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E-grāmata: Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology: Towards a Science of the Landscape

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Landscape Series 3
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Jan-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781402055355
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Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology: Towards a Science of the LandscapePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Landscape Series 3
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Jan-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781402055355
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Principles and methods of landscape ecology are intensively used to model and to manage disturbed landscapes and menaced pristine areas as well. Students and professionals can find a new version of "Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology" firstly published in 1998 by Chapman & Hall (London).Landscape ecology is an integrative and multi-disciplinary science and "Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology" reconciles the geological, botanical, zoological and human perspectives. In particular new paradigms and theories like percolation, metapopulation, hierarchies, source-sink models, have been integrated, in this last edition, with the recent theories on bio-complexity, information and cognitive sciences. Methods for studying landscape ecology are covered including spatial geometry models and remote sensing in order to create confidence toward techniques and approaches that require a high experience and long-time dedication.Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology is a textbook useful to present the landscape in a multi-vision perspective for undergraduate and graduate students of biology, ecology, geography, forestry, agronomy, landscape architecture and planning. Sociology, economics, history, archaeology, anthropology, ecological psychology are some sciences that can benefit of the holistic vision offered by this texbook.A relevant goal of this second edition is to increase confidence in the new generations of students and practitioners for considering the ecological systems as the result of the integration between ecosystemic (non spatial) and landscape (spatial) patterns and processes.Almo Farina is Professor of Ecology at the Urbino University, Faculty of Environmental Sciences (Urbino, Italy).

The revised second edition of Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology integrates new paradigms and theories such as percolation, metapopulation, hierarchies, source-sink models with current understanding of bio-complexity, information and cognitive sciences. More broadly, the authors encourage students and practitioners to consider ecological systems as the result of the integration between ecosystemic (non spatial) and landscape (spatial) patterns and processes. Coverage includes methods for studying landscape ecology, such as spatial geometry models and remote sensing, establishing landscape ecology as a multidisciplinary pursuit.

Recenzijas

From the reviews of the second edition









"The second edition of Almo Farinas Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology gives a comprehensive, clearly structured and easily readable up-to-date overview on theories, concepts, principles and specific methods in modern landscape ecology. The whole book is well illustrated and contains numerous instructive tables, graphs and figures as well as a couple of colour photos. It is highly recommended not only to undergraduate and graduate students but also to everyone interested in landscape perspectives from an ecological point of view."(Norbert Hölzel, Phytocoenologia, Vol. 38 (4), December, 2008)

Foreword by the series editors v
Preface to the 2nd edition xv
Preface xvii
Foreword xxi
1 Introduction to landscape ecology 1(52)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 The contribution of different disciplines to the creation of a paradigmatic framework in landscape ecology
3(1)
1.3 Definitions of landscape (A gallery)
4(2)
1.4 An epistemological approach to the landscape
6(4)
1.4.1 The nature of landscape
8(1)
1.4.2 The role of landscape
8(2)
1.4.2.1 Landscape as domain
8(1)
1.4.2.2 Landscape as system
9(1)
1.4.2.3 Landscape as unit
9(1)
1.5 The description of landscape
10(43)
1.5.1 The "ecological" landscape
10(5)
1.5.1.1 Principles of landscape classification
10(5)
1.5.2 The cognitive landscape
15(38)
1.5.2.1 Spacing: The perception of the landscape
21(4)
1.5.2.2 Space and memory
25(1)
1.5.2.3 Embodiment and cognition
25(1)
1.5.2.4 Safety and aesthetic landscape, amenity
26(2)
1.5.2.5 Topographic prominence, the visual landscape
28(1)
1.5.2.6 The psychological landscape
29(1)
1.5.2.7 Mystery in landscape
29(1)
1.5.2.8 Behavioral ecology and landscape ecology
29(2)
1.5.2.9 Information landscape
31(1)
1.5.2.10 The eco-field hypothesis
32(6)
1.5.2.11 The soundscape
38(4)
1.5.2.12 Animal movements in the landscape
42(11)
2 Theories and models incorporated in the landscape ecology framework 53(34)
2.1 Introduction
53(1)
2.2 Complexity
53(3)
2.2.1 The emergence of complexity
54(2)
2.2.1.1 The Uncertainty Hypothesis (UH)
55(1)
2.2.1.2 The Inter-domain Hypothesis (IH)
55(1)
2.2.1.3 The Connection Hypothesis (CH)
56(1)
2.3 Information
56(5)
2.3.1 Information as universal coinage
58(1)
2.3.2 Information as a measure of probability
59(1)
2.3.3 Information-processing performance of systems
60(1)
2.4 Cognition and autopoiesis
61(1)
2.5 Semiotic, bio and eco-semiotics
62(2)
2.6 The hierarchy theory and the structure of the landscape
64(5)
2.7 The percolation theory
69(3)
2.8 The metapopulation
72(3)
2.8.1 Introduction
72(1)
2.8.2 Dispersion
73(1)
2.8.3 Examples of metapopulation structure
74(1)
2.8.4 Metapopulation and conservation biology
74(1)
2.9 The source-sink systems
75(12)
2.9.1 Definition
75(2)
2.9.2 Implications of the source-sink model
77(1)
2.9.3 Pseudo-sinks
77(1)
2.9.4 Traps
78(1)
2.9.5 Source-sink in time or multiple source-sink model
78(1)
2.9.6 Stable maladaptation
78(2)
2.9.7 Source-sink dynamic and conservation issues
80(1)
2.9.8 Concluding remarks
80(7)
3 Scaling patterns and processes across landscapes 87(22)
3.1 Introduction
87(1)
3.2 Some definitions
88(1)
3.3 Moving across scales
89(3)
3.4 Scaling the landscape
92(1)
3.5 Change of perception scale
93(2)
3.6 The multiscale option
95(1)
3.7 The importance of the parameters at the different scales
96(1)
3.8 Grain size and scaling
97(1)
3.9 Assessing landscape scale of analysis
98(1)
3.10 Examples of scales in landscape and in ecology-related disciplines
99(10)
3.10.1 Scaling the quaternary landscape
99(1)
3.10.2 Scaling patterns: The catchment scale
100(2)
3.10.3 Scaling abiotic processes: Hydrological processes and scales
102(1)
3.10.4 Scaling evidence in animals
103(1)
3.10.5 Landscape organization and scaling approach
104(5)
4 Emerging processes in the landscape 109(70)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Disturbance
110(18)
4.2.1 Introduction
110(3)
4.2.2 Snow cover, an example of abiotic disturbance
113(1)
4.2.3 Human disturbances
114(4)
4.2.4 Gap disturbance in forest
118(1)
4.2.5 Gaps in savanna
119(2)
4.2.6 Fire disturbance in landscapes
121(4)
4.2.7 Pathogens disturbance
125(1)
4.2.8 Animal disturbance
126(2)
4.3 Fragmentation
128(22)
4.3.1 Introduction
128(4)
4.3.2 Scale and patterns of fragmentation
132(2)
4.3.3 Community composition and diversity in fragments
134(5)
4.3.4 Species, guilds and fragmentation
139(4)
4.3.5 Habitat fragmentation and extinction
143(1)
4.3.6 Predation and fragmentation
144(2)
4.3.7 Island size and isolation: A key to understanding fragmentation
146(1)
4.3.8 Habitat fragmentation and animal behavior
147(1)
4.3.9 Measuring the effects of fragmentation
148(2)
4.3.10 The complexity and unpredictability of fragmented landscapes
150(1)
4.4 Connectivity, Connectedness and Corridors
150(7)
4.4.1 Introduction
150(2)
4.4.2 Corridors: Structure and functions
152(5)
4.5 Soil landscape and movement of water and nutrients across landscape
157(22)
4.5.1 Introduction
157(2)
4.5.2 Soil landscape
159(6)
4.5.3 The role of riparian vegetation in nutrient dynamics
165(2)
4.5.4 Origin, composition and flux of dissolved organic carbon in a small watershed
167(1)
4.5.5 Leaf litter movements in the landscape
168(1)
4.5.6 Spatial patterns of soil nutrients
168(11)
5 Emerging patterns in the landscape 179(50)
5.1 Introduction
179(1)
5.2 Landscape heterogeneity
179(16)
5.2.1 Introduction
179(4)
5.2.2 Scale and ecological neighborhoods
183(1)
5.2.3 Disturbance and heterogeneity
184(2)
5.2.4 Heterogeneity and animals
186(3)
5.2.5 Spatial heterogeneity and prey-predator control system
189(1)
5.2.6 Foraging efficiency and heterogeneity
189(2)
5.2.7 Heterogeneity and migratory birds resource use
191(2)
5.2.8 Quantify spatial heterogeneity
193(2)
5.3 Ecotones
195(34)
5.3.1 Introduction
195(2)
5.3.2 The importance of ecotones
197(1)
5.3.3 Concepts and definitions
198(2)
5.3.4 Difficulties in studying ecotones
200(2)
5.3.5 Spatio-temporal scales and the hierarchy of ecotones
202(2)
5.3.6 Ecotone classification
204(2)
5.3.6.1 Horizontal and vertical ecotones
204(1)
5.3.6.2 Natural versus human-induced ecotones
204(2)
5.3.7 Structural and functional character of ecotones
206(3)
5.3.8 Exogen controls for the creation and maintenance of ecotones
209(1)
5.3.9 Intrinsic controls in the creation and maintenance of ecotones
210(2)
5.3.10 Characters of the ecotones
212(5)
5.3.10.1 Permeability of ecotones and diffusion of vectors
212(2)
5.3.10.2 Animal movement across ecotones
214(3)
5.3.11 The function of ecotones in the landscape
217(1)
5.3.12 The role of the ecotones in maintaining local, regional and global diversity
217(1)
5.3.13 Human impact on the functioning of ecotones
218(1)
5.3.14 Climatic changes and ecotones
219(1)
5.3.15 The economy and ecotones
220(1)
5.3.16 Genotones
221(8)
6 Principles of landscape dynamics 229(38)
6.1 Introduction
229(5)
6.1.1 The ontogenesis of the landscape (mosaic)
232(2)
6.2 Stability in landscapes
234(1)
6.3 Self-organizing mechanisms and landscapes
235(1)
6.4 Landscape shaping factors
236(1)
6.5 Landscape changes in human perturbed landscapes
237(9)
6.5.1 Agriculture intensification
238(1)
6.5.2 Agriculture abandonment
239(1)
6.5.3 Fire suppression
239(2)
6.5.4 Deforestation
241(2)
6.5.5 Livestock grazing
243(1)
6.5.6 Development
244(2)
6.6 Patterns in landscape changes: Some examples
246(4)
6.7 Mediterranean landscapes as an example of perturbation-dependent homeorethic systems
250(5)
6.8 Patterns and processes in land abandonment
255(12)
6.8.1 Introduction
255(5)
6.8.2 The effects of land abandonment on fauna
260(7)
7 Principles for landscape conservation, management and design 267(46)
7.1 Introduction
267(1)
7.2 Landscape evaluation
268(1)
7.3 The cultural landscape
269(6)
7.3.1 Definition
269(1)
7.3.2 Interaction between natural and cultural landscapes
270(3)
7.3.3 The fragility of the cultural landscapes
273(1)
7.3.4 The cultural keystone species
273(1)
7.3.5 Landscape indicators
274(1)
7.3.6 Predictive landscape models
275(1)
7.4 Principles for landscape management
275(4)
7.4.1 Introduction
275(2)
7.4.2 The importance of watershed scale management
277(1)
7.4.3 The role of keystone species in landscape management
278(1)
7.5 Nature conservation and landscape ecology
279(8)
7.5.1 Introduction
279(1)
7.5.2 Landscape principles for natural reserves
280(1)
7.5.3 Disturbance regime and reserve design indications
281(4)
7.5.4 Inter-refuge corridor design
285(1)
7.5.5 Hedgerows systems to conserve biodiversity in rural landscape
285(2)
7.6 Conservation in landscapes
287(12)
7.6.1 Introduction
287(3)
7.6.2 Conservation of fragmented habitats and populations
290(5)
7.6.3 Conserving large carnivores
295(2)
7.6.4 Toward the conservation of processes: Western paleartic bird migration
297(1)
7.6.5 Landscape patterns and conservation
298(1)
7.7 Landscape design (creation) and restoration
299(2)
7.8 Hierarchical structure of the system and biodiversity conservation
301(2)
7.9 Application of the "full" versus "empty" world hypothesis to landscape management
303(1)
7.10 Spatially explicit modeling approach applied to animal dynamics
304(1)
7.11 The landscape species approach
304(2)
7.12 Urban landscape: Greenways and safety
306(7)
8 Methods in landscape ecology 313(80)
8.1 Introduction
313(1)
8.2 Metrics in landscape ecology
314(21)
8.2.1 Non-spatial metrics
316(2)
8.2.2 Spatial metrics
318(17)
8.2.2.1 Patch shape metrics
319(4)
8.2.2.2 Distance metrics
323(3)
8.2.2.3 Texture metrics
326(7)
8.2.2.4 Semivariance
333(1)
8.2.2.5 Measuring boundaries in the landscape
333(2)
8.2.2.6 Measuring fragmentation
335(1)
8.3 The fractal geometry approach
335(13)
8.3.1 Introduction
335(1)
8.3.2 Concepts and definitions
336(2)
8.3.3 The fractal dimension of the edges
338(2)
8.3.4 The fractal dimension of patches
340(4)
8.3.5 Semivariance and fractal analysis
344(1)
8.3.6 Examples of the application of fractals to animal behavior
344(4)
8.4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
348(10)
8.4.1 Introduction
348(2)
8.4.2 The information process
350(1)
8.4.3 The representation of the spatial information
350(1)
8.4.4 GIS organization
351(1)
8.4.5 Cartographic model
352(1)
8.4.6 Map layer
352(1)
8.4.7 Procedures for cartographic handling and modeling
353(1)
8.4.8 Capturing data
353(1)
8.4.9 Some cartographic modeling procedures
354(1)
8.4.10 Commands in GIS
354(1)
8.4.11 GIS and remote sensing
355(1)
8.4.12 Scaling in GIS
355(1)
8.4.13 Key study n. 1
355(1)
8.4.14 Key study 2
356(2)
8.5 Remote sensing in landscape ecology
358(8)
8.5.1 Introduction
358(3)
8.5.2 Effects of sensor spatial resolution on landscape structure parameters
361(2)
8.5.3 Remote sensing and landscape boundaries
363(1)
8.5.4 Forest ecology and remote sensing
364(1)
8.5.5 Landscape classification using remote sensing
365(1)
8.5.6 Calibration center concept
366(1)
8.6 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
366(5)
8.6.2 The use of GPS in landscape ecology
369(2)
8.7 Spatially Explicit Population Models (SEPM) to describe population patterns in a landscape
371(22)
8.7.1 Introduction
371(2)
8.7.2 A spatial patch dynamic model
373(20)
Glossary and acronyms 393(8)
Index 401


Almo Farina is Professor of Ecology at the Urbino University, Faculty of Environmental Sciences (Urbino, Italy).
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