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Fluid Properties --- Kinetic Theory of Gases |
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1 | (36) |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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The Macroscopic View of Matter |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Intermolecular Force Field |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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On the Kinetic Theory of Gases |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (3) |
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Definition of Mean-Free-Speed |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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The Molecular Mean-Free-Path Length |
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12 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Relation between Fluid Viscosity and Mean-Free-Path Length |
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15 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (4) |
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On the Ratio of Specific Heats of a Perfect Gas |
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21 | (1) |
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On the Units of Viscosity |
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22 | (1) |
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On the Viscosity of Real Gases |
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23 | (5) |
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Sutherland's Viscosity Law for Dilute Gases |
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25 | (1) |
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On the Viscosity of Anomalous Gases |
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25 | (1) |
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On the Viscosity of Dense Gases |
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25 | (2) |
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Viscosity of Gas Mixtures |
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27 | (1) |
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The Heat Conduction Coefficient for Dilute Gases |
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28 | (1) |
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On the Viscosity of Liquids |
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28 | (1) |
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Availability and Future Sources of Fluid Property Data |
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29 | (8) |
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31 | (6) |
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37 | (80) |
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37 | (1) |
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Equilibrium and Pressure in a Fluid |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Fundamental Equation of Fluid Statics |
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39 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Equation of Fluid Statics for a Uniform Gravitational Field |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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The Problem of Integrating the Fundamental Equation of Statics |
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44 | (1) |
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Pressure-Height Relation in a Liquid |
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44 | (3) |
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Pressure Variation at an Interface |
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46 | (1) |
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Elementary Pressure-Measuring Instruments |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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An Application in Manometry |
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49 | (1) |
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Forces and Moments on Submerged Surfaces |
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50 | (6) |
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Force and Moment on a Flat Vertical Wall |
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50 | (4) |
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Forces on Curved Surfaces |
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54 | (2) |
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Applications to Forces and Moments on Curved Surfaces |
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56 | (5) |
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Example
1. The Forces on a Parabolic Surface |
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57 | (2) |
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Example
2. The Moment on a Circular Arc Gate |
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59 | (2) |
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Forces on Submerged Bodies |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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The Concept of Static Stability |
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63 | (1) |
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Application --- Stability of a Buoy |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Moment Equation for an Arbitrary Rotation |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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On the Stability of a Floating Parabolic Segment |
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68 | (10) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Geometry of the Tilted Segment |
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70 | (1) |
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Limiting Value for the Tilt Angle |
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71 | (1) |
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Pressure Distribution on Segment Surface |
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72 | (1) |
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The Differential Buoyancy Force |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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Fluid Statics of the Atmosphere |
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78 | (2) |
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Description of the Atmosphere |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 |
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80 | (6) |
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80 | (1) |
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Sea-Level Reference Conditions |
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80 | (1) |
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Temperature-Height Relations |
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80 | (1) |
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Temperature-Height Relation in the Troposphere |
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81 | (1) |
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Pressure-Height Relation in the Troposphere |
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82 | (1) |
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Other Standard Atmospheres |
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83 | (1) |
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Four-Dimensional Global Reference Atmosphere Model |
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83 | (3) |
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Concept of Geopotential Height |
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86 | (2) |
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Stability of the Atmosphere |
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88 | (4) |
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Relation for an Adiabatic Displacement |
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89 | (1) |
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The Effect of Misture on Stability |
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90 | (2) |
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Buoyancy in the Atmosphere |
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92 | (2) |
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Application of the Inverse-Square Law of Gravitation: Pressure at the Center of the Earth |
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94 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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Core Pressure of a Constant-Density Earth |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (20) |
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97 | (3) |
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A Method to Measure the Surface Tension Coefficient |
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100 | (2) |
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Surface Tension at a Meniscus |
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102 | (1) |
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Capillary Action within a Tube |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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On Vibrations in Liquids under Surface Tension |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (9) |
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The Equations of Fluid Dynamics |
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117 | (56) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (5) |
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118 | (1) |
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Acceleration of a Particle |
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119 | (1) |
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Concept of an Inertial Observer |
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120 | (2) |
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Relating Observed Motion for Two Different Observers |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Kinematics in a Flow Field |
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123 | (1) |
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Time Derivatives and the Substantial Derivative |
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124 | (2) |
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The Substantial Derivative |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Example Involving Other Time Derivatives |
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129 | (2) |
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Concept of a One-Dimensional Flow |
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131 | (1) |
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The Postulates of Fluid Dynamics |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
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132 | (1) |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (7) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Invariance of Continuity Equation under Change of Observer |
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140 | (2) |
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The Dynamic Equation of Motion |
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142 | (6) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Integrating the Dynamic Equation--Examples |
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145 | (3) |
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The Centrifugal Force Equation |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Example: Water Droplet Falling in a Vacuum |
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149 | (1) |
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On Concepts from Thermodynamics |
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150 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Extensive and Intensive Variables |
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152 | (1) |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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152 | (4) |
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154 | (1) |
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First Law for an Arbitrary Observer |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Dissipation and the Role of Friction |
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158 | (3) |
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Dissipation Due to Solid Friction |
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159 | (1) |
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Nondissipative Work Performed by Friction Forces |
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159 | (1) |
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Dissipation in a Fluid Flow--Fixed Wall |
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159 | (1) |
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Dissipation in a Fluid Flow--Moving Wall |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Work and the Integrated Form of the Energy Equation |
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161 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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The Integrated Energy Equation |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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The Linear Momentum Equation |
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164 | (3) |
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Momentum Equation for a Duct with Both Internal and External Pressure Fields |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (6) |
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168 | (5) |
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Applications in Constant-Density Flow |
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173 | (76) |
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173 | (1) |
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A Catalog of Restrictions |
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174 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Gravitational Field Force |
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177 | (1) |
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The Equations of Incompressible (Constant-Density) Flow |
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177 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Frictionless Flow out of a Pressurized Reservoir |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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Flow Losses in Internal Inlets |
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185 | (2) |
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Elementary Flow-Metering Devices |
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187 | (10) |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (5) |
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A New Approach to Orifice Metering |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (3) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Pitot and Pitot-Static Tubes |
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200 | (3) |
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Pitot-Static Tube in Nonuniform Flow |
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202 | (1) |
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Elementary Applications of the Momentum Equation |
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203 | (11) |
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Steady Flow of a Liquid through a 90° Pipe Bend |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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Steady Two-Dimensional Jet Impinging upon an Inclined Plate |
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206 | (2) |
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Elementary Theory of a Propeller Treated as an Actuator Disk |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Flow through a Ducted Fan |
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214 | (1) |
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The Borda--Carnot Relation for a Sudden Enlargement |
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214 | (4) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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On Flow through a Contraction |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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Forces on Vanes, Power Production |
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221 | (4) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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The Moving Vane Considered from an Energy Viewpoint |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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The Rocket Sled Water Brake |
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225 | (8) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (2) |
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The Water Sprinkler Problem |
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233 | (16) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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Calculation of the Rotational Speed |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (11) |
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Dimensional Analysis, Dynamic Similitude, and Inspectional Analysis |
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249 | (38) |
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249 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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The Form of Derived Dimensions |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Standards in Science and Technology |
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251 | (4) |
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The International Standards |
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252 | (2) |
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The Mechanical, or Engineering, System of Units |
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254 | (1) |
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Complete Physical Equations and Dimensional Homogeneity |
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255 | (1) |
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Complete Physical Equations |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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A Primitive Example of Dimensional Analysis |
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256 | (2) |
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The Role of Dimensionless Parameters |
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258 | (3) |
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Example of Flow out of a Reservoir |
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258 | (2) |
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Significance of Dimensionless Parameters for Correlation of Experimental Measurements |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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Application of the π-Theorem |
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263 | (3) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Geometric Similarity and Model Testing |
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265 | (1) |
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Alternative Method for Determining the π-Ratios |
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266 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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Interchanging the Roles of the Base and the Repeating Dimensions |
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267 | (1) |
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Identification of the Significant π-Ratios |
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268 | (1) |
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Example Where the Number of π-Ratios is Greater than m -- n |
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269 | (1) |
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Kinematic and Dynamic Similarity |
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270 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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On the Physical Significance of the Reynolds Number |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (4) |
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Application to the Dynamic Equation |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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Dynamic Similarity and Modeling |
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276 | (1) |
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A Dimensional Analysis and an Inspectional Analysis Compared with the Complete Solution |
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277 | (10) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Application in Transonic Flow |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (7) |
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Flows in Pipes and Conduits |
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287 | (60) |
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287 | (1) |
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The Experiments of Hagen and Poiseuille on Flow through Capillary Tubes |
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288 | (2) |
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Stokes' Solution for Hage-Poiseuille Flow |
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290 | (6) |
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Newton's Law of Resistance |
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291 | (1) |
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Newton's Second Law Applied to the Cylinder |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Calculation of the Flow Rate |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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The Skin-Friction Coefficient and the Friction Factor |
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295 | (1) |
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On the Inspectional Analysis of Section 5.12 |
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296 | (1) |
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On the Correlation of Theory and Experiment |
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296 | (1) |
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The Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Head Loss in Pipe Flow |
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297 | (3) |
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Definition of Head Loss in Pipe Flow |
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297 | (2) |
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The Darcy-Weisbach Equation |
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299 | (1) |
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Reynolds' Experiments on the Nature of Turbulence and the Discovery of a Criterion for the Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow |
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300 | (4) |
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Reynolds' Dimensional Reasoning |
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300 | (1) |
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The Experiments of Reynolds on Transition |
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301 | (1) |
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The Criterion for Transition |
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302 | (1) |
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A Summary of Reynolds' Conclusions |
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303 | (1) |
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The Application of Dimensional Analysis to Pipe Flow |
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304 | (8) |
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304 | (1) |
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Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow |
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305 | (2) |
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The Correlation of Equation 6.7-8 for Smooth-Wall Pipes in Turbulent Flow |
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307 | (2) |
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Prandtl's Law for Smooth Pipes |
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309 | (1) |
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Experimental Verification of Prandtl's Law |
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310 | (2) |
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Zagarola and the Superpipe |
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312 | (5) |
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313 | (4) |
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Flow in Artificially Roughened Pipes |
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317 | (4) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
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Flow Losses in Commercial Pipes |
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321 | (2) |
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Moody's Correlation for Commercial Pipes |
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321 | (2) |
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Pumping Power Required to Maintain a Pipe Flow |
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323 | (3) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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Power Requirements in Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow |
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326 | (1) |
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Computation of Power Required in a Nonuniform Duct |
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326 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Introduction of the Dynamic Equation |
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327 | (1) |
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Integration of the Viscous Term |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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Flow Losses in Other Conduit Elements |
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330 | (1) |
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Hydraulic Calculations for Simple Conduits and Flow Loops |
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330 | (4) |
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330 | (1) |
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The Equations of Duct Flow |
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330 | (2) |
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Determination of the Individual Loss Terms |
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332 | (1) |
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Conversion of Head Loss to an Equivalent Length Pipe |
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333 | (1) |
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Steady Flow through an Elastic Tube |
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334 | (13) |
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The Pressure-Area Relation |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (2) |
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Application to the Case of Laminar Flow |
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338 | (1) |
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Solution of Equation 6.14-14 |
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338 | (1) |
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Velocity and Area Distributions |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (7) |
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347 | (80) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (6) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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Relations for Perfect Gases |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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The Equations of Steady, One-Dimensional, Compressible Flow |
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353 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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On the Propagation of Disturbances |
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355 | (2) |
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Disturbance Created by Impulsive Motion of a Piston |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (2) |
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On the Maximum Speed of a Fluid Expanding Into a Vacuum |
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359 | (1) |
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Discrepancies between Theory and Experiment |
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360 | (5) |
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Integration of the Dynamic Equation |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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Theory and Experiment Reconciled |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Flow Geometry at the Exit |
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364 | (1) |
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Total Conditions in a Compressible Flow---Introduction of March Number |
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365 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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Total Temperature Dependence on Mach Number |
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366 | (1) |
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Total Pressure and Total Density |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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Application --- Temperature Rise at the Nose of a Reentry Vehicle |
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368 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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Necessary Conditions for Accelerating a Flow in an Ideal Nozzle |
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371 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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The Area--Mach Number Relation |
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372 | (1) |
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Isentropic Flow through a de Laval Nozzle |
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373 | (4) |
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Area--Mach Number Relations |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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The Appearance of Shock Waves in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (7) |
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Shock Relations for a General Substance |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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Conditions Across a Shock as a Function of M1 |
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381 | (1) |
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On Compression Shocks and Expansion Shocks |
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382 | (3) |
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On the Structure of Shock Waves |
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385 | (9) |
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The Basic Equations for Flow through a Shock Treated as a Flow Without a Discontinuity |
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385 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Heat-Conduction and Dissipation Functions in Terms of the Dynamic Flow Variables |
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386 | (3) |
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Integration of Equation 7.14-9 |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (1) |
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Note on Experimental Studies |
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393 | (1) |
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Analysis of Flow through a de Laval Nozzle with Shock Waves |
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394 | (7) |
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Relation for Second-Throat Area |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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Effect of Varying the Dump Tank Exit Pressure |
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396 | (1) |
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Note on the Formation and Stability of Normal Shock Waves |
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397 | (2) |
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On the Momentum Equation for Steady Compressible Flow |
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399 | (1) |
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Application of the Momentum Equation to a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (7) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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The Influence of Friction |
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403 | (1) |
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The Integrated Equations of Fanno Flow |
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404 | (1) |
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On the Skin-Friction Coefficient |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (4) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (15) |
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Application of Energy Balance for an Open System |
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412 | (2) |
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Determination of Tank Pressure |
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414 | (1) |
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Application--Running Time for a Vacuum-Exhaust, Supersonic Wind Tunnel |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (11) |
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427 | (66) |
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427 | (1) |
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Analysis of Starting Flow in a Pipe Supplied by an Infinite Reservoir |
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427 | (3) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (1) |
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Nonsteady Liquid Flow through an Orifice in a Reservoir |
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430 | (12) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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The Governing Differential Equation |
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433 | (2) |
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The Quasi-Steady Solution |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
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Note on Previous Theoretical Work |
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437 | (1) |
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Comparison with Experiment |
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438 | (1) |
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Approximate Theory to Correct for Orifice Effects |
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439 | (2) |
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Approximate Theory for a Reservoir with a Short Nozzle at the Outlet |
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441 | (1) |
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The Draining of a Conical Reservoir |
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442 | (14) |
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The Governing Differential Equation |
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442 | (3) |
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The Quasi-Steady Solution for the Discharge Time |
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445 | (1) |
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The Outer Solution of Equation 8.4-9 |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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Matching the Inner Solution to the Outer Solution |
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449 | (2) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (3) |
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Comparison with Experiment |
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455 | (1) |
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On the Notion of Characteristics |
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456 | (4) |
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The Differential Equation for a Characteristic Line |
|
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458 | (1) |
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Differentiating an Arbitrary Function along a Characteristic |
|
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459 | (1) |
|
Theory of Hyperbolic Equations for Functions of Two Independent Variables |
|
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460 | (7) |
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460 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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The Notion of a Characteristic Direction |
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|
461 | (3) |
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464 | (1) |
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Determination of the Characteristic Parameters |
|
|
465 | (2) |
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467 | (1) |
|
The General Equations for One-Dimensional, Nonsteady Gas Flow in a Constant-Area Duct |
|
|
467 | (6) |
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467 | (3) |
|
Derivation of Equations Governing the Shape of the Characteristic Lines |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Equations Governing the Dependent Variables (u, h) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
The Equations for Nonsteady, Homentropic, Perfect Gas Flow |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Impulsive Motion of a Piston in a Duct |
|
|
473 | (5) |
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|
473 | (1) |
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|
473 | (2) |
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|
475 | (2) |
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|
|
477 | (1) |
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|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Propagation of an Isentropic Finite-Amplitude Compression Pulse |
|
|
478 | (7) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
The Wave Diagram for a Pulse |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Inception Time for Shock Formation |
|
|
481 | (1) |
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|
|
482 | (3) |
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|
|
485 | (8) |
|
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Criteria for Sound Propagation in Air |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Some Flow-Property Magnitudes in Acoustics |
|
|
491 | (2) |
| References |
|
493 | (8) |
| Index |
|
501 | |
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