Preface |
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xv | |
Authors |
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xix | |
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xxi | |
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xxiii | |
International Standards |
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xxv | |
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1 Theory of Distributed-Parameter Circuits and Impedance/Admittance Formulas |
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1 | (140) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Impedance and Admittance Formulas |
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2 | (15) |
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1.2.1 Conductor Internal Impedance Zi |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.1.1 Derivation of an Approximate Formula |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2.1.2 Accurate Formula by Schelkunoff |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Outer-Media Impedance Z0 |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2.1 Outer-Media Impedance |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2.2 Overhead Conductor |
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9 | (5) |
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1.2.2.3 Pollaczek's General Formula for Overhead, Underground, and Overhead/Underground Conductor Systems |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.3 Basic Theory of Distributed-Parameter Circuit |
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17 | (21) |
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1.3.1 Partial Differential Equations of Voltages and Currents |
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17 | (1) |
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1.3.2 General Solutions of Voltages and Currents |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.2.1 Sinusoidal Excitation |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Voltages and Currents on a Semi-Infinite Line |
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23 | (1) |
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1.3.3.1 Solutions of Voltages and Currents |
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23 | (1) |
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1.3.3.2 Waveforms of Voltages and Currents |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Propagation Constants and Characteristic Impedance |
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28 | (1) |
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1.3.4.1 Propagation Constants |
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28 | (2) |
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1.3.4.2 Characteristic Impedance |
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30 | (2) |
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1.3.5 Voltages and Currents on a Finite Line |
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32 | (1) |
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1.3.5.1 Short-Circuited Line |
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32 | (3) |
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1.3.5.2 Open-Circuited Line |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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1.4 Multiconductor System |
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38 | (19) |
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1.4.1 Steady-State Solutions |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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1.4.2.1 Eigenvalue Theory |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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1.4.2.4 Parameters in Modal Domain |
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47 | (2) |
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1.4.3 Two-Port Circuit Theory and Boundary Conditions |
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49 | (1) |
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1.4.3.1 Four-Terminal Parameter |
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49 | (2) |
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1.4.3.2 Impedance/Admittance Parameters |
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51 | (2) |
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1.4.4 Modal Distribution of Multiphase Voltages and Currents |
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53 | (1) |
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1.4.4.1 Transformation Matrix |
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53 | (1) |
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1.4.4.2 Modal Distribution |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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1.5 Frequency-Dependent Effect |
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57 | (20) |
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1.5.1 Frequency Dependence of Impedance |
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57 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Frequency-Dependent Parameters |
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59 | (1) |
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1.5.2.1 Frequency Dependence |
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59 | (1) |
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1.5.2.2 Propagation Constant |
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60 | (1) |
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1.5.2.3 Characteristic Impedance |
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60 | (4) |
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1.5.2.4 Transformation Matrix |
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64 | (4) |
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1.5.2.5 Line Parameters in the Extreme Case |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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1.5.3.1 Time-Dependent Responses |
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71 | (1) |
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1.5.3.2 Propagation Constant: Step Response |
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72 | (1) |
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1.5.3.3 Characteristic Impedance |
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72 | (3) |
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1.5.3.4 Transformation Matrix |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (27) |
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1.6.1 Reflection and Refraction Coefficients |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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1.6.2.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Semi-Infinite Line |
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79 | (1) |
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1.6.2.2 Voltage and Current Sources at the Sending End |
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80 | (1) |
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1.6.2.3 Boundary Condition at the Receiving End |
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81 | (1) |
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1.6.2.4 Thevenin's Theorem |
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82 | (2) |
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1.6.3 Multiple Reflection |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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1.6.4.1 Reflection and Refraction Coefficients |
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88 | (1) |
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1.6.4.2 Lossless Two-Conductor Systems |
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88 | (3) |
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1.6.4.3 Consideration of Modal Propagation Velocities |
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91 | (5) |
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1.6.4.4 Consideration of Losses in a Two-Conductor System |
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96 | (3) |
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1.6.4.5 Three-Conductor Systems |
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99 | (3) |
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1.6.4.6 Cascaded System Composed of Different Numbers of Conductors |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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1.7 Nonuniform Conductors |
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104 | (18) |
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1.7.1 Characteristic of Nonuniform Conductors |
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105 | (1) |
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1.7.1.1 Nonuniform Conductors |
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105 | (3) |
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1.7.1.2 Difference from Uniform Conductors |
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108 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Impedance and Admittance Formulas |
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109 | (1) |
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1.7.2.1 Finite-Length Horizontal Conductor |
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109 | (3) |
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1.7.2.2 Vertical Conductor |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (1) |
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1.7.3.1 Finite Horizontal Conductor |
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115 | (1) |
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1.7.3.2 Vertical Conductor |
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116 | (2) |
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1.7.3.3 Nonparallel Conductor |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (19) |
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122 | (1) |
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1.8.1.1 History of Transient Analysis |
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122 | (2) |
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1.8.1.2 Background of the EMTP |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Basic Theory of the EMTP |
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125 | (1) |
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1.8.2.1 Representation of a Circuit Element by a Current Source and Resistance |
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126 | (2) |
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1.8.2.2 Composition of Nodal Conductance |
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128 | (2) |
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1.8.3 Other Circuit Elements |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (6) |
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136 | (5) |
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2 Transients on Overhead Lines |
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141 | (94) |
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141 | (1) |
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2.2 Switching Surge on Overhead Lines |
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142 | (23) |
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2.2.1 Basic Mechanism of A Switching Surge |
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142 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Basic Parameters Influencing Switching Surges |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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2.2.2.4 Transmission Line |
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147 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Switching Surges in Practice |
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147 | (1) |
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2.2.3.1 Classification of Switching Surges |
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147 | (1) |
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2.2.3.2 Basic Characteristics of a Closing Surge: Field Test Results |
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148 | (5) |
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2.2.3.3 Closing Surge on a Single Phase Line |
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153 | (1) |
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2.2.3.4 Closing Surges on a Multiphase Line |
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154 | (4) |
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2.2.3.5 Effect of Various Parameters on a Closing Surge |
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158 | (7) |
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165 | (11) |
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2.3.1 Fault Initiation Surge |
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165 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Characteristic of a Fault Initiation Surge |
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167 | (1) |
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2.3.2.1 Effect of Line Transposition |
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167 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 Overvoltage Distribution |
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168 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Fault-Clearing Surge |
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170 | (6) |
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176 | (18) |
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2.4.1 Mechanism of Lightning Surge Generation |
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176 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Modeling of Circuit Elements |
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178 | (1) |
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2.4.2.1 Lightning Current |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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2.4.2.3 Tower Footing Impedance |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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2.4.2.5 Transmission Line |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Simulation Result of A Lightning Surge |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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2.4.3.2 Lightning Surge Overvoltage |
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186 | (1) |
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2.4.3.3 Effect of Various Parameters |
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187 | (7) |
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2.5 Theoretical Analysis of Transients: Hand Calculations |
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194 | (20) |
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2.5.1 Switching Surge on an Overhead Line |
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195 | (1) |
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2.5.1.1 Traveling Wave Theory |
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195 | (6) |
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2.5.1.2 Lumped Parameter Equivalent with Laplace Transform |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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2.5.3.1 Tower-Top Voltage |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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2.5.3.5 Consideration of Substation |
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211 | (3) |
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2.6 Frequency-Domain (FD) Method of Transient Simulations |
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214 | (21) |
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214 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Numerical Fourier/Laplace Transform |
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214 | (1) |
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2.6.2.1 Finite Fourier Transform |
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214 | (2) |
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2.6.2.2 Shift of Integral Path: Laplace Transform |
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216 | (1) |
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2.6.2.3 Numerical Laplace Transform: Discrete Laplace Transform |
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217 | (1) |
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2.6.2.4 Odd-Number Sampling: Accuracy Improvement |
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217 | (3) |
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2.6.2.5 Application of Fast Fourier Transform FFT: Fast Laplace Transform (FLT) |
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220 | (6) |
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2.6.3 Transient Simulation |
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226 | (1) |
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2.6.3.1 Definition of Variables |
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227 | (1) |
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2.6.3.2 Subroutine to Prepare F(ω) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Remarks of the FD Method |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (2) |
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3 Transients on Cable Systems |
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235 | (56) |
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235 | (1) |
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3.2 Impedance and Admittance of Cable Systems |
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236 | (22) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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3.2.1.2 Impedance and Admittance |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Homogeneous Model of a Cross-Bonded Cable |
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240 | (1) |
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3.2.3.1 Homogeneous Impedance and Admittance |
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240 | (5) |
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3.2.3.2 Reduction of the Sheath |
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245 | (3) |
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3.2.4 Theoretical Formula of Sequence Currents |
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248 | (1) |
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3.2.4.1 Cross-Bonded Cable |
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248 | (5) |
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3.2.4.2 Solidly Bonded Cable |
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253 | (5) |
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3.3 Wave Propagation and Overvoltages |
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258 | (16) |
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258 | (1) |
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3.3.1.1 Propagation Constant |
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258 | (2) |
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3.3.1.2 Example of Transient Analysis |
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260 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Wave Propagation Characteristics |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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3.3.2.3 Transformation Matrix |
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266 | (1) |
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3.3.2.4 Attenuation Constant and Propagation Velocity |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (5) |
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3.3.4 Limitations of the Sheath Voltage |
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271 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Installation of SVLs |
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273 | (1) |
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3.4 Studies on Recent and Planned EHV AC Cable Projects |
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274 | (4) |
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3.4.1 Recent Cable Projects |
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274 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Planned Cable Projects |
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278 | (1) |
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3.5 Cable System Design and Equipment Selection |
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278 | (8) |
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278 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Zero-Missing Phenomenon |
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280 | (2) |
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3.5.2.1 Sequential Switching |
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282 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Leading Current Interruption |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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3.6 EMTP Simulation Test Cases |
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286 | (5) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (3) |
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4 Transient and Dynamic Characteristics of New Energy Systems |
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291 | (54) |
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291 | (14) |
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4.1.1 Model Circuit of a Wind Farm |
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291 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Steady-State Analysis |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (4) |
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298 | (3) |
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4.1.2.3 Load-Flow Calculation |
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301 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Transient Calculation |
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303 | (2) |
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4.2 Power-Electronics Simulation Using the EMTP |
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305 | (26) |
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4.2.1 Simple Switching Circuit |
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306 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Switching Transistor Model |
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307 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Simple Switch Model |
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307 | (5) |
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4.2.2.2 Switch with Delay Model |
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312 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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4.2.3.2 Modified Switching Device Model |
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316 | (5) |
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4.2.3.3 Simulation Circuit and Results |
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321 | (8) |
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4.2.4 Thermal Calculation |
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329 | (2) |
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4.3 Voltage-Regulation Equipment Using Battery in a DC Railway System |
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331 | (12) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Measured and Calculated Results |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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4.3.3.2 Calculated Results of the Conventional System |
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336 | (4) |
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4.3.3.3 Calculated Results with Power Compensator |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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5 Numerical Electromagnetic Analysis Methods and Their Application in Transient Analyses |
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345 | (46) |
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345 | (16) |
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5.1.1 Maxwell's Equations |
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345 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method |
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346 | (8) |
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354 | (7) |
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361 | (30) |
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5.2.1 Grounding Electrodes |
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361 | (6) |
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5.2.2 Transmission Towers |
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367 | (4) |
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5.2.3 Distribution Lines: Lightning-Induced Surges |
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371 | (3) |
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5.2.4 Transmission Lines: Propagation of Lightning Surges in the Presence of Corona |
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374 | (6) |
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5.2.5 Power Cables: Propagation of Power Line Communication Signals |
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380 | (4) |
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5.2.6 Air-Insulated Substations |
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384 | (2) |
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5.2.7 Wind-Turbine Generator Towers |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (3) |
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6 Electromagnetic Disturbances in Power Systems and Customer Homes |
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391 | (76) |
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391 | (1) |
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6.2 Disturbances in Power Stations and Substations |
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392 | (18) |
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6.2.1 Statistical Data of Disturbances |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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6.2.1.2 Disturbed Equipment |
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393 | (2) |
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6.2.1.3 Incoming Surge Routes |
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395 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Characteristics of Disturbances |
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395 | (1) |
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6.2.2.1 Characteristics of LS Disturbances |
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395 | (1) |
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6.2.2.2 Characteristics of SS Disturbances |
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395 | (5) |
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6.2.2.3 SSs in DC Circuits |
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400 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Influence, Countermeasures, and Costs of Disturbances |
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401 | (1) |
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6.2.3.1 Influence of Disturbances on Power System Operation |
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401 | (2) |
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6.2.3.2 Conducted Countermeasures |
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403 | (1) |
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6.2.3.3 Cost of Countermeasures |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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6.3 Disturbances in Customers' Home Appliances |
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410 | (24) |
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6.3.1 Statistical Data of Disturbances |
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410 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Breakdown Voltage of Home Appliances |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Surge Voltages and Currents to Customers Due to Nearby Lightning |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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6.3.3.2 Model Circuits for Experiments and EMTP Simulations |
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414 | (7) |
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6.3.3.3 Experimental and Simulation Results |
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421 | (5) |
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6.3.3.4 Concluding Remarks |
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426 | (1) |
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6.3.4 LS Incoming from a Communication Line |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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6.3.4.2 Protective Device |
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426 | (3) |
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429 | (4) |
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6.3.4.4 Concluding Remarks |
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433 | (1) |
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6.4 Analytical Method of Solving Induced Voltages and Currents |
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434 | (33) |
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434 | (2) |
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6.4.2 F-Parameter Formulation for Induced Voltages and Currents |
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436 | (1) |
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6.4.2.1 Formulation of F-Parameter |
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436 | (1) |
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6.4.2.2 Approximation of F-Parameters |
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437 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Cascaded Connection of Pipelines |
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437 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Application Examples |
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438 | (1) |
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6.4.3.1 Single Section Terminated by R1 and R2 |
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438 | (5) |
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6.4.3.2 Two-Cascaded Sections of a Pipeline (Problem 6.1) |
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443 | (6) |
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6.4.3.3 Three-Cascaded Sections of a Pipeline (Problem 6.1) |
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449 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Comparison with a Field Test Result |
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450 | (1) |
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6.4.4.1 Comparison with EMTP Simulations |
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450 | (1) |
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6.4.4.2 Field Test Results |
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450 | (6) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (6) |
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463 | (4) |
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467 | (82) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (6) |
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468 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Transmission Towers and GWs |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Distribution Lines and Customer's House |
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472 | (2) |
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7.3 Modeling for Steady-State and Transient Analysis |
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474 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Analytical/Theoretical Model |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Modeling for EMTP Simulation |
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476 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Numerical Electromagnetic Analysis |
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477 | (1) |
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7.4 Measurement of Transient Responses on Various Grounding Electrodes |
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478 | (71) |
|
7.4.1 Transient Response Measurements on Multiple Vertical Electrodes and FDTD Simulations |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
7.4.1.1 Experimental Conditions |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
7.4.1.2 Measuring Instruments |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
7.4.1.4 Experiments and FDTD Simulations |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
7.4.1.5 A Study of Mutual Coupling by FDTD Simulations |
|
|
485 | (7) |
|
7.4.2 Theoretical Analysis of Transient Response |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
7.4.2.1 Analytical Formula of Electrode Voltage |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.2 Transient Voltage Waveform |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.3 Analytical Investigation |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.4 Circuit Parameters |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.5 Wave Propagation Characteristic |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.6 Concluding Remarks |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
7.4.3 Investigation of Various Measured Results |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
|
506 | (4) |
|
7.4.3.4 Effect of Lead Wire |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Reduction of Grounding Impedance: Effect of Electrode Shape |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
7.4.4.2 Field Measurements |
|
|
512 | (4) |
|
|
516 | (10) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
7.4.5 Transient Induced Voltage to Control Cable from Grounding Mesh |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
7.4.5.3 No Mutual Coupling (Case X0-Lj) |
|
|
530 | (7) |
|
7.4.5.4 With Mutual Coupling (Case X1-Lj) |
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (3) |
|
|
545 | (4) |
|
8 Problems and Application Limits of Numerical Simulations |
|
|
549 | (10) |
|
8.1 Problems with Existing Impedance Formulas Used in Circuit Theory-Based Approaches |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
8.1.1 Earth-Return Impedance |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
8.1.1.1 Carson's Impedance |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
8.1.1.2 Basic Assumptions of Impedance |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
8.1.1.3 Nonparallel Conductors |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
8.1.1.5 Earth Resistivity and Permittivity |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
8.1.2.1 Schelkunoff's Impedance |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
8.1.2.2 Arbitrary Cross-Section Conductor |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
8.1.2.3 Semiconducting Layer of Cables |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
8.1.3 Earth-Return Admittance |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
8.2 Existing Problems in Circuit Theory-Based Numerical Analysis |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
8.2.1 Reliability of a Simulation Tool |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
8.2.2 Assumptions and Limits of a Simulation Tool |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
8.3 NEA for Power System Transients |
|
|
554 | (5) |
|
|
555 | (4) |
Index |
|
559 | |