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E-grāmata: Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications

Edited by Rajender Boddula (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing)), Edited by Mohd Imran Ahamed (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India), Edited by Tariq Altalhi, Edited by Inamuddin

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 25-May-2021
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119711391

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 25-May-2021
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119711391

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This book provides the whole spectrum of polysaccharides from basic concepts to commercial market applications. Chapters cover various types of sources, classification, properties, characterization, processing, rheology and fabrication of polysaccharide-based materials and their composites and gels. The applications of polysaccharides include in cosmetics, food science, drug delivery, biomedicine, biofuel production, marine, packaging, chromatography and environmental remediation. It also reviews the fabrication of inorganic and carbon nanomaterials from polysaccharides. The book incorporates industrial applications and will fill the gap between the exploration works in the laboratory and viable applications in related ventures.

Preface

xxiii

1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods

(22)

Silvana Teresa Lacerda Jales

Raquel de Melo Barbosa

Girliane Regina da Silva

Patricia Severino

Tulio Flavio Accioly de Lima Moura

1.1 Introduction

(3)

1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera

(2)

1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions

(1)

1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing

(4)

1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan

(1)

1.4 Analytical Methods Applied

(8)

1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars

(3)

1.4.2 Analytical Techniques

(12)

1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis

(1)

1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

(1)

1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

(1)

1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry

(1)

1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy

(1)

1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling

(1)

1.5 Conclusion

(1)

References

(6)

2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides

(14)

Ata Ullah

Lutufur Rahman

Muhammad Bilal Yazdani

Muhammad Irfan

Waheed S. Khan

Asma Rehman

2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall

(1)

2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides

(4)

2.2.1 Cellulose

(1)

2.2.2 Hemicellulose

(1)

2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan

(1)

2.2.2.2 Xylans

(1)

2.2.2.3 Mannans

(1)

2.2.3 Callose

(1)

2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides

(2)

2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG)

(1)

2.2.4.2 Arabinan

(1)

2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides

(2)

2.3.1 Alginates

(1)

2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans

(2)

2.3.3 Fucoidans

(1)

2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides

(2)

2.4.1 Glucan

(1)

2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan

(1)

2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides

(1)

2.5.1 Peptidoglycan

(1)

2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides

(1)

References

(4)

3 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications

(24)

Tonmoy Ghosh

Rabinder Singh

Asha Arumugam Nesamma

Pannaga Pavan Jutur

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Polysaccharide Origins

(1)

3.3 Properties

(6)

3.3.1 Cellulose

(2)

3.3.2 Chitosan

(1)

3.3.3 Alginate

(1)

3.3.4 Carrageenan

(1)

3.3.5 Agar

(1)

3.3.6 Porphyran

(1)

3.3.7 Fucoidan

(1)

3.3.8 Ulvan

(1)

3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae

(1)

3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides

(6)

3.4.1 Biomedical Applications

(1)

3.4.1.1 Cellulose

(1)

3.4.1.2 Chitosan

(1)

3.4.1.3 Alginate

(1)

3.4.2 Food Applications

(2)

3.4.2.1 Cellulose

(1)

3.4.2.2 Chitosan

(1)

3.4.2.3 Alginates

(1)

3.4.2.4 Carrageenan

(1)

3.4.2.5 Agar

(1)

3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications

(3)

3.4.3.1 Cellulose

(1)

3.4.3.2 Chitosan

(1)

3.4.3.3 Alginate

(1)

3.4.3.4 Carrageenan

(1)

3.4.3.5 Porphyran

(1)

3.4.3.6 Fucoidan

(1)

3.4.4 Agriculture

(1)

3.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(10)

4 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications

(14)

Oya Irmak Sahin

4.1 Introduction

(9)

4.1.1 Agar

(1)

4.1.2 Carrageenan

(2)

4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin)

(2)

4.1.4 Fucoidan

(1)

4.1.5 Laminaran

(1)

4.1.6 Ulvan

(1)

4.2 Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

5 Agars: Properties and Applications

(20)

Sudhakar Padmesh

Aditi Singh

5.1 History and Origin of Agar

(1)

5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing

(1)

5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds

(2)

5.3 Agar Manufacturing

(1)

5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing

(5)

5.3.1.1 Freeze-Thaw Method

(1)

5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method

(1)

5.4 Structure of Agar

(1)

5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar

(1)

5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar

(2)

5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar

(1)

5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar

(4)

5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar

(1)

5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels

(1)

5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors

(4)

5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry

(1)

5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms

(1)

5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations

(1)

5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes

(1)

5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar

(1)

5.10 Conclusion and Discussion

(1)

References

(3)

6 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications

(40)

Sinem Tuncer

6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides

(4)

6.1.1 Structure

(2)

6.1.2 Classification

(1)

6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques

(1)

6.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides

(23)

6.2.1 Functional Fibers

100

(1)

6.2.2 Biomedicine

101

(14)

6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering

102

(5)

6.2.2.2 Wound Healing

107

(3)

6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery

110

(4)

6.2.2.4 Therapeutics

114

(1)

6.2.3 Cosmetics

115

(1)

6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients

116

(3)

6.2.5 Biofuels

119

(1)

6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment

120

(1)

6.2.7 Textiles

121

(1)

6.3 Conclusion

122

(1)

References

123

(12)

7 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications

135

(28)

Gincy Marina Mathew

Sarah Bill Ulaeto

Reshmy R.

Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran

Parameswaran Binod

Ashok Pandey

Raveendran Sindhu

7.1 Introduction

135

(7)

7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives

142

(3)

7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties

142

(1)

7.2.2 Functional Properties

143

(1)

7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan

144

(1)

7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives

145

(7)

7.3.1 Anticancer Agents

145

(2)

7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation

147

(1)

7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance

148

(1)

7.3.4 Drug Delivery

149

(1)

7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations

150

(1)

7.3.6 Waste Management

150

(1)

7.3.7 Food Industry

151

(1)

7.3.8 In Cosmetics

152

(1)

7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings

152

(1)

7.4 Conclusions

152

(1)

Acknowledgement

153

(1)

References

153

(10)

8 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco

163

(14)

El Asri Ouahid

Ramdani Mohamed

Fadlaoui Soufiane

8.1 Introduction

163

(1)

8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics

164

(1)

8.3 Seaweed

165

(1)

8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed

166

(1)

8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon's Seaweed

167

(5)

8.5.1 C. prolifera

167

(1)

8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans

168

(1)

8.5.2 U. rigida & E. intestinalis

168

(2)

8.5.2.1 Ulvan

169

(1)

8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum

170

(21)

8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans

170

(1)

8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans

170

(1)

8.5.3.3 Mannans

171

(1)

8.6 Conclusion

172

(1)

References

172

(5)

9 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications

177

(28)

Abdullah Kurt

9.1 Introduction

177

(2)

9.2 Production

179

(2)

9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure

181

(2)

9.4 Rheological Properties

183

(5)

9.5 Purification and Deacetylation

188

(3)

9.6 Food Applications

191

(5)

9.6.1 Beverage

191

(1)

9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing

192

(2)

9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating

194

(1)

9.6.4 Gelation

195

(1)

9.7 Health Benefits

196

(1)

9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends

197

(1)

References

198

(7)

10 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications

205

(16)

Aruna Jyothi Kora

10.1 Introduction

205

(6)

10.1.1 Gum Arabic

206

(2)

10.1.2 Gum Karaya

208

(1)

10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu

209

(1)

10.1.4 Gum Ghatti

209

(1)

10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth

210

(1)

10.1.6 Gum Olibanum

211

(1)

10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications

211

(3)

10.3 Minor Tree Gums

214

(1)

10.4 Conclusions

214

(3)

Acknowledgment

217

(1)

References

218

(3)

11 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications

221

(32)

Rafael de Avila Delucis

Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori

Andre Ricardo Fajardo

Sandro Campos Amico

11.1 Introduction

221

(1)

11.2 Main Raw Materials

222

(2)

11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials

224

(1)

11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats

225

(3)

11.5 Cellulose Extraction

228

(4)

11.5.1 Mechanical Methods

228

(3)

11.5.2 Chemical Methods

231

(1)

11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives

232

(4)

11.7 Main Applications

236

(5)

11.8 Conclusion

241

(1)

References

242

(11)

12 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications

253

(30)

Bhanita Goswami

Debajyoti Mahanta

12.1 Introduction

253

(1)

12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch

254

(7)

12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules

255

(2)

12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules

257

(1)

12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch

257

(1)

12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch

258

(1)

12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch

259

(1)

12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch

260

(1)

12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch

260

(1)

12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch

261

(1)

12.3 Modification of Starch

261

(5)

12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch

262

(1)

12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch

263

(2)

12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch

265

(1)

12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch

265

(1)

12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch

265

(1)

12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives

266

(7)

12.4.1 In Food Industry

266

(1)

12.4.2 In Paper Industry

266

(1)

12.4.3 Starch as Binders

267

(1)

12.4.4 In Detergent Products

267

(1)

12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics

267

(1)

12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries

268

(1)

12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials

269

(1)

12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications

269

(1)

12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials

269

(1)

12.4.10 In Drug Delivery

270

(1)

12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings

270

(1)

12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials

271

(2)

12.5 Conclusion

273

(1)

References

274

(9)

13 Crystallization of Polysaccharides

283

(18)

Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi

Farzad Seidi

Yongcan Jin

Payam Zarrintaj

Huining Xiao

Amin Esmaeili

Sajjad Habibzadeh

Mohammad Reza Saeb

13.1 Introduction

283

(2)

13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides

285

(2)

13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement

287

(1)

13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides

287

(6)

13.4.1 Cellulose

287

(3)

13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin

290

(1)

13.4.3 Starch

291

(2)

13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites

293

(1)

13.6 Conclusion

293

(1)

References

294

(7)

14 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications

301

(24)

Nandini A. Pattanashetti

Anand I. Torvi

Arun K. Shettar

Pramod B. Gai

Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar

14.1 Introduction

301

(2)

14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

303

(1)

14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering

304

(1)

14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

305

(11)

14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds

306

(1)

14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds

307

(2)

14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds

309

(1)

14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds

310

(1)

14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds

311

(1)

14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds

312

(1)

14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds

313

(3)

14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

316

(1)

Acknowledgements

317

(1)

References

317

(8)

15 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides

325

(12)

Vickramjeet Singh

Shikha Indoria

K.J. Jisha

Ramesh L. Gardas

15.1 Introduction

325

(1)

15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water

326

(3)

15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight

329

(1)

15.4 Solubility and Branching

330

(2)

15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions

332

(2)

15.6 Conclusions

334

(1)

Acknowledgments

334

(1)

References

334

(3)

16 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials

337

(30)

Yuliya Dzyazko

Vladimir Ogenko

16.1 Introduction

337

(1)

16.2 Aerogels

338

(14)

16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose

339

(5)

16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin

344

(4)

16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose

348

(2)

16.2.4 Chitosan and Sodium Alginate for Preparation of Carbon Aerogels

350

(2)

16.3 Graphene-Like Materials and Nanotubes Produced From Polysaccharides

352

(3)

16.4 Biocarbon Quantum Dots

355

(1)

16.5 Membranes Containing Carbon Nanoparticles Derived From Cellulose

356

(2)

16.6 Conclusions

358

(1)

References

358

(9)

17 Rheology and Structural Properties of Polysaccharides

367

(18)

Andreea Irina Barzic

17.1 Introduction

367

(1)

17.2 General Structural Features of Polysaccharides

368

(2)

17.3 Main Types of Polysaccharides and Their Structural Properties

370

(4)

17.4 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharides

374

(5)

17.4.1 Semi-Diluted and Concentrated Solutions of Polysaccharides

374

(1)

17.4.2 Gels of Polysaccharides

375

(2)

17.4.3 Polysaccharide Liquid Crystals

377

(2)

17.5 Conclusions

379

(1)

References

379

(6)

18 Gums-Based Bionanostructures for Medical Applications

385

(14)

Hira Munir

Muhammad Bilal

Muhammad Imran Khan

Hafiz M.N. Iqbal

18.1 Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds

386

(1)

18.2 Natural Gums-Physicochemical Features

386

(1)

18.3 Sources of Natural Gums

387

(1)

18.3.1 Exudate Gums

387

(1)

18.3.2 Mucilages

387

(1)

18.3.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides

388

(1)

18.3.4 Microbial Polysaccharides

388

(1)

18.3.5 Animal Polysaccharide

388

(1)

18.3.6 Other Sources of Polysaccharide Gums

388

(1)

18.4 Classification of Gums

388

(2)

18.4.1 According to the Charge

388

(1)

18.4.2 According to the Source

389

(1)

18.4.3 According to Shape

389

(1)

18.4.4 According to Monomeric Units in Chemical Structure

389

(1)

18.4.5 Semi-Synthetic Gums

390

(1)

18.5 Composition of Natural Gums

390

(1)

18.6 Extraction and Purification of Natural Gums

390

(1)

18.7 Modification and Hydrolysis of Natural Gums

390

(1)

18.8 Medical Applications of Gums-Based Bio-Nanostructures

390

(5)

18.8.1 Conductive Adhesive Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications

391

(2)

18.8.2 Application in Imaging and Cell Studies

393

(1)

18.8.3 Application in Sutures

393

(1)

18.8.4 Biomaterials for Implantation

394

(1)

18.9 Conclusions

395

(1)

References

395

(4)

19 Alginates: Properties and Applications

399

(24)

Sapna Raghav

Pallavi Jain

Dinesh Kumar

19.1 Introduction

399

(1)

19.2 Properties of Sodium Alginate (Na-Alg)

400

(2)

19.2.1 Thickening Property of Alginates

401

(1)

19.2.2 Gelling Property of Alginates

401

(1)

19.2.3 Film-Forming Property

402

(1)

19.2.4 Lipophilicity

402

(1)

19.2.5 Solubility

402

(1)

19.2.6 pH Sensitivity

402

(1)

19.3 Chemical Properties

402

(1)

19.4 Applications

403

(11)

19.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering

404

(1)

19.4.2 Pharmaceutical Applications

405

(1)

19.4.2.1 Small Chemical Drug Delivery

405

(1)

19.4.2.2 Protein Delivery

406

(1)

19.4.3 Wound Dressing

406

(2)

19.4.4 Vaccine Delivery

408

(2)

19.4.5 Water Treatment Application

410

(1)

19.4.6 Alginate for Anion Removal

410

(4)

19.5 Conclusions and Prospects

414

(1)

Acknowledgments

414

(1)

Abbreviations

414

(1)

References

414

(9)

20 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications

423

(18)

Olugbenga Samuel Michael

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji

Ayodele Eugene Ayeni

Muhammad Akram

Inamuddin

Juliana Bunmi Adetunji

Mathew Olaniyan

Musa Abidemi Muhibi

20.1 Introduction

424

(1)

20.2 Marine Bacteria That Produce Polysaccharides

425

(6)

20.3 Marine Fungi That Produce Polysaccharide

431

(1)

20.4 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides

431

(2)

20.4.1 Solid State Fermentation

432

(1)

20.4.2 Submerged Fermentation

432

(1)

20.4.3 Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides

432

(1)

20.5 Characterization via Molecular, Biochemical and Cultural Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides

433

(1)

20.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge

434

(1)

References

434

(7)

21 Polysaccharides: Promising Constituent for the Preparation of Nanomaterials

441

(18)

Rafeeya Shams

Quratul Eain Hyder Rizvi

Aamir Hussain Dar

Ishrat Majid

Shafat Ahmad Khan

Anurag Singh

21.1 Introduction

441

(4)

21.1.1 Classification and Types of Nanomaterials

442

(3)

21.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide-Dependent Nanomaterials

445

(6)

21.2.1 Electrospinning

445

(1)

21.2.2 Dip Coating, Film Casting, and Physical Mixing

446

(1)

21.2.3 Layer by Layer Assembly

447

(1)

21.2.4 Ionotropic Gelation, Colloidal Assembly and Coprecipitation

447

(1)

21.2.5 In Situ NP Preparation

447

(1)

21.2.6 lonotropic Gelation

448

(3)

21.3 Biocompatibility of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

451

(1)

21.4 Conclusions and Summary

452

(1)

References

452

(7)

22 Anticancer Potential of Polysaccharides

459

(18)

Ali Raza

Javed Iqbal

Muhammad Usman Munir

Anila Asif

Arsalan Ahmed

22.1 Introduction

459

(1)

22.2 Mode of Action

460

(2)

22.2.1 Cell-Cycle Arrest

460

(1)

22.2.2 Receptor

460

(1)

22.2.3 Immunomodulatory Effect

461

(1)

22.2.4 Chemotherapy Enhancement

461

(1)

22.2.5 Mitochondrial Membrane Inhibition

461

(1)

22.2.6 Free Radicals Capture

462

(1)

22.3 Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment

462

(6)

22.3.1 Lung Cancer

463

(1)

22.3.2 Blood Cancer

464

(1)

22.3.3 Liver Cancer

465

(1)

22.3.4 Gastric and Colon Cancer

465

(1)

22.3.5 Bladder and Kidney Cancer

466

(1)

22.3.6 Breast Cancer

466

(1)

22.3.7 Cervical Cancer

467

(1)

22.4 Polysaccharides in Conventional Therapies

468

(3)

22.4.1 Chemotherapy

468

(1)

22.4.2 Radiotherapy

469

(1)

22.4.3 Surgery

469

(1)

22.4.4 Phototherapy

469

(1)

22.4.5 Drug Delivery

469

(1)

22.4.6 Bioimaging

470

(1)

22.4.7 Food Supplement

470

(1)

22.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends

471

(1)

References

471

(6)

23 Polysaccharide-Based Membrane for Packaging Applications

477

(24)

Saumya Pandey

23.1 Introduction

477

(1)

23.2 Polysaccharides as Biomaterials for Biodegradable Packaging

478

(8)

23.2.1 Polysaccharides Extracted From Animals

481

(1)

23.2.1.1 Chitin and Chitosan

481

(1)

23.2.2 Polysaccharides Extracted From Plants

481

(3)

23.2.2.1 Cellulose

481

(1)

23.2.2.2 Pectin

482

(1)

23.2.2.3 Starch

483

(1)

23.2.2.4 Galactomannans

484

(1)

23.2.3 Polysaccharides Extracted From Algae

484

(1)

23.2.3.1 Carrageenan

484

(1)

23.2.3.2 Alginate

484

(1)

23.2.4 Polysaccharides Synthesized by Microorganisms

485

(1)

23.2.4.1 Pullulan

485

(1)

23.2.4.2 Gellan Gum

485

(1)

23.2.4.3 Xanthan Gum

486

(1)

23.2.4.4 FucoPol

486

(1)

23.3 Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Packaging Film or Coating

486

(3)

23.3.1 Barrier Properties of Film or Coatings

486

(2)

23.3.2 Mechanical Properties of the Film

488

(1)

23.4 Polysaccharides-Based Nanocomposites Packaging

489

(1)

23.5 Polysaccharides-Based Films and Coatings in Food Packaging Applications

490

(2)

23.5.1 Food Preservation and Self-Life Extension

490

(1)

23.5.2 Antimicrobial Coating

490

(1)

23.5.3 Delaying of Post-Harvest Ripening

491

(1)

23.5.4 Restoring Color, Aroma and Nutritional Value

491

(1)

23.5.5 Antioxidant Properties

491

(1)

23.6 Conclusion and Prospects

492

(1)

References

493

(8)

24 Applications of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment

501

(16)

Nivedita Pujari S.

Joy Hoskeri H.

Anand L. Torvi

Arun K. Shettar

24.1 Introduction

501

(1)

24.2 Types of Polysaccharides Used in Cancer Treatment

502

(2)

24.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides

502

(1)

24.2.2 Vegetal Polysaccharides

503

(1)

24.2.3 Microorganism and Fungi Polysaccharides

503

(1)

24.3 Mechanism of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent

504

(3)

24.3.1 Actions of Polysaccharides as Immunological Functioning

504

(1)

24.3.2 Role of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling

505

(1)

24.3.3 Effect of Polysaccharides in Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest

506

(1)

24.3.4 Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides

506

(1)

24.4 Usage of Polysaccharides in Preclinical and Clinical Models of Cancer

507

(3)

24.4.1 In-Vitro Cell Line Model

507

(1)

24.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer in Animal Model Study

508

(1)

24.4.3 Clinical Trials of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment

508

(2)

24.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

510

(1)

References

510

(7)

25 Application of Chitosan-Based Catalysts for Heterocycles Synthesis and Other Reactions

517

(26)

Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar

Nelson L.C. Domingues

Ramesh Katla

Rakhi Katla

25.1 Introduction

517

(1)

25.2 Recent Research Reports

518

(20)

25.2.1 Furans

518

(1)

25.2.2 Pyrazoles

518

(1)

25.2.3 Imidazoles

519

(1)

25.2.4 Oxazoles

520

(1)

25.2.5 Thiazoles

521

(1)

25.2.6 Triazoles

522

(1)

25.2.7 Tetrazoles

523

(1)

25.2.8 Pyridines

524

(1)

25.2.9 Quinolines

524

(1)

25.2.10 Pyrazines

525

(1)

25.2.11 Pyrimidines

525

(2)

25.2.12 Quinazolines

527

(1)

25.2.13 Phthalazines

527

(1)

25.2.14 Perimidines

527

(1)

25.2.15 Pyrans

528

(2)

25.2.16 Coumarins

530

(1)

25.2.17 Chromenes

530

(1)

25.2.18 Other Reactions

531

(13)

25.2.18.1 Oxidations

531

(2)

25.2.18.2 Reductions

533

(1)

25.2.18.3 Coupling/Condensation Reactions

533

(4)

25.2.18.4 Isomerization

537

(1)

25.2.18.5 Ring Opening

538

(1)

25.3 Conclusion

538

(1)

References

539

(4)

26 Preparation and Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Composites

543

(30)

Sadaf Ahmad

Bushra Anees Palvasha

Bakar bin Khatab Abbasi

Muhammad Shahid Nazir

Majid Niaz Akhtar

Zaman Tahir

Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah

26.1 Introduction

544

(1)

26.2 Types

544

(2)

26.2.1 Cellulose

544

(1)

26.2.2 Starch

545

(1)

26.2.3 Glycogen

545

(1)

26.2.4 Chitin

545

(1)

26.2.5 Pectin

546

(1)

26.3 Importance

546

(1)

26.4 Fabrication and Applications of Polysaccharide-Inorganic-Based Composites

547

(17)

26.4.1 Cellulose-Inorganic Materials

547

(6)

26.4.2 Starch-Inorganic Materials

553

(4)

26.4.3 Pectin-Inorganic Materials

557

(2)

26.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan-Inorganic Materials

559

(2)

26.4.5 Polysaccharides-Metal Organic Frameworks

561

(3)

26.5 Recent Applications

564

(1)

26.6 Conclusion

565

(1)

References

566

(7)

27 Polysaccharide-Based Liquid Crystals

573

(18)

Sumaira Saleem

Gulzar Muhammad

Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal

Muhammad Ajaz Hussain

Muhammad Arshad Raza

Zahid Shafiq

Haseeba Razzaq

27.1 Introduction

573

(2)

27.2 Polysaccharides-Based Liquid Crystals

575

(11)

27.2.1 Cellulose-Based Liquid Crystals

575

(3)

27.2.2 Liquid Crystals From Cellulose Derivatives

578

(1)

27.2.3 Amylose-Based Liquid Crystals

579

(3)

27.2.4 Dextrin-Based Liquid Crystals

582

(2)

27.2.5 Chitin-Based Liquid Crystals

584

(1)

27.2.6 Schizophyllan-Based Liquid Crystals

585

(1)

27.3 Conclusion

586

(1)

References

586

(5)

28 Patents on Polysaccharide Applications

591

(16)

Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak

Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar

Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed

28.1 Introduction

591

(4)

28.2 Polysaccharides in Medical Application

595

(2)

28.3 Polysaccharides in Cosmetic Application

597

(3)

28.4 Polysaccharides in Battery Components

600

(1)

28.5 Polysaccharides in Paper Manufacture

601

(1)

28.6 Conclusion

601

(1)

References

602

(5)

29 Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System

607

(50)

Muhammad Harris Shoaib

Muhammad Sikandar

Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed

Fatima Ramzan Ali

Faaiza Qazi

Rabia Ismail Yousuf

Asma Irshad

Sabahat Jabeen

Kamran Ahmed

29.1 Introduction

607

(1)

29.2 Polysaccharides From Plant Sources and Their Derivatives

608

(12)

29.2.1 Cellulose

608

(1)

29.2.2 Cellulose Derivatives

609

(4)

29.2.2.1 Cellulose Ethers

609

(3)

29.2.2.2 Cellulose Esters

612

(1)

29.2.3 Hemicellulose

613

(4)

29.2.3.1 Mannans

614

(3)

29.2.4 Starch

617

(1)

29.2.5 Pectin

618

(1)

29.2.6 Lignin

619

(1)

29.2.7 Inulin

620

(1)

29.3 Gums

620

(4)

29.3.1 Exudate Gums

620

(2)

29.3.1.1 Gum Arabic (Gum Acacia)

620

(1)

29.3.1.2 Gum Tragacanth

621

(1)

29.3.1.3 Gum Karaya

621

(1)

29.3.2 Mucilage Gums

622

(2)

29.3.2.1 Okra Gum

622

(1)

29.3.2.2 Khaya Gum

622

(1)

29.3.2.3 Hakea Gum

622

(1)

29.3.2.4 Cassia tora Gum

623

(1)

29.3.2.5 Albizia Gum

623

(1)

29.3.2.6 Prunus cerasoides Gum

623

(1)

29.3.2.7 Tamarind Gum

623

(1)

29.3.2.8 Cissus populnea Gum

624

(1)

29.4 Polysaccharides From Algal Sources

624

(5)

29.4.1 Alginates

624

(2)

29.4.2 Galactans

626

(1)

29.4.3 Carrageenan

626

(1)

29.4.4 Agar

627

(1)

29.4.5 Agarose

628

(1)

29.5 Polysaccharides From Fungal Sources

629

(2)

29.5.1 Scleroglucan

629

(1)

29.5.2 Beta-Glucan

629

(1)

29.5.3 Pullulan

630

(1)

29.6 Polysaccharides From Animals Sources and Their Derivatives

631

(4)

29.6.1 Chitin

631

(1)

29.6.2 Chitosan

632

(1)

29.6.3 Hyaluronic Acid

633

(1)

29.6.4 Glycogen

633

(1)

29.6.5 Chondroitin Sulfate

633

(1)

29.6.6 Dermatan Sulfate

634

(1)

29.6.7 Gelatin

634

(1)

29.7 Polysaccharides From Microorganisms

635

(2)

29.7.1 Curdlan

635

(1)

29.7.2 Xanthan Gum

636

(1)

29.7.3 Gellan Gum

637

(1)

References

637

(20)

30 Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine

657

(26)

Nivedita Pujari S.

Arun K. Shettar

Joy Hoskeri H.

30.1 Introduction

657

(1)

30.2 Sources of Polysaccharides

658

(4)

30.2.1 Polysaccharides in Dietary Fibers

658

(1)

30.2.2 Polysaccharides in Plants

659

(1)

30.2.3 Polysaccharides in Algae and Lichens

659

(1)

30.2.4 Polysaccharides in Fungi

660

(1)

30.2.5 Polysaccharides From Bacteria

661

(1)

30.2.6 Polysaccharides From Other Sources

662

(1)

30.3 Role of Polysaccharides in Nutrition

662

(3)

30.3.1 Polysaccharides in Food

662

(1)

30.3.2 Polysaccharides as Energy Sources

663

(1)

30.3.3 Health Impact of Polysaccharides

664

(1)

30.3.4 Nutritional Aspect of Polysaccharides

664

(1)

30.4 Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharides

665

(9)

30.4.1 Polysaccharides as Antimicrobial and Antiviral

665

(1)

30.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer

666

(1)

30.4.3 Polysaccharides as Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Agents

667

(2)

30.4.4 Polysaccharides as Antidiabetic Agents

669

(1)

30.4.5 Polysaccharides as Immune Modulator Agent

670

(1)

30.4.6 Polysaccharides as Anti-Inflammatory Agent

671

(1)

30.4.7 Polysaccharides as Neuro-Protective Agent

672

(1)

30.4.8 Polysaccharides as a Source of Antioxidant

672

(1)

30.4.9 Polysaccharides in Wound Healing and Wound Dressing

673

(1)

30.5 Conclusion

674

(1)

References

674

(9)

31 Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements

683

(18)

Rafig Gurbanov

31.1 A Brief History of Vaccination

683

(1)

31.2 The Leverage of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines Over Natural Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines

684

(2)

31.3 The Principles of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines

686

(6)

31.3.1 Tumor Vaccines

689

(1)

31.3.2 Leishmaniasis Vaccines

690

(1)

31.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines

690

(1)

31.3.4 Bacterial Vaccines

691

(1)

31.4 The Opportunities and Prospects of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccine Technologies

692

(2)

References

694

(7)

32 Polysaccharides Derived From Natural Sources: A Panacea to Health and Nutritional Challenges

701

(38)

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji

Muhammad Akram

Olugbenga Samuel Michael

Khuram Shahzad

Ayodele Eugene Ayeni

Sidra Hasan

Juliana Bunmi Adetunji

Syed Muhammad Hasan

Inamuddin

Mathew Olaniyan

Musa Abidemi Muhibi

32.1 Introduction

702

(1)

32.2 Different Types of Polysaccharides Derived From Different Natural Sources

703

(15)

32.2.1 Polysaccharides Derived From Plants and Their Applications

704

(1)

32.2.2 Animal Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications

705

(2)

32.2.2.1 Chitosan and Chitin

705

(1)

32.2.2.2 Heparin and Heparin Sulfates

706

(1)

32.2.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid

707

(1)

32.2.3 Microorganisms Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications

707

(2)

32.2.3.1 Alginate

707

(1)

32.2.3.2 Dextran

708

(1)

32.2.3.3 Fucoidans

708

(1)

32.2.3.4 Spirulina

708

(1)

32.2.4 Homoglycans

709

(9)

32.2.4.1 Starch and Hetastarch

709

(1)

32.2.4.2 Cellulose

709

(1)

32.2.4.3 Inulin

710

(1)

32.2.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan

710

(2)

32.2.4.5 Glycogen

712

(1)

32.2.4.6 Heteroglycans and Other Polysaccharides

712

(3)

32.2.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans Significance

715

(1)

32.2.4.8 Chondroitin Sulfates

715

(1)

32.2.4.9 Hyaluronic Acid

715

(1)

32.2.4.10 Alginic Acid

715

(2)

32.2.4.11 Mucopolysaccharidoses

717

(1)

32.3 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides

718

(2)

32.3.1 Solid State Fermentation

719

(1)

32.3.2 Submerged Fermentation

719

(1)

32.3.3 Extraction and Purification Process of Polysaccharides

720

(1)

32.4 Specific Examples of Polysaccharides and Their Various Applications in Nutrition and Medicine

720

(5)

32.4.1 Schizophyllan

720

(2)

32.4.1.1 Antitumor Activity of Schizophyllan

721

(1)

32.4.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Schizophyllan

721

(1)

32.4.1.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of Schizophyllan

721

(1)

32.4.1.4 Prebiotic Potential of Schizophyllan

722

(1)

32.4.2 Pleuran and Others Polysaccharides From Pleurotus spp.

722

(1)

32.4.2.1 Specific Nutritional and Beneficial Functions of Pleurotus Polysaccharides

722

(1)

32.4.3 Scleroglucan

723

(1)

32.4.3.1 Applications for Nutritional and Medicinal Purposes Derived From Scleroglucan

723

(1)

32.4.4 Curdlan

724

(1)

32.4.5 Other Essential Polysaccharides With Medical Significance

725

(1)

32.5 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge

725

(1)

References

725

(14)

Index

739

Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.

Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.

Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences Presidents International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.

Tariq Altalhi PhD is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.

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