermal behavior
86(2)
3.9 Classification of polymers based on the arrangement of chains (crystallinity)
88(1)
3.10 Classification of polymers based on the type of backbone
88(1)
3.11 Classification of polymers based on the synthesis methods
89(2)
3.12 Other classifications
91(6)
4 Organic and inorganic polymers
97(2)
5 Polymers and macromolecules
99(1)
6 Characteristics of polymers
99(1)
6.1 Advantages of polymers
100(1)
6.2 Disadvantages of polymers
100(1)
7 Hybrid polymers with nanoparticles
100(1)
References
101(4)
4 Nanostructures: categories, formation procedures, and synthesis
1 Overview of nanochemistry
105(1)
2 Why nanomaterials are better than bulk materials
105(2)
3 Classification of nanomaterials
107(16)
3.1 Dimensionality
107(5)
3.2 Classification based on morphological nature
112(1)
3.3 Classification based on state
113(1)
3.4 Classification based on the chemical composition
114(9)
4 Nanomaterial synthesis
123(10)
4.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles
123(1)
4.2 Wet methods for nanomaterial synthesis
124(2)
4.3 Chemical vapor procedure
126(1)
4.4 Solution-evaporation method
126(1)
4.5 Hydrothermal methods
127(1)
4.6 Sol---gel method
127(1)
4.7 Example: preparation of metal nanoparticles
127(4)
4.8 Example: synthesis of gold nanoparticles
131(1)
4.9 Example: synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials
131(1)
4.10 Preparation of graphene nanosheets
132(1)
5 Physical and mechanical methods of synthesis
133(1)
6 Preparation of nanostructured carbons
133(4)
6.1 Arc discharge technique
133(2)
6.2 Laser ablation technique
135(1)
6.3 Chemical vapor deposition
135(1)
6.4 Examples of carbon nanostructure---based hybrid materials
136(1)
7 Green synthesis of nanomaterials
137(4)
7.1 Factors affecting green synthesis
137(1)
7.2 Biological components for the synthesis of nanoparticles
138(2)
7.3 Example: synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron using plant extract
140(1)
References
141(6)
5 Hybrid materials: fundamentals and classifications
1 Introduction
147(1)
2 Hybrid materials and compounds
148(1)
3 Definitions of hybrid materials
149(2)
4 Hybrid materials and composites
151(2)
4.1 Some advantages of hybrid materials over composites
153(1)
5 Hybrids and inorganic---organic nanocomposites
153(1)
6 Hybrids and nanohybrids
153(2)
6.1 Hybrids, nanohybrids, composites, and nanocomposites
155(1)
7 Basic classification of hybrid materials
155(2)
7.1 Intercalation
155(2)
8 Different classifications of hybrid materials
157(15)
8.1 Source of origin
159(1)
8.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous
160(1)
8.3 Classification based on composition
160(1)
8.4 Nature of interface
161(5)
8.5 Structural properties
166(4)
8.6 Functionality
170(1)
8.7 Routes of combination
171(1)
8.8 Based on applications
171(1)
9 Hybrid composite materials
172(1)
10 Advantages of hybrids
172(1)
11 Biomolecular hybrids
173(1)
12 Conclusion
174(1)
References
174(3)
6 Synthesis of hybrid materials: methods and classification
1 Introduction
177(1)
2 Synthesis methods
178(20)
2.1 Blending methods
178(5)
2.2 Building block methods
183(2)
2.3 Formation of the organic part in the presence of preformed inorganic components
185(2)
2.4 In situ formation of both components
187(1)
2.5 In situ formation of inorganic materials
187(8)
2.6 Emulsion polymerization
195(1)
2.7 Photopolymerization
196(1)
2.8 Surface grafting methods
196(1)
2.9 Self-assembly
197(1)
2.10 Metallosupramolecular and coordination methods
197(1)
2.11 Microwave irradiation
198(1)
2.12 Electrochemical synthesis
198(1)
3 Combination of in situ methods with others
198(2)
4 Common types of hybrid materials
200(4)
4.1 Polymer---inorganic hybrid materials
200(1)
4.2 Hybrid mesoporous materials
200(1)
4.3 Crystalline hybrid materials
201(1)
4.4 Organically modified ceramics
201(3)
5 Synthesis strategies of hierarchical hybrid materials
204(2)
6 Synthesis and materials processing difference
206(1)
7 Conclusions
207(1)
References
207(6)
7 Structural characterization of hybrid materials
1 Introduction
213(1)
2 Characterization
214(2)
3 Classification of characterization techniques
216(2)
4 Structural vibrational spectroscopy
218(9)
4.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
219(3)
4.2 Raman spectroscopy
222(2)
4.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
224(3)
5 Nuclear magnetic resonance
227(3)
5.1 Example: characterization of polymer grafted activated carbon
228(2)
6 X-ray fluorescence
230(1)
6.1 Advantages of X-ray fluorescence
230(1)
7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
230(2)
7.1 How X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy works
231(1)
8 X-ray diffraction
232(5)
8.1 How X-ray diffraction works
233(1)
8.2 Used of X-ray diffraction
234(1)
8.3 Example: X-ray diffraction of graphene oxide-bismuth oxyhalide composites
235(2)
9 Small-angle X-ray scattering
237(1)
10 Conclusion
237(1)
References
238(3)
8 Surface and morphological characterization of hybrid materials
1 Introduction
241(3)
2 Morphology characterization
244(22)
2.1 Electron microscopy
245(1)
2.2 Scanning electron microscopy
245(8)
2.3 Transmission electron microscopy
253(8)
2.4 Scanning tunneling microscopy
261(1)
2.5 Atomic force microscopy
262(4)
3 Chemical composition
266(5)
3.1 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
266(1)
3.2 Electron energy loss spectroscopy
267(1)
3.3 X-ray diffraction
267(1)
3.4 Small-angle X-ray scattering
268(3)
4 Thermogravimetric analysis
271(2)
5 Surface area analyzer
273(5)
5.1 Adsorption isotherm
274(1)
5.2 Types of Brunauer---Emmett---Teller isotherms
274(3)
5.3 Chemisorption
277(1)
6 Other characterization methods
278(3)
7 Conclusion
281(1)
References
281(4)
9 Hybrid materials and their impact on industrial and environmental applications
1 Introduction
285(1)
2 Processing methods and properties
286(1)
3 Composites to enhance metal properties
287(1)
4 Applications of hybrid materials in water treatment
288(3)
5 Hybrid materials for effective mitigation of emulsions
291(1)
6 Hybrid materials as photocatalysts
292(2)
7 Applications of hybrid materials in buildings and structures
294(3)
7.1 Use of hybrid materials in buildings and infrastructures
294(2)
7.2 New material requirements
296(1)
8 Applications of hybrid materials in corrosion
297(2)
9 Applications of hybrid materials in fuels and batteries
299(1)
10 Hybrid materials as membranes in ion-selective electrodes
300(1)
11 Various other applications
300(5)
12 Conclusion
305(1)
References
305(6)
10 Hybrid materials: opportunities, challenges, and future directions
1 Overview
311(1)
2 Why study materials?
312(1)
3 Design
313(1)
4 Processing and materials selection
314(1)
5 Opportunities
314(2)
6 Challenges
316(1)
7 Future prospects
317(6)
8 Toxicity and environmental concerns
323(1)
References
324(3)
Index 327
Dr. Tawfik Abdo Saleh is a faculty member in the Chemistry Department at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. He has published several papers in international refereed journals and conference proceedings, has authored and edited several books and book chapters, and he is a member of several local and international scientific societies. He has supervised many graduate students. His expertise includes, but is not limited to, the synthesis, design, and preparation of materials, nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and hybrid materials and their applications. His expertise also includes materials characterization using various techniques.
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