| Preface |
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xxi | |
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1 | (36) |
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1 Development and Differentiation of Autonomic Neurons |
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3 | (1) |
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The ANS is Derived from Neural Crest Cells |
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3 | (1) |
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Signaling Molecules Regulate the Developmental Processes of the ANS |
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3 | (1) |
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Transcriptional Regulatory Code Underlying the Development and Phenotypic Specification of the ANS |
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4 | (2) |
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Neurotransmitter Phenotypes of the ANS |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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2 Central Autonomic Control |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Autonomic Output of the Central Nervous System |
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11 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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3 Imaging of Brainstem Sites Involved in Cardiovascular Control |
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Identification of Medullary Cardiovascular Nuclei in Experimental Animals |
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13 | (1) |
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Identification of Medullary Cardiovascular Nuclei in Humans |
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13 | (4) |
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16 | (1) |
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4 Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System |
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Sympathetic Nervous system |
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17 | (3) |
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Sympathoadrenal Axis and the Adrenal Gland |
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20 | (1) |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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21 | (1) |
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The Concept of Plurichemical Transmission and Chemical Coding |
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22 | (1) |
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Visceral Afferent Neurons and Autonomic Nervous System |
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23 | (1) |
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Functional Neuroanatomy and Biochemical Pharmacology |
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24 | (1) |
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Stress and Autonomic Dysfunction |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Enteric and Cardiac Nerves |
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29 | (1) |
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Physiological Significance of Cotransmission |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (5) |
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33 | (4) |
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II BIOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS |
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6 Noradrenergic Neurotransmission |
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Catecholamines, and Catechols |
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37 | (1) |
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Noradrenergic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System |
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37 | (1) |
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Norepinephrine: the Main Sympathetic Cardiovascular Neurotransmitter |
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38 | (4) |
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Biomarkers of Sympathetic Noradrenergic Innervation and Function |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Differential Noradrenergic vs. Adrenergic Activation in Stress |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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Diversity of Human TH Gene Expression |
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45 | (1) |
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Congenital Disease Associated with TH Mutation |
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46 | (1) |
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Gene Therapy with TH Gene Function |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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47 | (3) |
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8 Antidepressant-Sensitive Norepinephrine Transporters: Structure and Regulation |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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9 α1-Adrenergic Receptors |
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α1-Adrenoreceptor Subtypes |
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51 | (1) |
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Structure of α1-Adrenoreceptors |
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51 | (1) |
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Ligand Binding and Activation of α1-Adrenoreceptors |
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51 | (1) |
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Function of α1-Adrenoreceptors |
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52 | (2) |
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Signaling of α1-Adrenoreceptors |
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54 | (1) |
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Regulation of α1-Adrenoreceptors |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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10 α2-Adrenergic Receptors |
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Pharmacology and Functions of α2-AR subtypes |
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55 | (1) |
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α2-AR Signaling and Trafficking |
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55 | (1) |
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Regulation by Interacting Proteins |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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11 β-Adrenergic Receptors |
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59 | (1) |
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β-AR Subtypes and their Distribution |
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59 | (1) |
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β-ARs Signal Transduction |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Importance of β-ARs |
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60 | (1) |
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Genetic Variability in β-ARs |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (4) |
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61 | (4) |
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12 Dopaminergic Neurotransmission |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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Distribution and Expression of Dopamine Receptors |
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67 | (1) |
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Dopamine Receptor Structure |
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67 | (2) |
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Dopamine Receptor Function: Signal Transduction Pathways |
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69 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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14 Cholinergic Neurotransmission |
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Acetylcholine Biosynthesis and Metabolism |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Cholinergic Pharmacologic Agents |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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15 Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors |
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Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Sites and Receptors |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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Structural Considerations |
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79 | (1) |
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Subtype Diversity of Nicotinic Receptors |
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79 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Events Associated with Receptor Activation |
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80 | (1) |
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Distribution of Nicotinic Receptors |
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81 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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17 Serotonin Receptors and Neurotransmission |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Pharmacology and Role in Disease |
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85 | (1) |
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Role in Autonomic Processes |
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85 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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18 Purinergic Neurotransmission and Nucleotide Receptors |
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Purinergic Neurotransmission |
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87 | (2) |
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Receptors for Purines and Pyrimidines |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (3) |
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19 Adenosine Receptors and Autonomic Regulation |
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Postsynaptic Anti-Adrenergic Effects of Adenosine |
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95 | (1) |
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Presynaptic Effects of Adenosine on Efferent Nerves and Ganglionic Transmission |
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95 | (1) |
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Adenosine and Central Autonomic Regulation |
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96 | (1) |
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Neuroexcitatory Actions of Adenosine on Afferent Pathways |
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96 | (1) |
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Integrated View of Adenosine and Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation |
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96 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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20 Nitric Oxide and Autonomic Regulation |
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99 | (1) |
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Central No-Autonomic Nervous System Interactions |
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99 | (1) |
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No-Autonomic Nervous System Interactions in the Periphery |
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100 | (1) |
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No-Autonomic Nervous System Interactions in Heart Rate Control |
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101 | (2) |
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101 | (2) |
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21 Glutamatergic Neurotransmission |
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Synthesis and Vesicular Release |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Glutamate in the Autonomic Nervous System |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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107 | (2) |
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22 GABAergic Neurotransmission |
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Overview of GABA Mediated Signaling |
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109 | (1) |
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GABA Responses are Mediated by Both Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors |
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109 | (1) |
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GABAA Receptors Mediate Multiple Modes of Neuronal Signaling |
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109 | (1) |
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Neurotransmission is Mediated by a Diverse Set of GABAA Receptor Subtypes |
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110 | (1) |
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Subtype Preferring Drugs Allow for Selective Components of GABA Signaling |
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110 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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116 | (3) |
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24 Aldosterone and the Mineralocorticoid Receptor |
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119 | (2) |
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25 Vasopressin and Disorders of Water Homeostasis |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Disorders of Body Water Homeostasis |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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Disorders of Water Homeostasis and the Autonomic Nervous System |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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26 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin |
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127 | (1) |
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Synthesis and Localization of CGRP and AM |
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127 | (1) |
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Release of CGRP from Sensory Nerve Terminals |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Attenuation of Oxidative Stress by CGRP and AM |
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128 | (1) |
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Attenuation of Inflammation by CGRP And AM |
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128 | (1) |
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Inhibition of Apoptosis by CGRP and AM |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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27 Leptin Signaling and Energy Homeostasis |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Intracellular Mechanism Associated With the Leptin Receptor |
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131 | (1) |
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Sites of Leptin Action in the Brain |
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132 | (1) |
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Interaction of Leptin and Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Introduction: Endothelin System Components |
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135 | (1) |
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Effects of preproet-1 or ET Receptor Gene Deletion |
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135 | (1) |
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Mechanism of Action of ET |
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135 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology of the Endothelin System in Experimental Models |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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ET-1 in Essential Hypertension |
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136 | (1) |
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Molecular Genetics of the Endothelin System |
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137 | (1) |
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Endothelins and the Nervous System |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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29 Pharmacology of the Nucleous Tractus Solitarii |
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Nucleus Tractus Solitarii |
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141 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Effects of NO in the NTS |
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141 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Effects of Adenosine in the NTS |
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142 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Effects of Insulin in the NTS |
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142 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin II in the NTS |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (4) |
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143 | (4) |
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30 Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms |
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147 | (4) |
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149 | (2) |
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31 Cross-talk Between Body Systems: Respiratory-Cardiovascular Coupling in Health and Disease |
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151 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Autonomic Activity; Coupling to the Respiratory Pattern Generator |
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151 | (1) |
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Why is the Circulatory System Respiratory-Modulated? |
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152 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Disease: Opposite Effects on RSA and HFO |
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153 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Modulation of Respiratory Activity |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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154 | (3) |
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32 Circadian Rhythms and Autonomic Function |
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SCN Output and Autonomic Control |
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157 | (1) |
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Circadian and Sleep-Control of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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158 | (1) |
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Cardiac Events and Circadian Rhythms |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Neural Pathways and Effector Mechanisms |
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161 | (1) |
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Determinants of Afferent Baroreceptor Activity |
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161 | (2) |
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Baroreflex Adaptation and Resetting in Acute Hypertension |
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163 | (1) |
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Decreased Baroreflex Sensitivity in Disease |
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163 | (1) |
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BRS: A Determinant of Cardiovascular Risk and Therapeutic Target |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
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34 Genetic Determinants of Baroreflex Function |
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169 | (2) |
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35 Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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Autonomic Reflex Responses to Visceral Afferent Activation |
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173 | (1) |
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Pathological Alterations of Visceral Afferents |
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174 | (3) |
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175 | (2) |
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36 Autonomic Control of the Heart |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Autonomic Nervous Control |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Altered Autonomic Control |
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179 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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The Vertebrate Nervous System |
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181 | (1) |
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The Cardiac Conduction System |
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181 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Cardiac Vagal Ganglia |
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181 | (2) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System |
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183 | (4) |
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185 | (2) |
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38 Neural Control of Blood Vessels |
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Autonomic Vasomotor Control and Cardiovascular Homeostasis |
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187 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Component of Autonomic Vasomotor Control |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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39 Physiology of Upright Posture |
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193 | (1) |
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Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in the Adjustments of the Human Body to Orthostatic Stress |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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Regulation of Cerebral Circulation |
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197 | (4) |
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199 | (2) |
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41 Autonomic Control of the Lower Airways |
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Overview of Airway Innervation |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Neural Control of Airways in Disease |
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203 | (6) |
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204 | (5) |
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42 Gastrointestinal Function |
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209 | (2) |
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43 The Splanchnic Circulation |
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211 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Control of the Splanchnic Circulation - General Features |
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211 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Control of the Splanchnic Circulation in Special Circumstances |
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212 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Control of the Splanchnic Circulation in Disease |
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212 | (3) |
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213 | (2) |
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44 Autonomic Control of the Kidney |
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215 | (1) |
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Innervation of the Kidney |
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215 | (1) |
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Autonomic Receptors in the Kidney |
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215 | (2) |
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Reflex Regulation of Blood Volume |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Autonomic Control of the Kidney in Pathophysiological States |
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219 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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45 Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney |
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Renal Dopamine (DA) Formation and Excretion |
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221 | (1) |
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Renal DA Receptor Expression |
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221 | (1) |
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Dopaminergic Regulation of Renal Na+ Excretion |
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222 | (1) |
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Physiologic Interactions of the Renal Dopaminergic System and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) |
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222 | (1) |
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Renal DA and Hypertension |
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223 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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46 Autonomic Control of the Lower Urinary Tract |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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47 Bladder Function in Health and Disease |
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Structure of the Lower Urinary Tract |
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229 | (1) |
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Properties of the Healthy Lower Urinary Tract |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (3) |
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232 | (3) |
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48 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Female Sexual Function |
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Physiology of the Female Sexual Response Cycle |
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235 | (3) |
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Common Therapeutic Approaches in Female Sexual Dysfunction |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Drugs |
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239 | (1) |
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Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs |
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239 | (1) |
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Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Drugs |
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240 | (1) |
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Sympatholytic Drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Iris Pigment and Pupillary Response to Drugs |
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241 | (1) |
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Pupil Sympathetic Defects |
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241 | (1) |
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Pupil Parasympathetic Defects |
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242 | (1) |
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Pupil Combined Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Defects |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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50 Central Thermoregulation |
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Cutaneous Thermal Receptor Afferent Pathway |
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243 | (1) |
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Thermoregulatory Sensorimotor Integration in the Preoptic Area |
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244 | (1) |
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Thermoregulatory Effector Drive from the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus |
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245 | (1) |
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Rostral Raphe Pallidus Area Contains Premotor Neurons for Thermoregulatory Effectors |
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246 | (1) |
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Spinal Sympathetic Mechanisms Controlling Thermal Effectors |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (1) |
|
Anatomy and Function of the Sweat Gland |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Innervation of Sweat Gland |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
52 Regulation of Metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
Contribution of the Sympathoadrenal System to Components of Total Daily Energy Expenditure |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Contribution of Sympathetically Stimulated Organs/Tissues to Resting Metabolic Rate |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Mobilization/Utilization of Specific Macronutrients: Carbohydrate |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Mobilization/Utilization of Specific Macronutrients: Lipid |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Mobilization/Utilization of Specific Macronutrients: Protein |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Role of the Sympathoadrenal System in the Dysregulation of Metabolism |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
53 Autonomic Innervation of the Skeleton |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bone Sympathetic Innervation: Ontogeny and Anatomy |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Effect of Sympathetic Nerves on Bone Remodeling |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Relevance to Bone Physiology and Diseases |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
54 Sex Differences in Autonomic Function |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Sex Differences in Normal Autonomic Function |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Orthostatic Intolerance and Hypotension |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Sex, Aging and Hypertension |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Overall Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
55 Autonomic Control During Pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pregnancy Activates the Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy Impairs the Baroreceptor Reflex |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Pregnancy-Induced Baroreflex Impairment |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
56 Aging and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cardiac Baroreflex Function |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Integration of Autonomic Control Networks |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Beta-Adrenergic Receptors |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
|
|
273 | (2) |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Exercise as a Non-Drug Therapy |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (3) |
|
|
|
278 | (3) |
|
58 Effects of High Altitude |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Effects of Chronic Hypoxia |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Nervous System and Altitude Illness |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
60 Hypothermia and Hyperthermia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Central Neural Control of Thermoregulation |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Body Temperature in Thermoneutral Environments |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
61 Psychological Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal (G1) Control |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Psychosomatic Disorders and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Panic, and Anxiety |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
62 Mind-Body Interactions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Skin Conductance Response (SCR) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular Arousal (HR and BP) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (5) |
|
|
|
298 | (5) |
|
V PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS |
|
|
|
63 Alpha-Synuclein and Neurodegeneration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Toxic Species of Alpha-SYN |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Transgenic Animal Models of αa-Synucleinopathy |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Approaches to αa-SYN Toxicity |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
64 Insulin Resistance and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Activity and Insulin Resistance |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Insulin Resistance Induces Sympathetic Activation |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Heightened SNA Induces Insulin Resistance |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Considerations |
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
65 Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Gene-Environment Interactions |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Vasoregulatory and Natriuretic Systems |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
66 Endothelial Dysfunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Normal Endothelial Cell Function |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Clinical Assessment of Endothelial Vasomotor Function |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Circulating Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Clinical Consequences of Endothelial Dysfunction |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Strategies to Improve Endothelial Function |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology: Interaction With the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
67 Inflammation, Immunity and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
General Concepts Regarding Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
The Autonomic Nervous System, Inflammation and Hypertension |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Morphology of the Carotid Body and Measures of O2 Sensing |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Uniqueness of Carotid Body O2 Sensing |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
O2 Sensors and Transduction of the Hypoxic Stimulus |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Role of Gas Messengers in Hypoxic Sensing by the Carotid Body |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Molecular Determinants of O2 Sensing by the Carotid Body |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Carotid Body O2 Sensing on Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
69 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Production and Metabolism of ROS |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
ROS and Autonomic Outflow |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
VI CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS |
|
|
|
70 Neurally Mediated Syncope |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Pathophysiology of Neutally Mediated Syncope (NMS) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (5) |
|
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
71 Sympatho-Vagal Imbalance in Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Causes of Baroreflex Failure |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
Diagnosing Baroreflex Failure |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
73 Blood Pressure Variability |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Physiologic Control of SNS Outflow |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Clinical Patterns of BP Variation |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
74 Obesity-Associated Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Increased Sympathetic Activation in Obesity |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Activation and Obesity in Minority Populations |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Activation and Obesity-Associated Hypertension |
|
|
360 | (5) |
|
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
75 Orthostatic Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
365 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
370 | (4) |
|
77 Stress Cardiomyopathy and Takotsubo Syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
78 Clinical Evaluation of Autonomic Disorders |
|
|
|
|
|
Approach in History Taking |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Assessment: Bedside and Laboratory Testing |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Questions About Head-Up Tilt Table Testing |
|
|
383 | (6) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
80 Sympathetic Microneurography |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
81 Clinical Applications of Microneurography |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
82 Clinical Sympathetic Imaging |
|
|
|
|
|
Sympathetic Imaging Methods and Agents |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Sympathetic Imaging in Dysautonomias |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Association of Noradrenergic Denervation with Synucleinopathy in Lewy Body Diseases |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
83 Assessment of the Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System by a Frequency Domain Approach |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular Rhythms and Autonomic Neural Control |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Differential Neural Control of Cardiovascular Variables and of their Spontaneous Variability |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
84 Assessment of Sudomotor Function |
|
|
|
|
|
Tests of Sudomotor Function |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Thermoregulatory Sweating |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
85 Cutaneous Autonomic Innervation: Assessment by Skin Biopsy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Skin Biopsies to Evaluate Specific Autonomic Disorders |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
|
417 | (7) |
|
|
|
417 | (7) |
|
VII CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
87 Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Presentation and Neurological Symptoms |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
88 Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Deficiency |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Mouse Model of DBH Deficiency |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
89 Menkes Disease and Other ATP7A-Related Phenotypes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
90 Norepinephrine Transporter Deficiency |
|
|
|
|
|
NET Deficiency in Cardiovascular Disease |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Human NET Gene Polymorphisms |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
The NET A457P Variant and Orthostatic Intolerance |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
Other NET Gene Polymorphisms and Cardiovascular Disease |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
NET and Comorbidity of Cardiovascular and Neurobehavioral Disorders |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
91 Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
92 Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) and PHOX2B Mutations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis |
|
|
Paired-Like Homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) Gene |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
PHOX2B Genotype and CCHS Phenotype Association |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation |
|
|
448 | (5) |
|
|
|
449 | (4) |
|
VIII AUTONOMIC SYNUCLEINOPATHIES |
|
|
|
93 Multiple System Atrophy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
95 Dementia with Lewy Bodies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
96 Pure Autonomic Failure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
IX PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC DISORDERS |
|
|
|
97 Diagnostic Workup of Peripheral Neuropathies with Dysautonomia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
98 Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
99 Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
100 Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
101 Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
102 Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies Type I and II (Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 and 2) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Type I, II, IV, and V Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
103 Familial Dysautonomia (Riley-Day Syndrome) |
|
|
|
Horacio Kaufmann, Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann and Felicia B. Axelrod |
|
|
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular Autonomic Abnormalties |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
104 Autonomic Disturbances in Spinal Cord Injuries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Thermoregulation and Sudomotor Function |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
105 Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Drug-Induced Hypertension |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
XI ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE |
|
|
|
106 Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Clinical Features and Phenotypes |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
107 Mechanisms of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Hypovolemia and Blood Volume Regulation |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
108 Symptoms and Signs of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) |
|
|
|
|
|
Hemodynamics - Tachycardia |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Reflex Tachycardia in POTS - a Classification Based on Peripheral Blood Flow |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
109 Delayed Orthostatic Hypotension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
110 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Orthostatic Intolerance |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Neurally Mediated Hypotension |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
111 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Dysautonomia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Dysfunction in JHS |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
XII SPECIAL CLINICAL CONDITIONS |
|
|
|
112 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Medications and Risk Factors |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
113 Migraine and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
Functional Anatomy of Migraine |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Symptoms in the Course of the Migraine Attack |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Interictal Autonomic Dysfunction in Migraine |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Migraine as a Bio-Behavioral Disorder |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Migraine as a Reflection of Genetically Determined Adaptive Darwinian Behavioral Responses |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
114 Epilepsy and Autonomic Regulation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supratentorial Components of the Central Autonomic Network |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Infratentorial Components of the Central Autonomic Network |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Ictal Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Interictal Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
115 Disorders of Sweating |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis |
|
|
554 | (7) |
|
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
116 Male Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Etiology of Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Medical and Surgical Treatment |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Autonomic Function During Physiologic Sleep |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
OSA and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
118 Altered Adrenal Function and the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crosstalk Between Adrenal Cortex and Medulla |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on Adrenocortical Function |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mastocytosis and Allied Activation Disorders of the Mast Cell |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Mast Cell Mediators Responsible for the Symptoms and Signs |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Effects of Cocaine on the Peripheral Circulation |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Effects of Cocaine on the Heart |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Effects of Cocaine on Thermoregulation |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Cocaine Overdose |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
121 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
CRPS I is a Neuronal Disorder Involving the CNS |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Systems Supplying Skin |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Neurons and Edema, Inflammation and Trophic Changes |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Sensory Systems of the Skin |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
CRPS and Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP) |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
123 Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Morvan's Syndrome and Ncuromyotonia |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
124 Abdominal Pain and Cyclic Vomiting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence of the Condition |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
The Physiological Mechanisms that Sustain Continence of Feces |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Recto-Anal Sensation and the Urge to Defecate |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
The Mechanism of Action of Sacral Neuromodulation |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
XIII MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMIC DISORDERS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resting Sympathetic Nervous System Function in Panic Disorder |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Nervous Changes During a Panic Attack |
|
|
606 | (3) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Physical Countermaneuvers |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
128 Water and the Osmopressor Response |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
The Water-Induced Pressor Response |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Water-Induced Sympathetic Activation |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
A Spinal Sympathetic Reflex? |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Evidence for an Osmosensitive Mechanism Involving Trpv4 |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Utility of Water Drinking |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
130 Midodrine, Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
Adverse effects and Precautions |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Ephedrine/Other Alpha Agonists |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
131 Agents Potentiating Sympathetic Tone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
132 Acetylcholinesterase and its Inhibitors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cholinesterases and Acetylcholine Metabolism |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Molecular Pharmacology of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Effects of Fludrocortisone |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pathophysiology of Postprandial Hypotension in Autonomic Failure |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Acarbose in the Treatment of Postprandial Hypotension |
|
|
639 | (4) |
|
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
135 Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure |
|
|
|
|
|
Modulation of Erythropoietin Production by the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
The Anemia of Autonomic Failure |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
136 Somatostatin Agonists |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Somatostatin and Autonomic Neuropathy |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and Orthostatic Intolerance |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Postmenopausal Hot Flashes |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Adverse Effects of Somatostatin Analogs |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
137 Harnessing the Autonomic Nervous System for Therapeutic Intervention |
|
|
|
|
|
Pharmacological and Surgical Targeting of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
"Harnessing" the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
649 | (4) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
138 Acupuncture Regulation of Cardiovascular Function |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Western Understanding of Acupuncture |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
Clinical Role of Acupuncture |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Outstanding Issues in Acupuncture Research |
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
Epidural Catheter Approach for Human BBS |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Feasiblity Study of BBS in Patients with High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
XIV EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE |
|
|
|
140 Anesthetic Management in Autonomic Disorders |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Clinical Presentation and Assessment |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Special Consideration for Anesthesia |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
141 Evolution of the Cardiovascular Autonomic Nervous System in Vertebrates |
|
|
|
|
|
The Autonomic Nervous System in Vertebrates |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Comparative Aspects of the Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System |
|
|
670 | (5) |
|
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Modeling the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
143 Modeling the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Large-Scale Computational Model of the Brainstem Sympatho-Respiratory Network |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Modeling the Effects of Baroreceptor Activation on the Respiratory Pattern: Insights Into Respiratory-Sympathetic Interactions |
|
|
681 | (3) |
|
Sympathetic Nerve Activity Following Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Sensitization of Central Chemoreceptors |
|
|
684 | (5) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
|
|
691 | (2) |
| Index |
|
693 | |
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