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E-grāmata: Practical Handbook of Speech Coders

(Consultant, Holmdel, New Jersey, USA)
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The demand for digital speech coding algorithms grows every day, fueled by applications such as streaming speech over the Internet, Internet telephone, digital cellular telephony, wireless teleconferencing, and various multimedia applications. Until now, most of the books available on audio coding have been collections of individually authored papers. Others have discussed the fundamental coders, but neglected many of the innovations currently in use. Unlike these books, A Practical Handbook of Speech Coders offers in-depth treatment of the basics of speech coding plus the innovations to the basic methods that make the coders useful and efficient.
The authors designed this work for engineers, scientists, and manager who need to understand the emerging speech coding techniques and telecommunication standards. However, it will prove useful to people at all levels of speech coder experience:
  • If you want to simply download the code for an existing algorithm, this book helps you evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of all publicly available codes and choose the right one, then points you to the Internet location where the code is available for download.
  • For experts who want to improve on existing coders, this book provides the parameters of current coders and the techniques to improve upon them. You can download an existing algorithm or code it using the algorithmic descriptions in the book, make your innovations, and then test the code with the procedures given.
  • If you want to become an expert and have some basic knowledge of digital signal processing, you can learn the innovative steps taken by the inventor of each coder, explore the rigorous research techniques needed to develop your own coder, and become proficient in existing vocoder technology.
  • Introduction
    1(4)
    Speech Production
    5(28)
    The Speech Chain
    5(3)
    Articulation
    8(21)
    Excitation
    9(2)
    Vocal Tract
    11(3)
    Phonemes
    14(15)
    Source-Filter Model
    29(4)
    Speech Analysis Techniques
    33(18)
    Sampling the Speech Waveform
    33(3)
    Systems and Filtering
    36(2)
    Z-Transform
    38(2)
    Fourier Transform
    40(2)
    Discrete Fourier Transform
    42(3)
    Fast Fourier Transform
    43(2)
    Windowing Signal Segments
    45(6)
    Linear Prediction Vocal Tract Modeling
    51(14)
    Sound Propagation in the Vocal Tract
    51(6)
    Multiple-Tube Model
    55(2)
    Estimation of LP Parameters
    57(3)
    Autocorrelation Method of Parameter Estimation
    58(1)
    Covariance Method
    59(1)
    Transformations of LP Parameters Quantization
    60(1)
    Log Area Ratios
    60(1)
    Line Spectral Frequencies
    60(1)
    Examples of LP Modeling
    61(4)
    Pitch Extraction
    65(14)
    Autocorrelation Pitch Estimation
    66(6)
    Autocorrelation of Center-Clipped Speech
    68(1)
    Cross Correlation
    69(3)
    Energy Normalized Correlation
    72(1)
    Cepstral Pitch Extraction
    72(4)
    Frequency-Domain Error Minimization
    76(1)
    Pitch Tracking
    77(2)
    Median Smoothing
    77(1)
    Dynamic Programming Tracking
    78(1)
    Auditory Information Processing
    79(10)
    The Basilar Membrane: A Spectrum Analyzer
    79(1)
    Critical Bands
    80(3)
    Thresholds of Audibility and Detectability
    83(2)
    Monaural Masking
    85(4)
    Simultaneous Masking in Frequency
    85(2)
    Temporal Masking
    87(2)
    Quantization and Waveform Coders
    89(24)
    Uniform Quantization
    90(3)
    Uniform Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
    90(3)
    Nonlinear Quantization
    93(1)
    Nonuniform Pulse Code Modulation
    94(1)
    Differential Waveform Coding
    94(5)
    Predictive Differential Coding
    96(1)
    Delta Modulation
    97(2)
    Adaptive Quantization
    99(4)
    Adaptive Delta Modulation
    99(1)
    Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (AD-PCM)
    99(4)
    Vector Quantization
    103(10)
    Distortion Measures
    105(2)
    Codebook Training
    107(1)
    Complexity Reduction Approaches
    108(2)
    Predictive Vector Quantization
    110(3)
    Quality Evaluation
    113(10)
    Objective Measures
    114(1)
    Signal-to-Noise Ratio
    114(1)
    Spectral Distance
    115(1)
    Subjective Measures
    115(5)
    Intelligibility
    116(1)
    Quality
    117(2)
    Background Noise and Channel Conditions
    119(1)
    Perceptual Objective Measures
    120(3)
    Voice Coding Concepts
    123(16)
    Channel Vocoder
    125(3)
    Implementations of the Channel Vocoder
    126(2)
    Formant Vocoder
    128(2)
    The Sinusoidal Speech Coder
    130(3)
    The Sinusoidal Model
    130(1)
    Sinusoidal Parameter Analysis
    131(2)
    Linear Prediction Vocoder
    133(6)
    Federal Standard 1015, LPC-10e at 2.4 kbit/s
    137(2)
    Linear Prediction Analysis by Synthesis
    139(18)
    Analysis by Synthesis Estimation of Excitation
    140(1)
    Multi-Pulse Linear Prediction Coder
    141(1)
    Regular Pulse Excited LP Coder
    142(1)
    ETSI GSM Full Rate RPE-LTP
    143(1)
    Code Excited Linear Prediction Coder
    143(14)
    CELP Concept
    145(1)
    CELP Computational Efficiency Improvements
    146(2)
    Adaptive Postfiltering
    148(1)
    Federal Standard 1016, CELP at 4.8 kbits/sec
    149(1)
    ITU-T G.728 Low Delay CELP at 16 kbit/s
    149(1)
    ITU G.723.1 Algebraic CELP/Multi-Pulse Coder at 5.3/6.3 kbit/s
    150(2)
    ETSI GSM Enhanced Full Rate Algebraic CELP at 12.2 kbit/s
    152(1)
    IS-641 EFR 7.4 kbit/s Algebraic CELP for IS-136 North American Digital Cellular
    153(1)
    ETSI GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate Algebraic CELP from 4.75 to 12.2 kbit/s
    154(3)
    Mixed Excitation Coding
    157(36)
    Multi-Band Excitation Vocoder
    157(8)
    Multi-Band Excitation Analysis
    158(3)
    Multi-Band Excitation Synthesis
    161(2)
    Implementations of the MBE Vocoder
    163(2)
    Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction Coder
    165(11)
    Federal Standard MELP Coder at 2.4 kbit/s
    168(6)
    Improvements to MELP Coder
    174(2)
    Split Band LPC Coder
    176(3)
    Bit Allocations and Quality Results
    177(2)
    Harmonic Vector Excitation Coder
    179(6)
    HVXC Encoder
    179(3)
    HVXC Decoder
    182(3)
    HVXC Performance
    185(1)
    Waveform Interpolation Coding
    185(8)
    WI Coder and Decoder
    186(2)
    Quantization of SEW and REW
    188(1)
    Performance and Enhancements
    189(4)
    Perceptual Speech Coding
    193(12)
    Auditory Processing of Speech
    193(6)
    General Perceptual Speech Coder
    194(1)
    Frequency and Temporal Masking
    195(2)
    Determining Masking Levels
    197(2)
    Perceptual Coding Considerations
    199(3)
    Limits on Time/Frequency Resolution
    200(1)
    Sound Quality of Signal Components
    200(1)
    MBE Model for Perceptual Coding
    201(1)
    Research in Perceptual Speech Coding
    202(3)
    A Related Internet Sites 205(4)
    A.1 Information on Coding Standards
    205(2)
    A.2 Technical Conferences
    207(2)
    References 209(16)
    Index 225


    Goldberg\, Randy; Riek\, Lance