About the authors |
|
xvii | |
Preface to the Fourth Edition |
|
xix | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxi | |
Notation |
|
xxiii | |
|
Plan and terminology of BS 7671:2008 and supporting publications |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
Terminology of BS 7671:2008 |
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|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
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Electricity, the law, standards and codes of practice |
|
|
7 | (8) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (5) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EWR) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Standards and codes of practice |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
The IEE Wiring Regulations: BS 7671 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Electric signs and high-voltage luminous-discharge-tube installations: BS 559 and BS EN 50107 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Emergency lighting: BS 5266 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Electrical equipment for explosive gas atmospheres: BS EN 60079 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Electrical equipment for use in the presence of combustible dust: BS EN 50281 and BS EN 61241 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Electrical installations in opencast mines and quarries: BS 6907 |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Fire detection and alarm systems for buildings: BS 5839 |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Telecommunications systems: BS 6701 |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Electric surface heating: BS 6351 |
|
|
14 | (1) |
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Lightning protection: BS EN 62305 |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Lift installations: BS 5655 and BS EN 81-1 |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (14) |
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Scope, object and fundamental principles |
|
|
17 | (1) |
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|
17 | (3) |
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|
17 | (1) |
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|
17 | (2) |
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Exclusions from the scope |
|
|
19 | (1) |
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|
20 | (1) |
|
Relationship with statutory authorities |
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|
20 | (1) |
|
Installations in premises subjected to licensing |
|
|
20 | (1) |
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|
20 | (1) |
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|
20 | (1) |
|
New materials and inventions |
|
|
21 | (1) |
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|
21 | (8) |
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|
21 | (1) |
|
Electric shock: basic protection |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Electric shock: fault protection |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Protection against thermal effects |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Protection against overcurrent |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Protection against fault current |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Protection against voltage disturbances and measures against electromagnetic influences |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Protection against supply interruption |
|
|
24 | (2) |
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Additions and alterations to an installation |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
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Selection of electrical equipment |
|
|
26 | (1) |
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Erection, initial verification of electrical installations, and periodic inspection and testing |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
Assessment of general characteristics |
|
|
29 | (18) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Loading, maximum demand and diversity |
|
|
29 | (6) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Lighting: loading and diversity |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Heating: loading and diversity |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Cookers: loading and diversity |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Water heaters: loading and diversity |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Motors: loading and diversity |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Stationary equipment: loading and diversity |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Conventional circuits: loading and diversity |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Socket-outlet circuits other than conventional circuits: loading and diversity |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Arrangement of live conductors and type of earthing |
|
|
35 | (5) |
|
Arrangement of live conductors |
|
|
35 | (1) |
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|
35 | (5) |
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
The nature of current and frequency |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Prospective short-circuit current |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
External earth fault loop impedance |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Type and rating of overcurrent device at the origin |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Supplies for safety services and standby purposes |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Installation circuit arrangements |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Protection against electric shock |
|
|
47 | (42) |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
Provisions for basic protection |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Basic insulation of live parts |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Protective measure: automatic disconnection of supply |
|
|
53 | (22) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
General requirements for fault protection in ADS |
|
|
54 | (6) |
|
Fault protection in ADS: for TN systems |
|
|
60 | (7) |
|
Fault protection in ADS: for TT systems |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
Fault protection in ADS: for IT systems |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Functional extra-low voltage |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Reduced low-voltage systems |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
Protective measure: double or reinforced insulation |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
Protective measure: electrical separation |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Protective measure: extra-low voltage provided by SELV or PELV |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Obstacles and placing out of reach |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Protection by placing out of reach |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Protective measures for application only where the installation is controlled or under the supervision of skilled or instructed persons |
|
|
83 | (6) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Protection by earth-free local equipotential bonding |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Electrical separation for the supply to more than one item of current-using equipment |
|
|
86 | (3) |
|
Protection against thermal effects |
|
|
89 | (12) |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Fire caused by electrical equipment |
|
|
91 | (4) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Arcs, sparks and high-temperature particles |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Position of equipment embodying heat sources |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Construction of enclosures |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Precautions where particular risks of danger of fire exist |
|
|
95 | (5) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Conditions for evacuation in an emergency |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
Locations with risks of fire due to the nature of processed or stored materials |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Combustible constructional materials |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Fire-propagating structures |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Selection and erection of installations in locations of national, commercial, industrial or public significance |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Protection against overcurrent, undervoltage and overvoltage |
|
|
101 | (38) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Nature of protective devices |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
Protection against overload |
|
|
104 | (6) |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
Protection against overload: motors |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Protection against fault current |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
Determination of prospective fault current |
|
|
112 | (16) |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
Calculation of inductive reactance |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of k for different temperatures |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
Calculation of impedance of steel enclosures |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Resistance and inductive reactance values |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Temperature adjustments to resistance values |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Line-to-neutral short-circuits |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Line-to-line short-circuits |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Three-phase short-circuit |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Fault current at the origin of an installation |
|
|
125 | (3) |
|
Characteristics of protective devices |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
Overcurrent protection of conductors in parallel |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
Coordination of overload and fault current protection |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Protection according to the nature of circuits and distribution systems |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Protection against undervoltage |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Protection against overvoltage |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Temporary overvoltages due to earth faults in the high-voltage system or faults in the low-voltage system |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (22) |
|
|
139 | (4) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (6) |
|
Switching off for mechanical maintenance |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
Emergency switching and other forms of switching for safety |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Identification and notices |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Equipment selection: common rules |
|
|
161 | (20) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Compliance with standards |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Operational conditions, external influences and accessibility |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
Identification and notices |
|
|
164 | (12) |
|
Mutual detrimental influences |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Operation and maintenance manual |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
181 | (60) |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
Fire performance of wiring systems |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (14) |
|
External influences: general |
|
|
185 | (8) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Corrosive and polluting substances |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Mechanical damage: general |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Mechanical damage: concealed and buried cables |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Damage by fauna, flora and mould growth |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Building design considerations |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Proximity to other services: general |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
Proximity of electrical wiring systems to other electrical systems |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Proximity of electrical wiring systems to communications cables |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Proximity of electrical wiring systems to nonelectrical systems |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Methods of installation of cables |
|
|
205 | (12) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Current-carrying capacities, cross-sectional area of conductors and conductor operating temperatures |
|
|
205 | (9) |
|
|
214 | (3) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Resistances of copper conductors |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (6) |
|
Cable supports and cable management systems |
|
|
224 | (6) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Maximum cable support spacings |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Overhead cables between buildings |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Minimum bending radii of cables |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
Maximum cable trunking support spacings |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Other cable management systems |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Minimizing the risk of fire |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic and electromechanical effects |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Conduit and trunking cable capacities |
|
|
233 | (5) |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
Switchgear, protective devices and other equipment |
|
|
241 | (48) |
|
Switchgear and protective devices: general |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Switchgear and controlgear |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Switchgear and controlgear: general |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Switchgear and controlgear: forms of assembly |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Selection of devices for overload and fault current protection: general |
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
Overcurrent protective devices |
|
|
247 | (14) |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
Semi-enclosed fuses to BS 3036 |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
High breaking capacity fuses to BS 88 |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
High breaking capacity fuses to BS 1361 |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Cartridge fuses to BS 1362 |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Miniature circuit-breakers to BS 3871 and BS EN 60 898 |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Moulded case circuit-breakers to BS EN 60947-2 |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (10) |
|
Residual current devices: general |
|
|
261 | (7) |
|
Residual current devices: principles of operation |
|
|
268 | |
|
Residual current monitors |
|
|
210 | (61) |
|
Identification of overcurrent protective devices |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (7) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Discrimination: high breaking capacity---high breaking capacity fuses |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Discrimination: miniature circuit-breakers-miniature circuit-breakers |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
Discrimination: miniature circuit-breakers-fuse |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Discrimination: residual current devices |
|
|
275 | (4) |
|
|
279 | (10) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Luminaires and lighting points |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Heaters for liquids and other substances, including water |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
Heating conductors and electric surface heating systems |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (8) |
|
Protective conductors, earthing and equipotential bonding |
|
|
289 | (36) |
|
|
289 | (18) |
|
Protective conductors: general |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: types |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Protective conductors: thermal withstand |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: sizes |
|
|
294 | (4) |
|
Protective conductors: for combined protective and functional purposes |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Protective conductors: electrical continuity |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: formed by steel conduit, trunking, etc |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: mineral-insulated cables |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors of ring final circuits |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: armouring |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
Protective conductors: `clean' earths |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Protective conductors: proving and monitoring |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (7) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Earthing: responsibilities |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Earthing: connection to Earth and system arrangements |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Earthing: accessories and other equipment |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Earthing requirements for the installation of equipment having high protective conductor currents |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Additional requirements for earthing of equipment in TN and TT systems |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
Minimum cross-sectional area of protective conductors of final and distribution circuits |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Residual current device compatibility |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
Specialized installations |
|
|
325 | (22) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Fire detection and alarm systems |
|
|
326 | (5) |
|
Petrol filling stations and liquid petroleum gas stations |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Installations in dusty environments |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Installations in underground and multistorey car parks, etc |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Installations in multi-occupancy blocks of flats |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Installations in `Section 20 buildings' |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Installations in churches |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Installations in thatched properties |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Extra-low voltage lighting |
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
Outdoor lighting installations, highway power supplies and street furniture |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Protection against electric shock |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Cable installation and identification |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (5) |
|
|
347 | (6) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
Parallel and nonparallel sources |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Circuit and equipment requirements |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Protection against overcurrent and electric shock under fault conditions |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
353 | (36) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
The IEE On-Site Guide and the NICEIC Domestic Electrical Installation Guide |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Electricity distributor's requirements |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Assessment of supply characteristics |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
System earthing arrangements |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Minimum cross-sectional area of earthing and main protective bonding conductors |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Devices for protection against overcurrent and for fault protection |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Devices for isolation and switching |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (21) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Minimum number of socket-outlets in domestic premises |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Modifications to existing installations |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Inspection, testing, verification and certification of the smaller installation |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Special installations and locations |
|
|
389 | (70) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Locations containing a bath or shower |
|
|
389 | (9) |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
Degrees of ingress protection |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Equipment permitted in and outside the various zones |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
Shaver supply units and socket-outlets |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Mobile and nonfixed current-using equipment |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Electric heating embedded in the floor |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Swimming pools and other basins |
|
|
398 | (9) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Additional requirements relating to electric shock |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Additional requirements relating to selection and erection of equipment |
|
|
399 | (8) |
|
Rooms and cabins containing sauna heaters |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Construction-site installations |
|
|
407 | (6) |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Protection against electric shock |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Agricultural and horticultural premises |
|
|
413 | (8) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Protection against electric shock |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
Fire and harmful thermal effects |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Automatic life support for high-density livestock rearing |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Conducting locations with restricted movement |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Protection against electric shock |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Electrical installations in caravan/camping parks and similar locations |
|
|
422 | (7) |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Equipment: selection and erection |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Typical caravan park distribution layout |
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424 | (5) |
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Marinas and similar locations |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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Protection against electric shock |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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Equipment: selection and erection |
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430 | (1) |
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Exhibition shows and stands |
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430 | (5) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (5) |
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Protection against electric shock and protection against fire |
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435 | (1) |
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Equipment: selection and erection |
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435 | (1) |
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Solar photovoltaic power supply systems |
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435 | (5) |
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435 | (4) |
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439 | (1) |
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Earthing a live conductor on the d.c. side |
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440 | (1) |
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Protection against electric shock, overcurrent and electromagnetic interference |
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440 | (1) |
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Equipment: selection and erection |
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440 | (1) |
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Mobile or transportable units |
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440 | (5) |
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440 | (4) |
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444 | (1) |
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Protection against electric shock |
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444 | (1) |
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Equipment: selection and erection |
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445 | (1) |
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Electrical installations in caravans and motor caravans |
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445 | (6) |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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Main isolating switch, caravan inlets and connection leads |
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448 | (2) |
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Luminaires and accessories |
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450 | (1) |
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Annex A of Section 721: guidance on 12 V d.c. installations |
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450 | (1) |
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Temporary electrical installations for structures, amusement devices and booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks and circuses |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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Electrical supplies and protection against electric shock |
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451 | (1) |
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Motors: protection against excess temperature |
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452 | (1) |
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Equipment: selection and erection |
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452 | (1) |
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Floor and ceiling heating systems |
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452 | (7) |
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452 | (3) |
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455 | (1) |
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Protection against electric shock |
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456 | (1) |
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Protection against harmful thermal effects |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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Identification and notices |
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457 | (2) |
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Inspection, testing, certification and reporting |
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459 | (78) |
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Inspection, testing, certification and reporting: general |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (3) |
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459 | (2) |
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Insulation test instruments |
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461 | (1) |
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Continuity test instruments |
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461 | (1) |
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Earth loop impedance test instruments |
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461 | (1) |
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Applied voltage test instruments |
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461 | (1) |
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Earth electrode test instruments |
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461 | (1) |
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Residual current device test instruments |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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Phase sequence test instruments |
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462 | (1) |
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Safety in electrical testing |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (20) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (2) |
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Non-conducting location tests |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (7) |
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Earth loop impedance and prospective fault current tests All Applied voltage tests |
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476 | (4) |
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Earth electrode tests All Residual current device tests |
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480 | (1) |
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Protection by SELV, PELV or electrical separation |
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481 | (1) |
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Verification of phase sequence |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (2) |
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Verification of voltage drop |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (29) |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (9) |
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493 | (1) |
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Initial certification: general |
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493 | (19) |
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Initial certification: caravans |
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512 | (1) |
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Initial certification: minor works |
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512 | (1) |
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Periodic inspection and testing |
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512 | (22) |
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512 | (4) |
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Intervals between periodic inspection and testing |
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516 | (2) |
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Approximate age of an installation |
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518 | (1) |
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Periodic inspection and testing |
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519 | (4) |
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523 | (11) |
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Alterations and additions |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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Inspection, testing and certification of specialized installations |
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535 | (2) |
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Fire detection and alarm systems in buildings |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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|
535 | (2) |
Appendix Standards to which reference has been made |
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537 | (8) |
Bibliography |
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545 | (2) |
Index of figures |
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547 | (4) |
Index of tables |
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551 | (6) |
Index of regulation numbers |
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557 | (22) |
Subject index |
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579 | |