E-grāmata: primordial universe - L'univers primordial: 28 June - 23 July 1999

Lecturers xi Participants xiii Preface xvii Preface xxi Contents xxv The Universe at High Redshift 1(60) S. Lilly Introduction 5(3) The formation of structure in the Universe 5(1) Methodologies, opportunities and limitations 6(1) Outline of the lectures 7(1) The present-day Universe 8(8) Galaxies 8(1) Normal galaxies 8(2) Galaxy scaling relations 10(1) Low surface brightness galaxies 11(1) Dwarf galaxies 12(1) Active galactic nuclei 13(1) Ultra-luminous galaxies 13(1) The luminosity function and the luminosity density and extragalactic background light 13(2) The baryon budget 15(1) The theoretical framework. I: Cosmology 16(6) The Robertson-Walker metric and the appearance of distant objects 16(1) R(τ) and the solutions to the Friedmann equation 17(2) Cosmological parameters and uncertainties 19(1) The development of density fluctuations 19(1) Linear growth 19(1) Fluctuations in baryonic matter and radiation 20(1) Modification of the primordial spectrum 20(2) The theoretical framework. II: The non-linear regime 22(9) Non-linear collapse 22(1) Hierarchical clustering and dissipation models 22(3) The Press-Schechter formalism 25(1) Biassed galaxy formation 26(1) Origin of angular momentum 26(1) The Structure of dark matter haloes 27(1) Feed-back processes 27(1) Chemical evolution 28(2) Galaxy spectral synthesis models 30(1) Semi-analytic models 31(1) The formation and evolution of galaxies: The local view 31(3) Star formation in disk galaxies and starbursts 31(1) Spheroids and the elliptical galaxies 32(1) Ultra-luminous galaxies 33(1) Evolution at cosmologically significant redshifts 34(9) Redshifts z > 1 34(1) Methodologies 34(1) The evolving population of galaxies 34(1) The early-type galaxy population 35(2) The importance or otherwise of mergers 37(1) The evolution of galaxies in rich clusters 37(1) Inside the galaxies 38(1) Redshifts z > 3 38(1) Detection and identification 38(1) Luminosity function and properties 39(2) Clustering and biassing 41(1) The nature of the Lyman-break population 42(1) The observational ``gap at z = 2 42(1) The luminosity density as f(z) 43(2) The cosmic evolution of active galactic nuclei 45(1) Luminous objects at high redshifts: The hidden Universe 45(2) Neutral gas 47(2) Re-ionization of the IGM 47(1) High column density systems 48(1) The Lyman α forest systems 49(1) Global evolution of the netural Hydrogen content 49(1) The first stars 49(3) Summary 52(9) Cosmological Parameters and Galaxy Formation 61(26) J. Silk Introduction 63(2) Temperature 65(1) Age 65(1) Hubbles constant 65(1) Baryon density parameter 66(1) Matter density parameter 67(1) Cosmological constant 68(1) Spatial curvature 69(1) Density fluctuations 70(4) Ab initio galaxy formation 74(1) Cold dark matter: Where we are today 75(2) Resolving the CDM conundrum 77(1) An empirical approach to disk star formation 78(3) Testing models of galaxy formation 81(2) Summary 83(4) A Short Course on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 87(16) K. A. Olive Introduction 89(1) Theory 90(1) Data 90(3) Likelihood analyses 93(2) More data 95(1) More analysis 96(1) Chemical evolution 96(1) Constraints from BBN 97(6) The Cosmic Microwave Background: From Detector Signals to Constraints on the Early Universe Physics 103(105) F.R. Bouchet J.-L. Puget J.M. Lamarre Introduction 107(1) The Cosmic background 108(10) Components of the cosmic background 108(4) Formation of the CMB, recombination 112(1) The CMB spectrum 112(6) CMB anisotropies 118(11) Primary anisotropies 118(1) Fundamental physics and CMB anisotropies 118(1) The components of the primary fluctuations 119(1) Power spectrum of the fluctuations in an inflationary model 119(2) The secondary CMB anisotropies 121(1) Gravitational effects 122(3) Effects of the reionisation 125(4) Astrophysical foregrounds 129(25) Physics of galactic foregrounds 129(1) Dust emission 129(5) Free-free emission 134(2) Synchrotron emission 136(2) Physics of the extragalactic sources foregrounds 138(1) Infrared galaxies and radio sources 138(8) Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect 146(3) Putting it all together 149(1) A simple sky model 149(3) Detector noise ``backgrounds 152(1) Comparing contributions 153(1) Observations of CMB anisotropies 154(22) From raw data to the physics of the early Universe 154(2) Observational requirements 156(3) Reaching the ultimate sensitivity 159(3) Present status of observations 162(1) Future satellite observations: MAP, Planck 163(2) Description of the Planck High-Frequency Instrument 165(1) Instrument concept 165(2) Sensitivity 167(2) Focal plane optics 169(4) Bolometric detectors 173(3) Extraction of systematic effects and map making 176(14) Maximum likelihood estimators 176(2) Using noise properties 178(1) Systematics 179(1) Priors 179(1) Map making 180(1) ``COBE map making 181(2) Signal-to-noise (Wiener) filtering 183(1) Using redundancies 184(2) Low-frequency noise 186(1) Simplest destriping 187(1) Contributions from emission in the far side-lobes of the beam 187(3) Maps analysis methods 190(17) Methods of component separation 190(2) Final map accuracy achievable 192(4) Numerical simulations 196(1) Simulations of the observations 197(1) Analysing simulated observations 198(4) Joining ends 202(1) Power spectrum estimation 202(2) Constraints on models 204(3) Conclusions 207(1) Appendix 208