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Polymer Tribology [Hardback]

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Edited by (Imperial College London, Uk), Edited by (Indian Inst Of Technology Delhi, India)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 724 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Apr-2009
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1848162022
  • ISBN-13: 9781848162020
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Polymer TribologyPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 724 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Apr-2009
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1848162022
  • ISBN-13: 9781848162020
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781848162020.html
Keywords:
This book deals with the new and now-expanding field of friction, wear, and other surface-related mechanical phenomena for polymers. Polymers have been used in various forms such as bulk, films, and composites in applications where their friction, wear resistance, and other surface-related properties have been effectively utilized. There are also many examples in which polymers have performed extremely well, such as in tyres, shoes, brakes, gears, bearings, small moving parts in electronics and MEMS, cosmetics/hair products, and artificial human joints. Around the world, much research is currently being undertaken to develop new polymers, in different forms, for further enhancing tribological performance and for finding novel applications. Keeping in view the importance of tribology of polymers for research and technology as well as the vast literature that is now available in research papers and review articles, this timely book brings together a wealth of research data for an understanding of the basic principles of the subject.
Editorial Polymer Tribology — A Preface v
Acknowledgements xi
Part I Bulk Polymers 1
Chapter 1 Adhesion and Friction of Polymers
3
1 Introduction
3
2 Polymers and Polymer Composites
4
3 Mechanical Behaviour of Polymer-Based Materials
5
4 Adhesion of Polymers
5
4.1 Thermodynamic Approach (Specific Surface Energy)
7
4.2 Contact Adhesion
8
4.3 Contact of Rough Surfaces
11
4.4 Contact of Rough Surfaces with Adhesion
13
4.5 Measurement of Adhesion
16
5 Friction of Polymer over the Hard Counterface
19
5.1 Effect of Load on Friction
20
5.2 Effect of Sliding Velocity on Friction
21
5.3 Effect of Temperature on Friction
23
6 Wear of Polymers
24
6.1 Abrasive Wear
26
6.2 Adhesive Wear and Friction Transfer
28
6.3 Fatigue Wear
30
6.4 Frictional Behaviour of Polymer Materials with Nanofillers
31
7 Conclusions
32
Acknowledgements
33
References
33
Chapter 2 Tribophysical Interpretation of Polymer Sliding Mechanisms
38
1 Introduction
39
2 Experimental Techniques
41
2.1 Raman Spectroscopy
41
2.2 Thermal Analysis
43
2.3 Other Techniques
44
3 Polymer Surface Analysis
45
3.1 Depositions of Internal Lubricant
45
3.2 Conformational Changes
47
3.3 Crystallisation
52
3.4 Polymerisation
57
3.5 Thermal Degradation
59
3.6 Physico-Chemical Degradation
63
4 Polymer Wear Debris Analysis
66
5 Conclusions
71
References
72
Chapter 3 Scaling Effects in Tribotesting of Polymers
74
1 Introduction
75
2 Tribotesting Facilities at Different Scales
77
2.1 Meso-Scale Testing
77
2.2 Small-Scale Testing
79
2.3 Large-Scale Testing
81
2.4 Field Testing
82
3 Meso-Scale to Small-Scale Correlation
82
3.1 Influence of Deformation and Contact Situation
82
3.2 The Influence and Efficiency of Internal Lubrication
86
4 Small-Scale to Large-Scale Correlation
87
4.1 Single Parameter Model: Effect of Contact Pressure
87
4.2 Two-Parameter Model: pv-Limit
90
4.3 Macroscopic Geometry Model
92
4.4 Influence of Controlled Temperature on Small-Scale Testing
99
5 Large-Scale to Full-Scale Correlation
101
6 Summary and Conclusions
105
Acknowledgements
106
References
106
Chapter 4 Scratch Experiments and Finite Element Simulation: Friction and Nonlinearity Effects
108
1 Introduction
109
2 Experimental Observations
110
3 Finite Element Modelling
114
4 Finite Element Results
120
4.1 Plastic Strain Field
120
4.2 Mean Contact Strain
122
4.3 Contact Geometry
128
5 Discussion
130
5.1 Relationship between Contact Geometry and Mean Contact Strain
130
5.2 Influence of the Mesh Size
132
5.3 Definition of the Representative Volume
133
5.4 Influence of the Strain Hardening
135
6 Conclusion
138
References
139
Chapter 5 Nanoindentation and Indentation Creep of Polymeric Materials
141
1 Introduction
142
2 Brief Summary of Basic Nanoindentation Analysis
144
2.1 Doerner and Nix's Analysis Method
149
2.2 Oliver and Pharr's Analysis Method
152
3 Problems of Nanoindentation of Polymeric Materials
155
4 Approaches to the Nanoindentation of Polymers or Other Soft Materials
156
4.1 Load Relaxation Experiments
157
4.2 Time-Dependent Properties
158
4.3 Nanoindentation with Continuous Stiffness Measurement
160
4.4 Fitting of Unloading Curve of Nanoindentation Polymers
163
4.5 Rate-Dependent Properties
166
5 Indentation Creep Experiments and Analysis
168
5.1 Basic Indentation Creep Analysis
170
5.2 Meaning of the Fitting Parameters
173
5.3 Factors Affecting the Indentation Creep
178
5.4 Modelling of Indentation Creep
184
5.5 Other Creep Functions and Comparison
185
6 Theoretical Analysis of Nanoindentation of Polymers
188
7 Nanoindentation Using Scanning Probe Microscope
189
8 Summary, Conclusions and Implications
190
Acknowledgements
190
References
191
Chapter 6 Effects of Physiological Factors on Wear of UHMWPE for Joint Prosthesis
195
1 Introduction
195
2 Physiological Factor Relating to Joint Kinematics
198
2.1 Shape of Sliding Pathways in Joint Prostheses During Walking
199
2.2 Effect of Multidirectional Sliding Motion on Wear of UHMWPE
200
2.3 Wear Characteristics of UHMWPE Evaluated in Multidirectional Sliding Wear Test
203
3 Physiological Factor Relating to Joint Environment
213
3.1 Degradation of UHMWPE in Human Body
214
3.2 Effect of Macromolecules on Friction and Wear
215
3.3 Effect of Protein and Lipid on Wear of UHMWPE
217
4 Summary
222
Acknowledgements
222
References
223
Chapter 7 Biopolymer Tribology
227
1 A Brief History of Biopolymers in Total Hip Replacements
227
2 The Use of Biopolymers in Other Prostheses
229
3 Biopolymer Wear and Wear Debris
231
4 Wear Testing of Biopolymers
236
4.1 Implant Wear Testing
236
4.2 Biopolymer Wear Testing
240
5 Influence of Counterface Roughness on Wear
243
6 Influence of Lubricant on Wear
243
7 Soak Controls
247
8 Theoretical Lubrication Analysis
249
9 Friction
251
10 Other Polymers (Nonpolyethylene)
254
11 All-Polymer Articulations
255
12 Future Developments in Biopolymers
257
13 Future Challenges
259
14 Summary
259
References
259
Chapter 8 Frictional Behaviour of Miniature Journal Polymer-on-Polymer Bearings
267
1 Introduction
267
2 Experimental Studies
269
2.1 Investigation of Friction Coefficient and Time Needed to Start to Operate of Bearing
269
2.2 Investigation of Surface Topography of Rubbing Components by Use of AFM
275
2.3 Experimental Investigation of Elasticity Modulus of Surface Layers of Polymeric Bearing Materials
275
2.4 Experimental Studies of Surface Free Energy of Polymer
287
3 Model of Contact and Predicting of Friction Coefficient
289
3.1 Model of Force Interactions between Contacting Polymeric Surfaces Static Contact
290
3.2 Model of Force Interactions Occurring between Polymeric Rubbing Surfaces Phase of Transition from Stationary State to Movement
296
3.3 Results of Modelling
303
4 Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Determined Frictional Behaviours of Studied Bearings
307
5 Conclusions
308
References
310
Chapter 9 State-of-the-Art of Rubber Tribology
312
1 Introduction
312
2 Rubber Friction
313
2.1 Sliding Friction on Self-Affined Rough Surface
313
2.2 Friction of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Elastomers
318
2.3 The Other Topics
320
3 Rubber Lubrication
322
3.1 Effects of Surface Roughness on the Tribological Behaviours of Rubber under Lubrication Conditions
322
3.2 Wet Sliding Friction of Elastomers
324
3.3 Robust Molecular Lubrication Layers
325
4 Rubber Wear
326
4.1 Wear Behaviour of Elastomers
326
4.2 Wear Behaviour of Rubber Composites and Coatings
329
5 Wear of Metal by Rubber
331
5.1 A Brief Historic Background
331
5.2 Wear of Steel by Rubber in the Presence of Liquid Media
331
6 Tribology of Rubber Assemblies
333
6.1 Tires
333
6.2 Elastomeric Seals
335
6.3 Brakes
338
6.4 Rubber Journal Bearing and Rubber Acetabular Bearing Materials
339
7 Concluding Remarks
340
Acknowledgements
341
References
341
Part II Reinforced Polymers 345
Chapter 10 Wear of Polytetrafluoroethylene and PTFE Composites
347
1 Processing and Structure
347
2 Sliding Friction
350
3 Wear
354
4 PTFE Composite Wear Reduction Mechanisms
356
4.1 Transfer Film Adhesion
357
4.2 Preferential Load Support
358
4.3 Debris Size Control
361
5 Polymer-Filled PTFE Composites
363
6 Radiation-Induced Wear Resistance in PTFE
365
7 Tomorrow's Challenges: Understanding Nano-Filled PTFE
367
Acknowledgements
371
References
372
Chapter 11 Polymer Composites for Tribological Applications in a Range between Liquid Helium and Room Temperature
375
1 Introduction to Cryotechnology
375
2 Materials and Tribological Characterisation Methods
383
2.1 Materials
383
2.2 Tribotests at Room Temperature and Cryogenic Environments
391
3 Friction and Wear of PTFE-Based Composites at Room Temperature
395
4 Tribology of Selected PEEK- and PTFE-Based Composites in Cryogenic Environments
401
4.1 Room Temperature Air vs. 77K Liquid Nitrogen
401
4.2 Influence of the Cryogenic Medium
405
5 Conclusions
412
References
413
Chapter 12 Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Polymers Filled with Inorganic Particulate Fillers
416
1 Introduction
417
2 Effect of Fillers on Mechanical Properties
418
2.1 Stiffness Modulus
418
2.2 Strength
420
2.3 Toughness
422
3 Effect of Fillers on Friction and Wear
423
3.1 Microparticle Fillers
424
3.2 Nanoparticle Fillers
428
4 Mechanisms of Wear Modification
432
4.1 Sharing of Load by Hard Particles
433
4.2 Transfer Film Topography
434
4.3 Transfer Film Bonding
441
5 Concluding Remarks
446
References
447
Chapter 13 The Sliding Wear of Polypropylene and Its Blends
449
1 Introduction
449
2 Polypropylene
450
3 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
450
4 Polyethylene Terephthalate/Polypropylene (PET/PP) Blends
452
5 Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate
454
6 Wear Properties of PP/PET Blends
454
6.1 Influence of Addition of RPET on Wear of PP
457
6.2 Effect of UHMWPE Addition on Wear Rate of PP and Its Blends
460
References
468
Chapter 14 Engineering Polymers and Composites for Machine Elements
470
1 Introduction and Overview
470
2 Rolling-Sliding Tests by the Twin-Disc Technique
472
2.1 Principles
472
2.2 Unreinforced Thermoplastics — Polyoxymethylene and Polyamide 66
474
2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics — Polyamides
476
2.4 Internal Lubricants and Additives — PTFE
478
2.5 Comparison of Results and Validity of Data
479
3 Gears and Gear Testing
480
4 Thermal Aspects of Polymeric Gearing
480
4.1 Heat Generation
481
4.2 Operating Temperatures of Polymeric Gears
482
4.3 Bulk Temperature Estimation
485
5 Failure Modes of Polymer Gears
487
5.1 Thermal Failure
487
5.2 Fatigue
488
5.3 Other Forms of Failure
491
6 Wear of Polymer Gears
491
6.1 Commercial against Experimental Wear Data
492
6.2 Wear Manifestation
493
6.3 Wear Rates of Various Polymers
495
7 Mechanical Efficiencies of Polymer Gears
495
7.1 Theoretical Efficiencies
496
7.2 Experimental Efficiencies and Coefficients of Frictions
496
8 Polymer Gears in High Performance Applications
498
8.1 Power Density Comparisons
499
8.2 Elastohydrodynamic Aspects of Polymer Gears
501
8.3 Novel Forms of Lubrication
503
References
504
Chapter 15 Brake Friction Materials
506
1 Introduction
506
2 Ingredients of Brake Friction Materials
509
2.1 Binder Resins
510
2.2 Reinforcements
512
2.3 Property Modifiers
513
2.4 Manufacturing Parameters
522
3 Sliding Interface
523
4 Friction Materials and Environmental Issues
526
5 Friction Evaluation Tests
527
6 Concluding Remarks
529
Acknowledgements
530
References
530
Chapter 16 Study of Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Mold-in-Colour Polypropylene Used in Automobile Industry
533
1 Introduction
533
2 Tested Samples
536
3 Preliminary Tests for Tip Selection
537
4 Progressive Load Scratch Tests
538
5 Constant Load Scratch Tests
542
6 Quantitative Characterisation of Scratch Damages
546
7 Indentation Tests
549
8 Correlation
552
9 Summary
552
Acknowledgements
553
References
554
Part III Polymer Films 557
Chapter 17 Mechanical Properties of Thin Polymer Films Within Contacts
559
1 Introduction
559
2 Contact Mechanics of Confined Polymer Coatings
561
2.1 Oedometric Approximation for the Normal Indentation of Confined Layers
561
2.2 Lateral Contacts
569
3 Visco-Elastic Properties of Confined Polymer Films in the Glass Transition Range
570
3.1 Linearity of the Contact Lateral Response
570
3.2 Pressure Dependence of the Linear Visco-Elastic Modulus
571
4 Plastic Properties of Confined Polymer Films
574
4.1 Plastic Imprints under Normal Indentation
574
4.2 Elastic/Plastic Indentation Limit for Confined Polymer Films
577
5 Conclusions
580
References
580
Chapter 18 Tribological Behaviour of Polymer Brush Prepared by the "Grafting-from" Method
582
1 Introduction
582
1.1 Definition of Polymer Brush
582
1.2 Tribology of Polymer Brush Prepared by "Grafting-to" Method
584
1.3 Advantage of Polymer Brush Prepared by the "Grafting-from" Method Combined with Living Polymerisation
587
2 Preparation of High-Density Polymer Brush on Substrate
589
2.1 Initiator-Immobilised Silicon Substrate
589
2.2 General Procedure for Surface-Initiated ATRP
590
3 Frictional Property of High-Density Polymer Brush
592
3.1 Dependence of Solvent Quality
592
3.2 Water Lubrication by Hydrophilic Polymer Brush
593
3.3 Effect of Graft Density on Wear Resistance
597
4 Conclusions
598
References
599
Chapter 19 AFM Testing of Polymeric Resist Films for Nanoimprint Lithography
603
1 Introduction
603
2 Process of Imprint
604
3 NIL Problems
606
4 Testing of Materials for NIL
608
4.1 Introduction
608
4.2 AFM Studies of Surface Topography, Friction and Adhesion of Ultrathin Resist Films
610
4.3 Wettability Studies
613
4.4 Studies of Properties of Polymeric Resist Films versus Temperature
617
5 Studies of Friction between Mold Surface and Resist Film
624
6 Studies of Anti-Stiction Layers
625
7 Summary
626
Acknowledgements
626
References
627
Chapter 20 Tribological Studies of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Thin Films on Silicon Surface
629
1 Introduction
629
1.1 General Background on Polymer Thin Films
629
1.2 Tribological Properties of Polymer Thin Films
632
1.3 Motivation and Objectives of the Present Study
635
2 Materials and Sample Preparation
636
2.1 Materials
636
2.2 Preparation of UHMWPE Film on Si Surface
636
2.3 Experimental Procedures
637
3 Results and Discussion
641
3.1 Characterisation of the UHMWPE Film on Si Surface
641
3.2 Effect of PFPE Overcoating onto UHMWPE Film Modified Si Surface on Tribological Properties
652
4 Conclusions
656
Acknowledgements
657
References
657
Chapter 21 Tribology of UHMWPE Thin Films on Si with Interfacial Layers and Modifications
660
1 Introduction
660
2 Experimental Procedures
663
2.1 Materials
663
2.2 Preparation of Different Layers on Si Substrate
663
2.3 Surface Analysis
665
2.4 Friction and Wear Tests
673
3 Friction and Wear Results
673
3.1 Comparison of UHMWPE Film with and without DLC Interface
673
3.2 Effect of UHMWPE Thickness on the Friction and Wear Properties of Si/DLC/UHMWPE
675
3.3 Comparison of UHMWPE Film with Different Interfaces
679
4 Discussion
682
5 Conclusions
686
Acknowledgements
687
References
687
Index 689