| List of Tables, Figures, and Photos |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
| About the Authors |
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xxi | |
| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (13) |
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Exploring Presidential Leadership |
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3 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Approaches to Studying the Presidency |
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5 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
| 2 The Powers of the Presidency |
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14 | (39) |
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The Constitutional Design |
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15 | (9) |
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The Constitutional Convention |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (5) |
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Box 2.1 Can the President Refuse to Execute Unconstitutional Laws? |
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23 | (1) |
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The Importance of Precedent: Early Controversies and Contemporary Applications |
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24 | (9) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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The Neutrality Proclamation |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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Accounting for the Growth in Presidential Power |
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33 | (10) |
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Increase in the Size of Government |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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Jurisprudential Doctrines |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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The Ultimate Check: Impeachment and Removal |
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43 | (4) |
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Box 2.2 Donald Trump Impeached Twice: Can a President Be Tried after Leaving Office? |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Activities; Selected Readings |
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50 | (3) |
| 3 The Nomination Process |
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53 | (29) |
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The Evolution of the Nominating System |
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54 | (2) |
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The Nomination System Today |
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56 | (5) |
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57 | (2) |
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Box 3.1 Will the Iowa Caucuses Survive? |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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The Caucus and Primary Calendar |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (11) |
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61 | (4) |
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Polling, Positioning, and Tracking Delegates |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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Box 3.2 Biden's 2020 Path to the Nomination |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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The Influence of the Nomination on the General Election and on Governance |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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80 | (2) |
| 4 The Presidential Election |
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82 | (36) |
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83 | (10) |
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The Origins of the Electoral College |
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83 | (1) |
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How the Electoral College Works |
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84 | (1) |
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Violating Political Equality |
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85 | (3) |
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Electing the Loser of the Popular Vote |
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88 | (1) |
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Defending State Interests or Distorting the Campaign? |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Protecting Non-State-Based Minority Interests |
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91 | (1) |
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Consequences of Direct Election |
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91 | (2) |
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The General Election Campaign |
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93 | (11) |
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Organization and Operations |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (5) |
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Preliminaries: The 2016 Election and Trump's First Term |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (8) |
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Box 4.1 The 2020 Election Was Not "Stolen" |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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116 | (2) |
| 5 The President and the Public |
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118 | (27) |
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Understanding Public Opinion |
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119 | (6) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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Presidential Election Results |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Acting Contrary to Public Opinion |
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124 | (1) |
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Public Expectations of the President |
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125 | (6) |
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126 | (3) |
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Contradictory Expectations |
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129 | (2) |
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Public Approval of the President |
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131 | (12) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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Box 5.1 Donald Trump and Public Disapproval |
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135 | (1) |
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The Persistence of Approval |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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Box 5.2 The Public's View of Joe Biden's Personal Characteristics |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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143 | (2) |
| 6 Leading the Public |
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145 | (37) |
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Direct Opinion Leadership |
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146 | (11) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Public Attentiveness and Understanding |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (2) |
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Increasing the Salience of Popular Issues |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (5) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (12) |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (2) |
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Box 6.1 Donald Trump as America's First Tweeter |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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Box 6.2 Donald Trump's Uneasy Relationship with the Truth |
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173 | (1) |
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Success of Opinion Leadership |
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174 | (5) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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180 | (2) |
| 7 The President and the Media |
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182 | (36) |
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The Evolution of Media Coverage |
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183 | (3) |
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Box 7.1 Donald Trump as Media Adversary |
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185 | (1) |
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Relations between the President and the Press |
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186 | (11) |
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The White House Press Corps |
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186 | (1) |
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The Presidential Press Operation |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (2) |
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Press Coverage of the President |
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197 | (12) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (7) |
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Setting the Public's Agenda |
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209 | (1) |
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Media Framing and Priming |
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210 | (2) |
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Public Knowledge and Attitudes |
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212 | (1) |
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Limiting the President's Options |
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213 | (1) |
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Undermining the President |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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217 | (1) |
| 8 The Structure of the Presidency |
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218 | (33) |
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The Development of a Presidential Institution |
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219 | (6) |
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219 | (2) |
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The First Presidential Assistants |
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221 | (1) |
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Evolution of the Cabinet as an Advisory Body |
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221 | (4) |
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From the Bureau of the Budget to the EOP |
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225 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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The New Deal and the Brownlow Committee |
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227 | (1) |
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The Executive Office of the President |
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227 | (12) |
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229 | (7) |
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Box 8.1 A Cautionary Lesson: Donald Trump's Chiefs of Staff |
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231 | (5) |
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Office of Management and Budget |
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236 | (1) |
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National Security Council |
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237 | (1) |
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Homeland Security Council |
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238 | (1) |
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Council of Economic Advisers |
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239 | (1) |
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Other Specialized Offices |
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239 | (1) |
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The Challenges of Centralization |
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239 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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White House-Cabinet Tensions |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Transitioning to the Presidency |
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241 | (1) |
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The Vice President and the President's Spouse |
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242 | (5) |
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243 | (3) |
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Box 8.2 Vice President Kamala Harris |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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248 | (3) |
| 9 Presidential Decision Making |
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251 | (46) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Organization and Style of Decision Making |
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254 | (11) |
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254 | (3) |
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Box 9.1 Donald Trump's Fractious White House |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (2) |
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Presidential Participation |
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261 | (4) |
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Box 9.2 Donald Trump as Decision Maker |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Relationships with Advisers |
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265 | (8) |
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Disagreeing with the President |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Impact of the Decision-Making Process |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (9) |
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Identification of Problems |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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Decisions amid Uncertainty |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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Bureaucratic Politics and Structure |
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284 | (10) |
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Organizational Parochialism |
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284 | (1) |
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Maintaining the Organization |
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285 | (2) |
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Organizational and Personal Influence |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (4) |
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Standard Operating Procedures |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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295 | (2) |
| 10 The President and the Executive |
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297 | (48) |
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Lack of Attention to Implementation |
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298 | (3) |
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Communication of Presidential Decisions |
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301 | (7) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (9) |
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309 | (5) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (16) |
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318 | (2) |
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Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the President |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (7) |
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Box 10.1 Joe Biden Builds a Cabinet That Looks Like America |
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325 | (2) |
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Box 10.2 Donald Trump's Difficulties in Building an Administration |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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The Bureaucratic Structure |
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333 | (6) |
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Standard Operating Procedures |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (4) |
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339 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Failing to Report Problems |
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340 | (1) |
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Failing to Use Information |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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Centralizing Decision Making |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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342 | (3) |
| 11 The President and Congress |
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345 | (46) |
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Formal Legislative Powers |
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346 | (1) |
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Sources of Conflicts between the Executive and the Legislature |
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347 | (4) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Information and Expertise |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (13) |
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Party Support of the President |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (3) |
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Maintaining and Increasing Party Numbers |
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358 | (4) |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (4) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (2) |
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Box 11.1 Did Presidents Biden or Trump Win a Mandate? |
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368 | (1) |
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Evaluating Strategic Position |
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368 | (1) |
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Presidential Legislative Skills |
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369 | (13) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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Providing Services and Amenities |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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Box 11.2 Trump Pressures Members of Congress |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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The Impact of Legislative Skills |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (5) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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388 | (3) |
| 12 The President and the Judiciary |
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391 | (34) |
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392 | (15) |
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Selection of Lower Court Judges |
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392 | (4) |
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Backgrounds of Lower Court Judges |
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396 | (3) |
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Selection of Supreme Court Justices |
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399 | (6) |
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Characteristics of Justices |
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405 | (2) |
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President-Supreme Court Relations |
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407 | (6) |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (2) |
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Enforcing Court Decisions |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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Complying with the Supreme Court |
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413 | (4) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Deference to the President |
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417 | (4) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Box 12.1 Donald Trump Struggles with the Courts |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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Box 12.2 Donald Trump's Unusual Use of the Pardon Power |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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423 | (2) |
| 13 Domestic and Economic Policy Making |
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425 | (28) |
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Presidential Action, Policy, and Governmental Failure: COVID-19 |
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426 | (4) |
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Failure to Recognize the Threat |
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427 | (1) |
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Delayed and Ineffective Reaction |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (1) |
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The Development of a Domestic Policy-Making Role |
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430 | (1) |
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Domestic Policy Units within the White House Office and the Executive Office of the President |
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431 | (3) |
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Growth of White House Policy Staffs |
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432 | (1) |
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Policy Roles of the Office of Management and Budget |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (6) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (3) |
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Budgeting and Fiscal Policy |
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440 | (10) |
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442 | (4) |
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Box 13.1 Biden Economic and Domestic Policies |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (9) |
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Box 13.2 The Politics of the Debt Ceiling |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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451 | (2) |
| 14 Foreign and Defense Policy |
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453 | |
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Box 14.1 Confronting the Problem of North Korea |
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454 | (1) |
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The Constitutional Design |
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455 | (3) |
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Growth of Presidential Power |
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456 | (2) |
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Box 14.2 Is the President the "Sole Organ" in Foreign Affairs? |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (10) |
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458 | (5) |
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463 | (3) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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Commander in Chief and the Use of Force |
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468 | (5) |
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468 | (4) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (4) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (3) |
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The Organization of Foreign and Defense Policy |
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477 | (3) |
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480 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions; Web Exercises; Selected Readings |
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481 | |
| Appendix A: Methods for Studying the Presidency |
|
A-1 | |
| Appendix B: Nonelectoral Succession, Removal, and Tenure |
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A-11 | |
| Appendix C: Provisions of the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Presidency |
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A-17 | |
| Appendix D: 2020 Presidential Election Results |
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A-25 | |
| Notes |
|
N-1 | |
| Index |
|
I-1 | |
